Agricultural Impacts on Water Quality Research Papers

Soil pH and Electrical Conductivity: A Case Study of Damaturu, Northeast Nigeria

2024

The problem of environmental impacts due to soil amendments as a result of climate change, mineral content and soil texture among other factors cannot be overemphasized. The aim of this research work is to determine the spatial variations... more

Figure 1. Semi-viogram of soil pH in Damatum (h in km; model: exponential)

Figure 3. Semi-variogram of soil EC in Damatum (in km; modek spherical)

non-significant relationship between pH and EC. 4 CONCLUSION

Table 1. Descriptive Statistics of pH and EC for Damaturu, north east Nigeria. obtained from the variogram for pH by correlation using the Gaussian model (Figure 1) for both nugget and sill were 0.00342 and 0.02344 (Table 2) respectively. Their proportion indicated 0.854 (85.4%) representing high spatial variability. The spatial dependence range was foundtobe 462.5 m. The range is an indicator of the different environmental factors [28]. The spatial variation map (Figure 2) has revealed that the soil pH distribution in the northern part of the study area had a pH >5.0 nearly neutral to alkaline.

Table 2. Semi-variogram parameters for pH and EC in Damaturu, north east Nigeria.

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Soil pH and Electrical Conductivity: A Case Study of Damaturu, Northeast Nigeria

by Najoji Sunday David

2023

The problem of environmental impacts due to soil amendments as a result of climate change, mineral content and soil texture among other factors cannot be overemphasized. The aim of this research work is to determine the spatial variations... more

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Assessment of groundwater quality in Sunamganj of Bangladesh

by FARZANA RAIHAN

2023

In this study, groundwater quality in Sunamganj of Bangladesh was studied based on different indices for irrigation and drinking uses. Samples were investigated for sodium absorption ratio, soluble sodium percentage, residual sodium... more

Fig. 1: The map of study area RE ee Sunamganj Sadar Upazila with an area of 560.76 sq km is bounded by Bishwamvarpur upazila and Meghalaya (India) on the north, Jagannathpur and Derai upazilas on the south, Dowarabazar and Chhatak upazilas on the east, Jamalganj and Bishwamvarpur upazilas on the west. River Surma and Dekar Haor are notable. Sunamganj (Town) stands on the bank of the river Surma (Fig. 1). It was established in late 18th century. It consists of 9 wards and 44 mahallas. The area of the town is 22.16 sq km. It has a population of 49373; density of population is 2228 per sq. km. Sunamganj area of Sylhet Basin is adjacent to the Dauki fault, where little pre-Pleistocene geology is exposed along with the southern edge of Shillong plateau in the north- east. Within Bangladesh the greater Sylhet region is the most enriched in mineral resources.

Fig. 2: Piper trilinear diagram showing chemical character of groundwater cation plot in the diagram reveals that majority of critical samples falls in no dominant type, whereas anion plots indicate the majority of critical water samples fall in Bi-carbonate. the samples were moderately hard in Sunamganj Sadar, Jamalganj, Tahirpur, Chhatak and Dowarabazar. The piper trilinear diagram for critical water samples is shown in Fig. 2. The DISCUSSION permeability and its repeated uses makes the soil impermeable, while high sodium leads to development of alkali soil. High sodium saturation also directly causes calcium deficiency. Frequent irrigation with high sodium (Na‘) water for a considerable duration makes the soil plastic and sticky in wet condition and form clods and crust on drying condition. In contrast, presence of calcium or magnesium salts in irrigation water retards the evil effect of sodium by increasing the permeability of the soils (Punmia and Lal, 1981; Asaduzzaman, 1985). Based on the classification after Wilcox (1995)

Fig. 3: Methodology used for groundwater mapping by using GIS technique

Fig. 4: Number of tube-wells in different zones of the study area

Fig. 5: Number of tube-wells within excellent irrigation category

Fig. 6: Number of tube-wells within fair irrigation category

Fig. 7: Number of tube-wells within good irrigation category

Fig. 8: Number of tube-wells within poor irrigation category

Table 1: Summary statistics of different indices Table 2: Limits of some parameter indices for rating groundwater quality and its sustainability in irrigation

* According to Ayers and Wester (1985), Eaton (1950), Todd (1980) and Wilcox (1950) respectively

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Integrated GIS-based modelling approach for irrigation water quality suitability zonation in parts of Satluj River Basin, Bist Doab region, North India

by Madhuri Rishi

2022, SN Applied Sciences

The groundwater is the main source for irrigation and other purposes in the alluvial plains of Punjab. The poor irrigational water quality affects the soil quality which interrupts the growth of plants impacting the agricultural... more

The groundwater is the main source for irrigation and other purposes in the alluvial plains of Punjab. The poor irrigational water quality affects the soil quality which interrupts the growth of plants impacting the agricultural production and can cause risk to human health, and thus, it is important to evaluate the water quality for irrigation uses in the agrarian regions. An integrated GIS-based modelling approach along with conventional water quality indices such as sodium adsorption ratio, per cent sodium, residual sodium carbonate, residual sodium bicarbonate, magnesium hazard, permeability index, potential salinity, Kelly's ratio, electrical conductivity, total hardness, pH and total dissolved solids was used to delineate the irrigation water quality suitability zones in parts of agricultural prolific Satluj River Basin. Analytical results revealed that groundwater of the study area is very hard and slightly alkaline in nature and the relative abundance order of major ions is Mg 2+ > Na + + K + > Ca 2+ and HCO 3 − + CO 3 2− > Cl − > SO 4 2− , respectively, for cations and anions. The weighted overlay technique was applied to generate the irrigation water quality zonation map, and results revealed that nearly 3.2% (117 sq. km) of the total area was not suitable for the irrigation water quality, whereas 85.2% (3076 sq. km) and 11.6% (421 sq. km) area fall under moderately suitable and suitable classes, respectively. The elevated level of some ions found in the shallower zone as compared to the deeper zones indicates that in addition to the geogenic factors (weathering and dissolution of aquifer materials) anthropogenic inputs such as ill agricultural practices, leaching from septic tanks and municipal waste are adversely affecting the groundwater system in the region. The results of US Salinity Laboratory's diagram showed that 42% groundwater samples fall in C3S1 (high salinity with low sodium hazard) category indicating the unsuitability for irrigation purpose due to high salinity hazard and cannot be used in soils with restricted drainage. The results of Piper and Durov diagrams revealed that Ca 2+-Mg 2+-HCO 3 − is the dominant hydrochemical facies with Mg 2+-HCO 3 − water type in the groundwater of the study area and hydrochemistry is controlled by both natural and anthropogenic factors. The bottom-up approach and involvement of locals can boost the management of water resources in the study area.

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Mapping of Shallow Groundwater Quality using GIS: A Study from a Small Catchment in Northwestern Region of Bangladesh

by Sajal Adhikary

2022

Shallow aquifer. Abstract: Groundwater (GW) in shallow aquifer is a major sour ce of drinking and irrigation water in Bangladesh. Contamination of GW resulting from inherent composition of aquifer material or from human activ ities... more

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Mapping of Shallow Groundwater Quality using GIS: A Study from a Small Catchment in Northwestern Region of Bangladesh

by Chowdhury Asif Ahmed

2022

Shallow aquifer. Abstract: Groundwater (GW) in shallow aquifer is a major sour ce of drinking and irrigation water in Bangladesh. Contamination of GW resulting from inherent composition of aquifer material or from human activ ities... more

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Evaluation of groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking, domestic, and agricultural uses in the Banana Plain (Mbanga, Njombe, Penja) of the Cameroon Volcanic Line

by George Nkeng

2021, Environmental Geochemistry and Health

Groundwater is a vital source for drinking and agricultural purposes in semiarid region of Neyshabur area (Iran). The present study assessed the groundwater quality and mapped the spatial variation of water samples in terms of suitability... more

Fig. 1 Location of the study area and sampling of groundwater data

Fig. 2 Lithological map of the study area ( Source: USGS)

Fig. 3 Spatial distribution of cations a Calcium (Ca”*, mg/l). b Magnesium (Mg”*, mg/l). e Sodium (Nat, mg/l) and d Potassium (K+, mg/l) Calcium and magnesium (Ca2* and Mg?*) Calcium and magnesium are most abundant element in the natural sur- face and groundwater and exist mainly as bicarbonates and to a lesser degree in the form of sulfate and chloride (Pras- anth et al. 2012). The average value of calcium ion con- centration in the study area is calculated as 1.39 mg/l, with standard deviation of +3.94. The western part of the study area is illustrated medium to high concentration of Ca’, and the east central and northern part is represented as low concentration (Fig. 3a). The magnesium ion concentration varies from 0-9.6 mg/l with an average value of 0.87 mg/l (+ 1.81). The spatial distribution map of Mg”* ion is illus- trated in Fig. 3b. The results showed eastern, northern and small pockets of southwest part of the study area are covered with the low concentration of magnesium. The maximum permissible limit of calcium and magnesium concentration of drinking water is 200 mg/l and 100 mg/l, respectively, recommended by WHO (2011). The present results revealed that all water samples falls below the maximum permissible limit (Table 5). Magnesium is essential as an activator of many enzyme systems, but it is also cathartic and diuretic. concentration (Fig. 3a). The magnesium ion concentration

Fig. 4 Spatial distribution of anions. a Chloride (CI mg/l). b Sulfate (SO,7-, mg/l). ¢ Bicarbonate (HCO;~, mg/l), and d pH

Fig.5 Spatial distribution of a sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). b Hardness (TH, mg CaCO,/1). ¢ Electrical conductivity (EC, uS/cm), and d total dissolved solids (TDS, mg/l)

Fig.6 USSL diagram for classification of irrigation water quality, with respect to salinity hazard and sodium hazard low salinity water (< 250 us/cm) can be used in all types of soils. In the present study, 54% water sample is medium to high salinity. Only 29.89% samples are indicated very high salinity, i.e., not suitable for agriculture uses (Fig. 6). took the necessary steps. The higher value of TDS can be accredited to the involvement of salts from the subsurface lithology because of higher residence time of groundwater in connection to the aquifer body (Selvam et al. 2013).

Fig. 7 Wilcox diagram irrigation samples for groundwater quality (after Wilcox 1955) excellent, good and permissible for irrigational water, respectively (Fig. 7). study area is very hard and slightly alkaline in nature. The spatial distribution maps of groundwater quality parameters were carried out through GIS and geostatistical techniques. These techniques have successfully demonstrated its capa- bility in groundwater quality mapping in Neyshabur, Iran. Conversely, consistent investigation of groundwater table along with hydrochemical characteristics will reduce the prospect for further deterioration. However, the outcome of the present result may help to comprehend the excellence of the groundwater resources to improve appropriate manage- ment plan. The application of water quality in this study has been found useful in assessing the overall quality of water. It is also helpful for the public to understand that the water quality is a useful tool in many ways in the field of water quality management.

Results and discussion Physicochemical parameters of groundwater mn Table 2 shows the hydrochemical properties of groundwa- ter quality. Recognizing the groundwater quality is signifi- cant as it is the key feature defining its appropriateness for drinking, agricultural and industrial purposes (Mokarram 2016). Table 2 abridges the outcomes of several parameters comprising statistical measures such as average, standard deviation, kurtosis and skewness analyzed of groundwater samples from the study area. The average value of Ca”* is recorded as 1.39 mg 1”! with a standard deviation of 3.95. The average concentration of Na‘ in the study areas is cal- culated as 7.02 mg 1-! (+ 13.80). The standard deviation of EC, TDS and hardness of some groundwater samples are relatively high. Except pH, all the hydrochemical param- eters are having the positive skewness, indicated that the tail of their dissemination illustrations on the left-hand side

Table 4 Best fit model summary of semivariogram analysis for groundwater quality parameters Aorange of influence, Corandom variance, Cstructured variance, R’ coefficient of determination, RSSresidual sum square, MEmean erro RMSE root-mean-square error

The Pearson’s correlation coefficient was calculated to measure the degree of relation between groundwater qual- ity variables. The greater the value of correlation coef- ficient is, the better and more useful the regression vari- ables (Patil and Patil 2011). The high positive correlation

MLP maximum permissible limit, DL desirable limit Table 5 Groundwater sample of the study area exceeding the permissible limits recommended by WHO (2011) for drinking purpos: The semivariogram models (spherical, exponential, and stable) were tested for each parameter data set. Prediction performances were assessed by cross-validation, which examines the accuracy of the generated surfaces (data not shown). Table 4 shows the semivariogram parame- ters (nugget, sill, range) of groundwater quality variables using spherical, exponential and stable. Nugget indicated the microscale variability and measurement error for the respective groundwater quality parameters, whereas sil indicates the amount of variation which can be defined by the spatial correlation structure (ESRI 2004). Results of our analysis showed that the nugget component for expo- nential model was less for all the variables. Nugget/sil characterizes the spatial variability degree, which affected by both structural and stochastic factors. The higher ratio indicates that the spatial variability is primarily caused by stochastic factors. The value of <0.25, 0.25-0.75 and > 0.75 showed the strong, moderate and weak spatia autocorrelation (Table 4). In this study, spherical, expo- nential and stable semivariance functional model was found to be best fit for groundwater (Table 4). The maxi- mum groundwater samples are fitted with the exponential

Table 6 Irrigational quality parameters results in groundwater sample with maximum value of TH that exceeds the maximum allowable limit (Fig. 5b). A small pocket in the central part of Neyshabur represents the minimum value of TH, i.e., permissible limit for irrigation purpose. extent to which sodium is absorbed by the soils. Irrigation using water with high SAR value may require soil amend- ments to prevent long-term damages to the soil, because the sodium in the water can displace the calcium and magne- sium in the soil (Prasanth et al. 2012). The SAR value in the study area varies from 0.32 to 31.04 with an average of 7.35 (+6.30). The classification of groundwater samples on SAR value are shown in Table 6. 94% of SAR values (< 18) are found within the range of excellent to good categories for irrigation water. The study showed a very low alkalinity hazard cover an area of only 6%, concentrated at the extreme of southern and northern part (Fig. 5a). Figure Sa showed that southwest of the study area covered with moderate SAR value (> 17), while the eastern and east central area covered with the low value of SAR. There is an important association between SAR and irrigation water. If the water used for irrigation is maximum in sodium and minimum in calcium content, then redeemable calcium in soil may sub- stitute sodium by Base Exchange reaction in water (Ogun- fowokan et al. 2013). Saleh et al. (1999) recommended that if the SAR value varies from 6 to 9, irrigation water will cause permeability complications in dwindling and puffi- ness types of clayey soils.

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Evaluation of Groundwater Quality and its Suitability for Drinking and Agriculture use in Parts of Vaijapur, District Aurangabad, MS, India

by K. R . Aher

2020, Research Journal of Chemical Sciences

This study was conducted to evaluate factors regulating groundwater quality in an area with agriculture as main use. Fifteen groundwater samples have been collected from Vaijapur taluka of Aurangabad district. The Vaijapur taluka of... more

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ASSESSMENT OF SHALLOW GROUNDWATER QUALITY FOR IRRIGATION AND DRINKING PURPOSES: A CASE STUDY FROM NORTHWESTERN REGION OF BANGLADESH

by Chowdhury Asif Ahmed and

2016

Water is a chief natural resource essential for the existence of life and is a basic human entity. This study highlights the physicochemical quality of groundwater in shallow aquifer under Nawabganj district of Bangladesh by different... more

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Mapping of Shallow Groundwater Quality using GIS: A Study from a Small Catchment in Northwestern Region of Bangladesh

by Chowdhury Asif Ahmed and

2016

Groundwater (GW) in shallow aquifer is a major source of drinking and irrigation water in Bangladesh. Contamination of GW resulting from inherent composition of aquifer material or from human activities reduces the supply of safe drinking... more

Groundwater (GW) in shallow aquifer is a major source of drinking and irrigation water in Bangladesh. Contamination of GW resulting from inherent composition of aquifer material or from human activities reduces the supply of safe drinking water, posing a threat to public health and thereby posing a great challenge to water managers and policy makers. However, GW quality maps are helpful for identifying locations that involve the threat of contamination. The present study describes the application of geographic information system (GIS) technology for mapping GW quality in shallow aquifer for drinking and irrigation purposes. A small catchment covering two upazillas (Nawabganj Sadar and Shibganj) located in Nawabganj district under northwest region of Bangladesh has been considered for this study. GIS mapping is generated based on different GW quality parameters of shallow aquifer in the study catchment from a total of 122 monitoring locations collected from Groundwater Hydrology Circle (GWHC) of Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB). ArcGISv9.3 software package along with water quality data is used to assess the pollution within the catchment. Locations of monitoring wells used for GW sampling are presented by using their location coordinates in the framework of ArcGIS software. In this study, different water quality indices such as sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), residual sodium bi-carbonate (RSBC), magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR), Kelly's ratio (KR), total hardness (TH), permeability index (PI), sodium percentage (% Na) defining irrigation water characteristics are calculated. The analysis shows that all the GW quality indices show suitable to moderate values for all 122 monitoring locations except percent sodium (% Na). However, in some locations, the value of % Na is in the doubtful to harmful range. Finally, the GW quality map and indices map are prepared, which delineates different GW zones as desirable or undesirable for drinking and irrigation purposes. The developed spatially integrated drinking water quality map demonstrates that GW in 85 percent of the study area is desirable for drinking and irrigation purposes. By contrast, the produced irrigation water quality map shows that over 95 percent of the study area can be considered suitable for irrigation activities.

Figure 1: Location of the 122 GW Sample Stations within the Study Area

In Fig. 4, the Durov diagram for the GW samples from all 122 stations are presented. The differentiation is clearly discernible in the Durov diagram. Figure 4: Durov diagram for Shibganj] and Nawabganj Sadar upazilla.

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Water Quality of River Tungabhadra due to the Discharge of Industrial Effluent at Harihar, District Davanagere, Karnataka State, India

by American Journal of Advanced Drug Delivery (AJADD)

2014, American Journal of Advanced Drug Delivery

Water is a prime mover of all activities and essential feature for all modern developments. Water is distributed in different forms, such as rain water, river water, spring water and mineral water. Rain water is considered to be the... more

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Assessment of Shallow Groundwater Quality for Irrigation and Drinking Purposes: A Case Study From Northwestern Region of Bangladesh

by Sajal Adhikary

2013

Water is a chief natural resource essential for the existence of life and is a basic human entity. This study highlights the physicochemical quality of groundwater in shallow aquifer under Nawabganj district of Bangladesh by different... more

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Mapping Shallow Groundwater Quality using GIS: A Study from a Small Catchment in Northwestern Region of Bangladesh

by Sajal Adhikary

2013

Groundwater (GW) in shallow aquifer is a major source of drinking and irrigation water in Bangladesh. Contamination of GW resulting from inherent composition of aquifer material or from human activities reduces the supply of safe drinking... more

Groundwater (GW) in shallow aquifer is a major source of drinking and irrigation water in Bangladesh. Contamination of GW resulting from inherent composition of aquifer material or from human activities reduces the supply of safe drinking water, posing a threat to public health and thereby posing a great challenge to water managers and policy makers. However, GW quality maps are helpful for identifying locations that involve the threat of contamination. The present study describes the application of geographic information system (GIS) technology for mapping GW quality in shallow aquifer for drinking and irrigation purposes. A small catchment covering two upazillas (Nawabganj Sadar and Shibganj) located in Nawabganj district under northwest region of Bangladesh has been considered for this study. GIS mapping is generated based on different GW quality parameters of shallow aquifer in the study catchment from a total of 122 monitoring locations collected from Groundwater Hydrology Circle (GWHC) of Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB). ArcGISv9.3 software package along with water quality data is used to assess the pollution within the catchment. Locations of monitoring wells used for GW sampling are presented by using their location coordinates in the framework of ArcGIS software. In this study, different water quality indices such as sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), residual sodium bi-carbonate (RSBC), magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR), Kelly's ratio (KR), total hardness (TH), permeability index (PI), sodium percentage (% Na) defining irrigation water characteristics are calculated. The analysis shows that all the GW quality indices show suitable to moderate values for all 122 monitoring locations except percent sodium (% Na). However, in some locations, the value of % Na is in the doubtful to harmful range. Finally, the GW quality map and indices map are prepared, which delineates different GW zones as desirable or undesirable for drinking and irrigation purposes. The developed spatially integrated drinking water quality map demonstrates that GW in 85 percent of the study area is desirable for drinking and irrigation purposes. By contrast, the produced irrigation water quality map shows that over 95 percent of the study area can be considered suitable for irrigation activities.

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Agricultural Impacts on Water Quality

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