Arabic Dialects

La langue tamazight, reconnue comme langue nationale en 2002 et officielle en 2016 en Algérie, incarne une composante essentielle de l'identité culturelle nord-africaine. Malgré cette reconnaissance constitutionnelle, son usage dans les sphères institutionnelles, tant nationales qu'internationales, demeure limité. Cet article examine les enjeux liés à l'intégration de tamazight dans les instances internationales telles que l'ONU et le Conseil de sécurité, tout en analysant les obligations des institutions algériennes quant à son usage dans la vie politique, économique et culturelle.

La historia del África romana se presentó, desde los inicios de la conquista francesa del Magreb, como un fértil campo de batalla en el que volcar las aspiraciones coloniales. De igual forma, los procesos de independencia abrirían el camino para el cuestionamiento de las tesis básicas de la historiografía francesa. El presente artículo pretende destacar la intensa relación que se estableció entre la investigación histórica del África romana y las contingencias políticas de la región y cómo esta resultó en la adopción de una visión dualista de la historia norteafricana. Sólo la superación de estas lecturas, mediante la contextualización del período y la ampliación de las fuentes, permitirá explorar nuevas aproximaciones conducentes a una concepción unitaria del África romana.

The past three decades have witnessed an unprecedented proliferation of Arab music among Jewish Israelis. This stands in seeming contradiction with developments in the political arena, which have furthered the epistemic divide between Arab/Palestinian and Jewish/Israeli. This article traces how Israeli national culture invested in projects of nativization, has historically been repeatedly redefined vis-à-vis Arabness in contradictory ways, and in relation to a variety of Arab Others; including different groups of Palestinians and Arab Jews (Mizrahim). A focus on the Jerusalem-based Musrara School, which teaches different classical Eastern music styles, grounds this research ethnographically in the changing formations of (sonic) cultural citizenship among Jewish Israelis. The article shows how these changes lead to the current association of Arab musics with Jewish Mizrahi culture divorced from its conflictual ethnonational registers, and increasingly, also becoming a vector of indigeneity and Jewish exclusivity among the religious settler population in the West Bank.

The current study investigates multiple acoustic cues-voice onset time (VOT), spectral center of gravity (SCG) of burst, pitch (F0), and frequencies of the first (F1) and second (F2) formants at vowel onset-associated with phonological contrasts of voicing and emphasis in production of Arabic coronal stops. The analysis of the acoustic data collected from eight native speakers of the Qatari dialect showed that the three stops form three distinct modes on the VOT scale: [d] is (pre)voiced, voiceless [t] is aspirated, and emphatic [t ̣] is voiceless unaspirated. The contrast is also maintained in spectral cues. Each cue influences production of coronal stops while their relevance to phonological contrasts varies. VOT was most relevant for voicing, but F2 was mostly associated with emphasis. The perception experiment revealed that listeners were able to categorize ambiguous tokens correctly and compensate for phonological contrasts. The listeners' results were used to evaluate three categorization models to predict the intended category of a coronal stop: a model with unweighted and unadjusted cues, a model with weighted cues compensating for phonetic context, and a model with weighted cues compensating for the voicing and emphasis contrasts. The findings suggest that the model with phonological compensation performed most similar to human listeners both in terms of accuracy rate and error pattern.

Beckman and colleagues claimed in 2011 that Swedish has an overspecified phonological contrast between prevoiced and voiceless aspirated stops. Yet, Swedish is the only language for which this pattern has been reported. The current study describes a similar phonological pattern in the vernacular Arabic dialect of Qatar. Acoustic measurements of main (voice onset time, VOT) and secondary (fundamental frequency, first formant) cues to voicing are based on production data of 8 native speakers of Qatari Arabic, who pronounced 1,380 voiced and voiceless wordinitial stops in the slow and fast rate conditions. The results suggest that the VOT pattern found in voiced Qatari Arabic stops b, d, g is consistent with prevoicing in voice languages like Dutch, Russian, or Swedish. The pattern found in voiceless stops t, k is consistent with aspiration in aspirating languages like English, German, or Swedish. Similar to Swedish, both prevoicing and aspiration in Qatari Arabic stops change in response to speaking rate. VOT significantly increased by 19 ms in prevoiced stops and by 12 ms in voiceless stops in the slow speaking rate condition. The findings suggest that phonological overspecification in laryngeal contrasts may not be an uncommon pattern among languages.

Emphasis (contrastive pharyngealization of coronals) in Arabic spreads from an emphatic consonant to neighboring segments. Previous research suggests that in addition to changing spectral characteristics of adjacent segments, emphasis might affect voice onset time (VOT) of voiceless stops because emphatic stops in Arabic dialects have considerably shorter VOT than their plain cognates. No study investigated whether emphatic coarticulation could shorten VOT in plain stops produced in emphatic environment. The present study investigates changes in VOT in syllable-initial /t/ using production data from sixteen speakers of Qatari Arabic, who read non-word syllables with initial plain and emphatic stops /t/ and /t. / adjacent to another plain or emphatic consonant. The results show that emphasis spread is a gradient process that affects only spectral characteristics of segments, causing changes in vowel formants and spectral centre of gravity of stops. Long-lag VOT in plain /t/, however, was not shortened in emphatic syllables. The findings suggest that shorter VOT in voiceless emphatic stops in Qatari Arabic is not a mechanical aftermath of pharyngealization but, rather, a phonological requirement to maintain contrast between long-lag and short-lag VOT in plain and emphatic stops.

Arabic has a vowel system with three long and three short monophthongs. One of the parameters that accounts for qualitative differences between long and short vowels across languages is tenseness/laxness of vowels located on the peripheral/non-peripheral tracks in the vowel space. The present study investigates acoustical cues (F1, F2, and duration) of vowels using the data obtained from 21 speakers of Qatari Arabic. The vowels were produced in four phonetic contexts: labial, alveolar, uvular, and pharyngeal. The results revealed considerable qualitative differences between long and short vowels. The long vowels were articulated at the periphery of vowel space; the short vowels occupied more centralized positions. The co-articulatory effect of the preceding consonant was more prominent in short vowels. Short high vowels /i u/ were lowered toward the mid position; short low /a/ was fronted; long low /a˘/ was retracted and raised. The findings suggest that short vowels in Qatari Arabic are lax and non-peripheral.

In LARYNGEAL REALISM (LR), laryngeal specification of stops is explained by direct maps of cues (e.g. VOT) onto privative phonological laryngeal features [voice] or [spread glottis]. Phonetic realization of the segments and speakers' 'control' (e.g. the degree of intervocalic voicing and speech rate manipulation effects on VOT duration) are used as diagnostics of phonological specification. Similar to some Arabic vernacular dialects (e.g. Qatari Arabic), Khuzestani Arabic in Iran presents a case where three voiced stops /b d g/ are in contrast with voiceless stops /p t k/, but two voiceless guttural plosives /t≥ q/ have no voiced homorganic counterparts. In this paper we examine the phonetic realization of voicing in these stops at word-initial and intervocalic position, as well as the effects of speech rate manipulation on VOT and closure voicing. The data came from 12 native speakers recorded in Khorramshahr, Iran. Our findings suggest an over-specified voicing system in this Arabic variety. We found that voiced /b d g/ were produced with voicing lead in initial position and complete closure voicing word medially, voiceless /p t k/ had long lag VOT, while guttural /t≥ q/ had short lag VOT. Speech rate manipulation revealed that only duration of (pre)voicing and duration of aspiration increased in slower speech. Also, f0, F1, and F2 were measured at vowel onset to evaluate the glottal state in production of stops. The results support the predictions of LR that voiced stops are specified by [voice], voiceless stops are [sg], while gutturals lack underlying specification for voice.

Le présent article explore les impacts et défis liés à la mise en place d’une visite virtuelle au Musée d’Art d’Agadir, dans le cadre plus large de la digitalisation des pratiques muséales.
L'objectif principal est d’évaluer l’efficacité de cette initiative comme outil de médiation culturelle, tout en identifiant ses limites et axes d’amélioration. Pour ce faire, une méthodologie mixte a été adoptée, combinant l’analyse quantitative des données collectées via Matomo, et une analyse qualitative des comportements utilisateurs grâce au heatmapping. 
Le cadre théorique repose sur les concepts clés de médiation culturelle numérique, accessibilité universelle et durabilité patrimoniale. L’hypothèse principale est que les visites virtuelles complètent avantageusement les visites physiques en élargissant l’audience et en offrant une expérience inclusive, bien qu’elles nécessitent une adaptation constante pour répondre aux attentes des utilisateurs. 
Les résultats montrent que la plateforme a attiré un nombre significatif de visiteurs lors de sa première année, avec une audience majoritairement composée de résidents locaux et d’utilisateurs européens. Les Smartphones sont le principal dispositif utilisé, soulignant l’importance d’une optimisation pour les appareils mobiles. Des défis techniques, notamment liés aux temps de chargement et au manque d’interactivité, nécessitent des ajustements pour améliorer l’expérience globale des utilisateurs.
Cette étude démontre que la visite virtuelle est un levier efficace pour promouvoir le patrimoine artistique marocain, mais elle nécessite des ajustements continus pour maximiser son impact et garantir une expérience fluide et accessible à tous.

ويتارسيه 2021 : الإعلال و أنواعه في كتاب عقد اللول في سيرة البطول لسيد الحبيب محمد بن حسن بن علوي الحداد كانت ألاف الكلمات العربيّة في كتاب عقد اللول في سيرة البطول التي تسبّب الباحثة أن تبحثه بالصرف. قد وجدت في هذا الكتاب كلمات الإعلال. رأت الباحثة أن هذا البحث هام. كل شخص لا سيفهم من أصول الكلمات العربيّة إلّا من يتعلّمها. للبحث هذفان يعني لمعرفة الأنواع الإعلال بناء على تغييراته في كتاب عقد اللول في سيرة البطول لسيّد الحبيب محمد بن حسن بن علوي الحداد، و لمعرفة أنواع أفعل المعتل في كتاب عقد اللول في سيرة البطول لسيّد الحبيب محمد بن حسن بن علوي الحداد. هذا البحث هو بحث الكيفي. إتخذت الباحثة الطريقة في هذا البحث هي طريقة تحليل وصفي يعني تصف و تنحل البيانات التي تبحث عليها. بيانات البحث هي كلمات الإعلالية و مصادرها هي كتاب عقد اللول في سيرة البطول لسيد الحبيب محمد بن حسن بن علوي الحداد. لجمع البيانات طريقتان يعني طريقة القرائة و طريقة الكتابة. لجمع البيانات أربع طريقة يعني وصفة البيانات و تصنيفة البيانات و تحليلة البيانات و ترمز عن النتيجة. يوجد في هذا البحث أنواع الإعلال بناء على تغ...

Data annotation is an important and necessary task for all NLP applications. Designing and implementing a web-based application that enables many annotators to annotate and enter their input into one central database is not a trivial task. These kinds of web-based applications require a consistent and robust backup for the underlying database and support to enhance the efficiency and speed of the annotation. Also, they need to ensure that the annotations are stored with a minimal amount of redundancy in order to take advantage of the available resources(e.g, storage space). In this paper, we introduce WASA, a web-based annotation system for managing large-scale multilingual Code Switching (CS) data annotation. Although WASA has the ability to perform the annotation for any token sequence with arbitrary tag sets, we will focus on how WASA is used for CS annotation. The system supports concurrent annotation, handles multiple encodings, allows for several levels of management control, and enables quality control measures while seamlessly reporting annotation statistics from various perspectives and at different levels of granularity. Moreover, the system is integrated with a robust language specific date prepossessing tool to enhance the speed and efficiency of the annotation. We describe the annotation and the administration interfaces as well as the backend engine.

This paper presents a language identification system designed to detect the language of each word, in its context, in a multilingual documents as generated in social media by bilingual/multilingual communities, in our case speakers of Algerian Arabic. We frame the task as a sequence tagging problem and use supervised machine learning with standard methods like HMM and Ngram classification tagging. We also experiment with a lexicon-based method. Combining all the methods in a fall-back mechanism and introducing some linguistic rules, to deal with unseen tokens and ambiguous words, gives an overall accuracy of 93.14%. Finally, we introduced rules for language identification from sequences of recognised words.

DIRA is a query expansion tool that generates search terms in Standard Arabic and/or its dialects when provided with queries in English or Standard Arabic. The retrieval of dialectal Arabic text has recently become necessary due to the increase of dialectal content on social media. DIRA addresses the challenges of retrieving information in Arabic dialects, which have significant linguistic differences from Standard Arabic. To our knowledge, DIRA is the only tool in existence that automatically generates dialect search terms with relevant morphological variations from English or Standard Arabic query terms.

Arabic has been traditionally described as a canonically diglossic language , with Standard Arabic (SA) as the high variety and spoken vernaculars as low varieties. Further research has proven that the actual linguistic landscape in Arabic speaking countries does not reflect this dichotomy, but rather a layered continuum where different varieties (and sometimes languages) interact, fulfilling different communicative functions and carrying multiple symbolic values. In this sea of varieties, the metalinguistic label «White Arabic» has gained prominence in the last decade, coinciding with the emergence of an increasingly interconnected Arab world. Although the notion of WA was treated peripherally in previous scientific studies Dufour, 2008;, none of these deal with the term as a main object. There seems to be no clear consensus regarding the definition of White Arabic -data hints at different understandings of the concept in Lebanon, Jordan, 1. We owe a huge debt of gratitude to Stephan Procházka, Mahmoud Al-Batal and Kristen Brustad for their valuable comments on earlier versions of this manuscript. Also, we sincerely thank Julie Haslé for participating in the discussions that shaped this article and Montserrat Benítez Fernández for making this collaboration possible in the frame of her research project Arabic Sociolinguistics and Linguistic Anthropology (LINKB20056), funded by CSIC. All the remaining errors are solely the authors' responsibility. 2.

Arabic manuscripts often contain a variety of marginal notes and end-page annotations, including literary texts, historical records, and general knowledge, written by the author after the manuscript's circulation or by others unconnected to the author. These notes, which are sometimes responses to the book's content, personal recollections, or documentation of significant events—such as births, deaths, or human and natural incidents—are collectively referred to in codicology as: Manuscript notes. This study aims to examine how early scholars utilized these marginal notes, treating them as reliable sources in the creation of biographies. It also seeks to draw the attention of manuscript editors to the importance of documenting all marginal data, even if unrelated to the main content of the manuscript, due to its value in filling informational gaps regarding historical events and figures.

يرصد الناظر في المخطوطات العربية كثرة ما يُكتب على طرر بعضها وخواتيمها من نصوص أدبية وتقييدات تاريخية ومعارف عامة، سجلها المؤلف على نسخته بعد إطلاق كتابه للتداول، أو قيَّدها أناس آخرون لا يتصلون بمؤلف الكتاب، إما استدراكاً على المؤلف لما في مضمون الكتاب، أو استذكاراً لها، أو تقييداً لحادثة ما تستدعي التوثيق حتى لا يطرقها النسيان، من ولادة طفل، أو وفاة رجل، أو حادثة بشرية أو طبيعية. واصطلح علماء المخطوطات على تسمية هذه التقييدات بخوارج النصوص.
وتسعى الدراسة لرصد مدى استفادة القدماء من مادة خوارج النصوص، واعتمادهم لها كموارد موثوقة في صناعة التراجم للأعلام. ولفت أنظار المحققين إلى الاهتمام بكل ما يرد على المخطوطات من بيانات حتى وإن كانت لا تتصل بالكتاب ومادته، نظراً لقيمتها في سدّ النقص المعرفي حول الأحداث والشخصيات.

With the exception of Jastrow's study on Tikrīt Arabic Verb Morphology (1983), Tikrīt Arabic and its varieties have been largely neglected within the field of Arabic dialectology, leaving Johnstone's The Spoken Arabic of Tikrīt (1975) as the main reference for nearly half a century. To bridge this gap, the present paper aims to examine the current state of Tikrīt Arabic in the city of Tikrīt and its surrounding towns, where Tikrīt Arabic is spoken either as a native tongue or as a second variety. In doing so, this paper will compare the phonological and morphological features observed in the five texts presented in the charts below with the general rules established for Tikrīt Arabic in previous studies.

Teaching a form of Syrian dialect is documented in a manuscript by Ottoman poet and writer Ḥassān ibn Naṣūḥ ar-Rūmī al-Balāṭī dating back to around 1445. He aimed to instruct individuals interested in travelling to Arab countries in spoken Arabic. In his introduction, al-Balāṭī explains his motivation for writing this book, emphasizing his intention to move away from the traditional grammatical approach commonly used in Arabic language instruction. Instead, he employed communicative strategies; his work demonstrates his recognition of the contextual requirements for second language learners within an immersive setting. Additionally, al-Balāṭī utilised Ottoman Turkish as a medium language in teaching the Arabic dialects. The manuscript sheds light on the author's methodology for teaching the dialects spoken in northern Syria some 600 years ago. Furthermore, this paper will delve into his approach to grammar presentation, incorporation of cultural nuances and values, topic selection, and other aspects highlighted within the text.

L'article analyse les enjeux de la valorisation de la darija au Maroc avant et apres le mouvement du 21 fevrier en s'interessant aux acteurs, aux positionnements ideologiques et aux debats suscites. Il analyse les productions en darija sur les reseaux sociaux

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Matériaux d’enquêtes autour des ’usages jeunes’ dans quatre villes marocaines Casablanca, Meknès, Tétouan, Marrakech Karima Ziamari, Dominique Caubet, Catherine Miller, Ángeles Vicente

Although most Iraqi Jews spoke an Arabic dialect similar to that of the Jews of Baghdad, there were also significantly different Jewish dialects spoken in the Iraqi region. One such dialect was that of the Jews of ˁĀna, located close to the Iraq-Syria border. This article examines the linguistic differences between the Jewish dialect of Baghdad and the Jewish dialect of ˁĀna and traces the historical developments that led to this linguistic diversity.
The differences between the dialects primarily stem from the influence of Bedouin and rural dialects spoken by the Muslims in ˁĀna and its surroundings. Through these intermediaries, features characteristic of Bedouin dialects entered the ˁĀna dialect, such as the velar realization of the uvular consonant q as g, or the affricate realization of the consonant k as č. Other examples of the influence of nomadic and rural dialects include the absence of imāla and the coloring of vowels according to their consonantal environment. Despite these differences, similarities between the dialects, both members of the qǝltu family, are evident. These include the velar realization of the trilled consonant r as ġ, the preservation of interdental consonants, and the use of an originally Aramaic structure for argument marking. Additionally, both dialects were spoken by Jews, which left a distinctive mark on them, particularly in the lexicon.

Abstract
This study presents an analysis of the critical edition of the Dīwān (poetry collection) of ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥasan al-Khafanjī (d. 1766), as edited by Dr. Ibrāhīm Abū Ṭālib. It begins by introducing the poet, presenting the Dīwān, describing the manuscripts used, and explaining the method of editing. It then moves on to discuss various types of omissions found in the edition, exploring their causes and illustrating them with examples — notably with one complete poem. The study also identifies missing verses in some of the poems, as well as entire poetic fragments that were overlooked due to the editor’s limited access to other manuscript sources, offering brief examples based on alternative manuscripts. In conclusion, the study highlights the scholarly value of the current edition while stressing the importance of completing the textual record and ensuring accurate vocalization. It suggests that the manuscripts of al-Khafanjī’s Dīwān remain an open project for researchers interested in literature and language in Yemen.

Arabic is spoken as a native language by over 300 million people on two different continents: Africa and Asia. In addition, Arabic is the official language in 26 countries around the world. Given the enormous number of native speakers and the large number of countries where it is spoken as a native language, Arabic was selected as one of the six official languages in the United Nations. Another point of pride for the Arabic language is its historical connection to Islam, since is it the language of the Qur’an. This makes it the religious language of over a billion Muslims around the world. In Muslim countries, learners of Arabic are revered and enjoy several privileges because of this prestigious status of Arabic in Islam (Suleiman, 2003). Recently, there has been a substantial increase in the number of Arabic learners in Western countries. For example, in the USA, numbers of Arabic learners increased from 5,505 in 1998 to 35,083 students in 2009, according to a survey conducted by the Modern Language Association (Furman, Goldberg, & Lusin, 2010). Because of this growing interest, Arabic has become the eighth most studied language in US universities. The renewed interest could be interpreted within a wider context of Westerners attempting to better understand Islam and Muslims. Also, it is clear that there is a growing political and economic interest in the Middle East. More importantly, many Western governments now have a firm belief that learning strategic languages, such as Arabic, is part of their national security strategy, particularly after the events of 9/11 (National Research Council, 2007).
After reclaiming their independence in the second half of the 20th century, the Arab countries espoused educational policies that promoted the teaching and learning of Arabic in schools and the use of the language in the wider society. Arabic was also stated in all Arab constitutions as the national and official language of these countries. One of the main goals of any educational system in the Arab world has apparently become the training of citizens who can use Standard Arabic accurately and fluently. The purpose of this policy was to revitalize the status of Arabic which was negatively affected by colonial policies that promoted native languages of the imperial powers (see Daoud, 1991, for a comprehensive discussion of the Arabization policies). Modern Standard Arabic, which is a simplified version of Arabic, replaced Classical Arabic in schools and media. Also, Arab governments have provided substantial funding for developing new Arabic curricula and also establishing teacher-training programs. Arabic is currently taught in schools as a core subject from kindergarten to secondary level for around six to eight hours per week. In addition, university students are required to take Arabic as part of their academic programs.

تسعى هذه المقاربة الأرشيفيّة السرديّة إلى إعادة تأويل مذكّرات الملك عبدالله الأوّل بن الحسين من خلال تحليل نصّي (مذكّراتي) و(التَّكْملة)، باعتبارهما سرديّتين تُنتجان خطابًا هاشميًّا يُؤطّر الذّات الملكيّة داخل منظومة الشّرعيّة، ويُعيد تمثيل الذّاكرة الفرديّة بوصفها انعكاسًا للهويّة الجمعيّة. ومن هذا المنطلق، تهدف الدراسة إلى مساءلة البنية العميقة لهذا الخطاب الذاتي، بوصفه أرشيفًا حيًّا ومتحرّكًا، يتداخل فيه الحميمي بالتّاريخي، وتنبثق منه تمثيلات رمزيّة تُعيد رسم مشهديّة التحوّلات السياسيّة والثقافيّة في سياق تشكّل العالم العربي الحديث. وقد انتظمت هذه القراءة في مسارين متعاضدين ومتكاملين: أوّلُهما: المسارُ التنظيريّ، حيثُ سعت الدراسة إلى تأصيل مفهوم (الأرشيف السرديّ)، مستنيرةً بطروحات بول ريكور في تشكّل الذّاكرة والهوية، وتأمّلات جاك دريدا في بنيات الأرشفة والتمثيل، إلى جانب إسهامات عبد الله إبراهيم في تحليل السّرد العربي الحديث، وغيرهم ممّن أسهموا في بناء مفهوم الأرشيف بوصفه حقلًا نصّيًّا رمزيًّا. وثانيهما: المسارُ الإجرائيّ التطبيقيّ، الذي انطلقت فيه الدّراسة من تحليل معمّق للبنية السرديّة في نصّي (مذكّراتي) و(التَّكْملة)، مستكشفةً -من خلال مداريّات نصّيّة متشابكة- كيف تتشكّل معالم الأرشيف السرديّ من خلال النّصّ السّيريّ. وقد خلصت الدّراسة إلى أنّ هذين النصّين يُشكّلان خطابًا سرديًّا غنيًّا بالدلالات، وأرشيفًا رمزيًّا فاعلًا يُنتج سرديّة تمثيليّة تتداخل فيها الأبعاد الشرعيّة والثقافيّة، وتُبيّن كيف تُبنى السيادة من داخل اللغة، وكيف يُعاد تأريخ الذّات من أعماق الوجدان وتموّجات الذاكرة

In recent years, bilingual communication practices and the phenomenon of code- switching in this context have received increasing attention in linguistic and literary studies. The present study aims to analyze the use of code-switching in Omani writer Zahran Al- Qasimi's novel The Water Diviner (Ar. Taghribah al-Qafer). A close reading of the novel reveals the deliberate incorporation of elements specific to the Gulf dialect within the standard Arabic flow that pervades the narrative. These linguistic transitions serve to enhance the narrative's authenticity and assume pivotal roles in the construction of characters' identities. They underscore the concept of social belonging and accentuate cultural divergences, thereby contributing to a nuanced and multifaceted portrayal of identity. In this study, the examples of language change in the novel are systematically classified and each example of use is analyzed within its sociocultural context. The analysis demonstrates that code-switching serves to elucidate the intricate power relations, social positions, and cultural identity representations among the characters. The novel The Water Diviner is noteworthy for being one of the prominent examples of the functional use of linguistic diversity in artistic expression. In this context, the study demonstrates cases the use of code-switching as an aesthetic and narrative strategy in the modern Arabic novel, thereby offering an original contribution to the study of multilingualism in Arabic literature.

Yabancı dil öğretimi, sadece kelime ve gramer bilgisi kazandırmakla sınırlı
olmayan; aynı zamanda iletişimsel yeterlilik, bağlam içinde anlam kurma becerisi ve kültürel farkındalık gibi çok yönlü yeterlilikleri de içeren bütüncül bir süreçtir. Arapça öğretimi de bu kapsamda hem klasik dil bilgisi alanlarını hem de modern dil öğretim yaklaşımlarını bir arada değerlendiren çok boyutlu bir yaklaşıma ihtiyaç duymaktadır.
Bu eser, üniversite düzeyinde Arapça öğrenimi gören öğrencilere yönelik
hazırlanmış; nahiv ve sarf alanlarındaki teorik bilgileri pekiştirirken aynı zamanda konuşma, okuma ve yazma gibi becerileri ölçmeye ve geliştirmeye yönelik bir içerik sunmaktadır.

This study examines the challenges and strategies of subtitling the political interview War on Gaza and the Collapse of the West’s Civilizational Supremacy Image from Arabic into English, featuring Palestinian Ambassador Husam Said Zomlot. The project addresses the complexities of translating political discourse, which is rich in historical references, ideological nuance, and culturally sensitive terminology. Drawing on Gottlieb’s (1992) subtitling strategies model, this research explores how subtitling differs from conventional translation due to spatial and temporal constraints that require condensation, adaptation, and cultural mediation.

The analysis contrasts human and AI-generated subtitles, showing that while AI offers speed, it frequently produces literal or inaccurate translations and fails to capture cultural nuances or context. Human subtitling, by contrast, provides accuracy, sensitivity, and effectiveness in delivering the speaker’s intended message to diverse audiences.

The findings emphasize subtitling not only as a linguistic transfer but also as a form of political communication that shapes audience perception and challenges dominant media narratives. In an era of increasing automation, this research reaffirms the indispensable role of skilled human translators, positioning subtitling as both a technical process and a critical act of cultural and political advocacy.

The present study aims to investigate the sociological trend of family structure change in Iran with emphasis on social development indicators after the Islamic Revolution. The research method in this article is a combination of trend research and descriptive methods and is a part of longitudinal research that was carried out using statistical tests of correlation with Pearson coefficient and multivariate regression with simultaneous method. These studies were conducted based on data from the Statistics Center of Iran and a set of nationally authoritative reports at the national level, and during them, demographic indicators of family structure with a set of social development indicators were used. The research findings show that the penetration of the Internet and women's employment have a positive effect on the divorce-to-marriage ratio. Life expectancy at birth and women's employment have been able to increase the average age of marriage. Also, a factor that has led to a decrease in the family dimension is women's higher education. Women with higher education and women's employment have had an effect on increasing the percentage of unmarried women. However, the component that has had an effect on the percentage of unmarried men is the penetration of the Internet.

The present study explores the Israeli Hebrew particle hine, traditionally classified as a presentative particle, through a pragmatic-interactional lens using mostly video-recorded data. Our findings challenge the conventional view that hine primarily serves to draw attention to a referent. Instead, we argue that hine indicates a change in the speaker's or interlocutor's (or both) perceptual access to a relevant entity within the interaction's immediate context. Indicating such a shift in awareness aligns hine more closely with change-of-state tokens. Additionally, as the perceptual access indicated by hine often involves the fulfillment of an expectation to perceive a relevant entity, the particle hine can be considered as a resultative particle. Finally, the association with the mode of access to information links the use of hine with the notion of direct evidentiality. Consequently, we propose reclassifying hine as a resultative-evidential change-of-state marker, suggesting a re-evaluation in the study of presentative particles.

ABSTRACT: The Arab Nomads were infamous for their brutal
acts against humanity in the Pre-Islamic Era, also known as the
age of ignorance. The introduction of Islam and its teachings by
the Prophet Muhammad, who received the Holy Qur'an in Arabic, 
played a significant role in the transformation of the nomads into 
a more civilized society during the period of Islamic dominance in
the Arabian Peninsula. Arabic is considered one of the most
magnificent languages due to the elegance of its words, the
sophistication of its grammar, the precision of its structures, and
the versatility in expressing various concepts. Despite the fact that
the ancestors of the Arabs were ancient people, the Arabs
themselves were driven by a strong sense of compassion that
extended to all their tribes. The ideas presented were indeed
remarkable. In Arabic, euphemisms are used to soften sensitive
topics, a linguistic feature shared with other languages. 
Euphemisms allow individuals to refer to a situation indirectly
through the use of figurative language. Arabic encompasses the
overarching term ةـــغلاب (metonymy), with فـيطلـت (softness) being
the most relevant co-hyponym. This study critically analyzes the
differences and similarities in the use of euphemistic expressions
between Arabic and English, shedding light on the linguistic and
cultural aspects of both languages. 
KEY WORDS: Euphemism, exegesis, Arabic, English, Culture,
Figures of speech, critical review

In 2020 the new edition of my book Arabic Sociolinguistics was published, with a new chapter on the topic of Arabic critical sociolinguistics. While writing the chapter, I had the opportunity to reflect on everything that I had learned, on all the conferences which I attended, on the experience of publishing, and on access to knowledge in general. I have to consider myself privileged in many ways: First and foremost, access to the world of academic publishing was never an issue for me, because I graduated from a British university, and then went on to work at American institutions. Other colleagues were not as fortunate. Not all voices were being heard, and not everyone had the same access to knowledge. Inequality was rife in my field, which reflected also on our methods of doing research. While we, as scholars, approached sociolinguistics with a meticulously well thought-out methodology, we did often not tackle our own cultural package or our means of access thoroughly. The questions that lingered in the background still remain: Are we totally objective? How do we choose our data and how do we analyse it? Of course, questions pertaining to our role as scholars were being asked more and more frequently starting from the turn of the millennium, questions such as: What relation do we have to the communities we study? Do we observe and analyse while being totally uninvolved with their suffering and inequality? What responsibility do scholars in social science have towards their communities? Discourse analysts were faster than sociolinguists in dealing with these issues, even if their books are not necessarily read by the layperson. Critical sociolinguistics is concerned with inequality. It starts from the standpoint that members of different communities do not have access to resources in the same way. Some voices are heard more than others, some people need to change the way they speak to accommodate others: It all boils down to access and power. I think that at time we live in, no examples are needed-we encounter inequality daily. We observe powerful groups that have access and others that are deprived of it. This is a challenging time marked by violent conflicts all over the world, but it is particularly challenging for the Arab world, where conflicts erupt over issues of identity, leading to war and displacement. In the added chapter of my book, I addressed some issues but there are still more that need to be discussed and reevaluated. For example, I discussed the binary approach to variation, the native speaker concept and I called for a more ethnographic approach

The current Arabic natural language processing resources are mainly build to address the Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), while we witnessed some scattered efforts to build resources for various Arabic dialects such as the Levantine and the Egyptian dialects. We observed a lack of resources for Gulf Arabic and especially the Qatari variety. In this paper, we present the first Qatari idioms and expression corpus of 1000 entries. The corpus was created from on-line and printed sources in addition to transcribed recorded interviews. The corpus covers various Qatari traditional expressions and idioms. To this end, audio recordings were collected from interviews and an online survey questionnaire was conducted to validate our data. This corpus aims to help advance the dialectal Arabic Speech and Natural Language Processing tools and applications for the Qatari dialect.

To prevent Omani folktale heritage from being lost or distorted,
especially in the era of globalization and digitization, and since there
is no oral documentation of Omani folktales, there is a need to
investigate the authenticity of documented Omani folktales published
in print and to classify them based on tale-type. This study attempts to
document a comprehensive collection of Omani folktales from
existing materials published in or translated into English by
developing a classification system based on Hasan El-Shamy‘s
established tale-type index. Further, the study aims to assess the
authenticity of these folktales by investigating Omani cultural markers
found in them and identifying potential distortions or adaptations.

This article outlines an integrated model of language change, where change is viewed as the acquisition of innovative grammars by individual native speakers. It is integrated in that it shows how change that is induced by contact between languages, dialects and sociolects can be understood, alongside purely internal change, as part of a single process of acquisition on the basis of innovative linguistic production. Unlike much previous work in this tradition, the focus is not on purely internal change, with contact-induced change viewed as secondary. Instead, it is shown how existing models of how language contact leads to change can be extended to conditions of dialect contact and sociolinguistic variation, and it is argued that it is contact, not purely internal processes, that is the key driver of change (via innovative production). The arguments presented are grounded in findings from the literature on bilingual acquisition and second dialect acquisition, and illustrated with examples of changes drawn chiefly from the literature on Arabic in contact.

Nzūlah u-khēṭ al-shīṭān (1986) is the great "vernacular novel" of the late Iraqi Jewish writer Samīr Naqqāsh (1938-2004). The novel, set in the 1940s-early 1950s, tells of the twilight of Jewish Baghdad. Vernacularity and hybridity are the hallmarks of the text's difficulty, its supposed unreadability and untranslatability. Nzūlah manifests an extreme case of heteroglossia, as it is written in literary Arabic, but also in the Jewish and Muslim Baghdadi vernaculars, while also including hundreds of footnotes that affect and direct the act of reading. In this article, this seemingly inaccessible novel is analyzed through the lens of the theoretical concepts of "untranslatability" and "comprehensibility." Besides being a lament for a lost homeland, Nzūlah calls for its readers to appropriate a seemingly dying idiom and, in so doing, perform a significant political gesture that resonates with the ways Naqqāsh's work has been read in both Iraq and Israel since his death in 2004.

In this paper, I consider potential shared morphological innovations showing that Beja, Agaw, and East Cushitic (and several other families) form a clade within Afroasiatic. In the absence of features that are not better understood as archaisms or parallel developments, I suggest that not only Beja (as previously suggested), but also Agaw should be seen as a separate family within Afroasiatic, with no demonstrated association with East Cushitic.

It's a table of spoken Arabic verbs most used in Jerusalem and the Levantine area. The result of studying Arabic for some years at the Polis Institute of Jerusalem (https://www.polisjerusalem.org/). The table was checked and corrected by the teachers. There was a first edition that covered fewer verbs.

This paper, "Application of Juliane House's Translation Quality Assessment Model on Two Poems", investigates translation strategies through the theoretical lens of Juliane House's TQA model that offers unique insights by integrating linguistic, pragmatic, and cultural dimensions into a coherent analytical framework. This study examines how different textual genres demand distinct translation strategies and evaluates the effectiveness of these strategies through a detailed comparative analysis of source and target texts. Through a comparative study of source texts and target texts in Arabic, French, and English, it applies House's dimensions of register, genre, and language function to identify strengths, deviations, and errors in practical translations. Findings highlight how overt strategies prioritise foreignising fidelity to the source text, while covert strategies emphasise domestication for target-audience fluency. By applying House's TQA model to concrete examples of both overt and covert translations between English, French, and Arabic, the research demonstrates how translation choices are systematically influenced by genre conventions, register variables, and functional requirements. The findings reveal that successful translations depend not only on linguistic equivalence but also on appropriate strategic decisions regarding cultural filtering and contextual adaptation. Accordingly, this research contributes to translation studies by providing empirical validation of House's theoretical framework and offering practical guidelines for translators navigating the complex decision-making processes involved in cross-cultural and cross-linguistic communication.

Cette étude se propose d’analyser le contenu de la pensée critique élaborée par les
élites universitaires et l'intelligencia d’avant garde arabes sur l’etat arabe. Ces penseurs, en tant
qu’agents de la construction nationale, ont été animés par le souci de théoriser un modèle
politique, culturel et social adapté aux mutations historiques, s’écartant ainsi des idéalisations
romantiques. Engagés dans les débats de leur époque, ils ont produit des analyses critiques et
approfondies solidement fondées sur l’étude des composantes historiques et des transformations
socio-anthropologiques de l'État et de la société arabes. La présente recherche sélectionnera
trois figures intellectuelles dont les travaux ont significativement contribué à la reconfiguration
du concept d’État arabe.
L’objectif est de déterminer la nature et les caractéristiques de la connaissance critique
produite sur l’État arabe par ces penseurs, ainsi que son impact sur le champ intellectuel arabe.
Les trois intellectuels étudiés se distinguent par leurs approches respectives: une perspective
postcoloniale (Mostefa Lacheraf), une analyse en termes d’économie politique (Nazih Nassif alAyoubi) et une approche culturelle et théorique (Abdelilah Belkeziz)

This research aims to explore  the  concept of interdisciplinary  studies and  its importance, as well as to define  the  educational  curriculum  and  its  types.  The  study  examines  models  of  interdisciplinary  studies  in curriculum  development  and  their  impact  on  enhancing  students'  critical  thinking  and  innovation  skills.  It also  highlights  the  challenges  faced  in  implementing  these  studies  within  educational  institutions  and presents strategiesfor developing curricula based on interdisciplinary studies.The  research  employs  a  descriptive-analytical  approach,  and  it  is  expected  to  conclude  that interdisciplinary  studies,  which  trace  their  roots  back  to  the  1930s,  are  an  effective  means  of  integrating content from multiple subjects, contributing to the development of comprehensive educational curricula. The educational  curriculum  includes  both  traditional  and  modern  concepts,  where  the  traditional  focus  is  on knowledge  acquisition, whilethe  modern  approach  aims  for  holistic  growth  of  the  learner.  The  research highlights successful models such as the  "Symbolic Systems" program at Stanford University and the "Media Lab"  at  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology.  Interdisciplinary  studies  influence  critical  thinking  and innovation by encouraging students to analyze information and build arguments. However, these studies face academic  and  administrative  challenges,  such  as  curriculum  development  and  resource  provision.  The research  suggests  strategies  such  as  administrative  support,  collaboration  between  academic  departments, and organizing workshops for teacher training.
Keywords: Interdisciplinary Studies; Curricula; impact; Development; Education