Attic Greek

The portrayal of the dog in Homeric poetry is not an incidental detail but a powerful and consistent symbolic mirror reflecting the core thematic concerns of each epic. The canine presence in the Iliad and the Odyssey serves as a precise literary instrument, calibrated to measure the state of the human world it inhabits. The feral, collective, and largely anonymous dogs of the Iliad mirror a world consumed by brutal warfare, where the desecration of the body threatens heroic glory and the social order has collapsed into chaos. Conversely, the individualized, domestic, and often named dogs of the Odyssey reflect a world preoccupied with loyalty, the integrity of the household (oikos), and the difficult process of restoring social and familial bonds after a long absence.1 By examining the complete corpus of canine references in both poems, one can trace the fundamental ideological shift from an epic of war and dissolution to an epic of homecoming and restoration.

En este estudio* se escrutan algunas cuestiones concernientes al ordenamiento de la aféresis en el grupo de procesos fonológicos del discurso conexo del griego ático en la época clásica. Con arreglo a un modelo de fonología derivacional, se analiza la interacción de la aféresis con la enclisis, la sustitución de tono agudo por tono grave, la elisión y la crasis. Asimismo, se caracteriza un entorno en el que se producen enclíticos condicionados por la aplicación de la aféresis.

The decline of the dual number in classical Attic Greek follows an uneven trajectory in dramatic texts. Its use in Plato is affected by factors that have eluded scholars, such as the reperformance of 5th century plays, an ambivalent chronology (dramatic date versus date of composition), and Plato’s appropriation of theatre and epics. Against this backdrop, I argue that in Plato’s Phaedrus the rare pronoun νώ (we-two) points to the very birth of dialogue as a poetic genre.

Written before 720, Vita Sancti Wilfridi by Eddius Stephanus is a significant work of early Anglo-Latin hagiography. The article attempts to summarize the results of thorough analysis of the selected part of the Vita (chapters 1-32) from the point of view of its morphology and syntax. Typical features are illustrated on excerpts from the Vita and compared with those of the Frankish hagiography Vita vel passio Haimhrammi episcopi et martyris Ratisbonensis by Arbeo of Freising. The analysis and comparison of selected features of morphology and syntax aim to prove the relatively high level of Medieval Latin in the 8th-century Britain.

Lecture 3a: Early Modern English (EME) Even though most readers would have little difficulty handling EME vocabulary (a good dictionary would serve in most occasions), many interesting syntactic differences remain between EME and Modern English (ME), as used by Shakespeare (although, many of the differences are corrected in recent editions). In the following pages, we'll consider some choice syntactic structures as used by Shakespeare:

Vowels short and long (2-5) The letters classified (6) Pronunciation (10-11) Conjunct consonants (12-13) CHAPTER II SANDHI EUPHONY... P.6 Introductory (14-16) Consonantal Insertions (28) Niggah´ta Sandhi (37-46) Signs (48-50) Vowel sandhi (17-27) Consonantal sandhi (29-36) Interchange of letters (47) CHAPTER III ASSIMILATION... P.16 Introductory (51-52) General Rules (54-66) Assimilation Of y (70-79) Assimilation of s (85-95) Kinds of Assimilation (53) Assimilation of Nasals (67-69) Assimilation of r (80-84) Assimilation of h (96-102)

Actualités Chrysostomiennes 21 June 2023. Abstract: In his works, On the Incomprehensible Nature of God and Homilies on Genesis, Chrysostom approaches things in an “apophatic” manner. While he may have applied this apophatic lens to other topics, I am especially interested in his treatment of God’s nature, providential activity, and creation--the universe--as mysteries impossible to exhaust by way of definitions and descriptions. It seems to me that by refusing to reduce these objects to the status of easy knowns, Chrysostom invites a humble attitude to reality that helps to circumvent binary (either/or) thinking

I was asked to review this volume for a prominent review journal, but they later declined to publish it, first because of the length (exceeding their limit only because of the appendix of corrections) and then criticizing my review for violating their standards in that it judges the volume for not being what I would have written. I disagree with the criticism, but by the time they had communicate it to me, I had decided to depart academe anyway. I share my review here for those who may find my perspective, or at least the list of corrigenda, helpful. I stand by my comments, both negative and positive. I like to think that readers of my work overall, especially of Greek pedagogical materials, find that I am judicious about my judgments, and while I do have ideas that I canvas for, I am not narrowly fixated on others doing things only as I wish. Here I honestly conclude that this volume, in some respects, offers promises that it does not fulfill, and that I find disappointing.]

The article focuses on a schedographic collection preserved in codex Laurentianus 56.17, dated to the first decade of the XIV century. The collection was probably produced inside the intellectual circle surrounding John Pediasimos Pothos in Thessalonike. The unique nature of this manuscript, which is the result of the collaboration of a teacher and his student, led us to the decision to publish in full the school exercises it contains (both the schedeand their epimerismoi), and to explore their sources, as an example of the school praxis in the Palaeologan period.

Ancient Greek (Attic dialect) compound (so-called "reflexive") pronouns (with autôn) are characterized by long-distance binding properties which cannot seem to be accounted for by the standard principles of Chomsky's Government and Binding framework, even if condition A is extended following recent studies on Icelandic and other languages (Koster and Reuland 1991).
We show that the distribution of these pronouns can be explained by the conjunction of reflexivity properties, which are lexically determined, and logophoricity.

Herodotus recalls his travels through Egypt in 440 BCE. As he journeys along the banks of the Nile from Heliopolis to Thebes, he makes a note of everything he sees, so that he may share it with the world on his return; and so that the events of his era are not lost in the passage of time. His works were preserved and recited from their conjuration to the modern day and, until the ability to translate hieroglyphs, his account of Egypt was one of only a few literary sources that provide any detailed information, resulting in its consideration as one of the main resources from which our knowledge of this era of Ancient Egypt is built upon. However, the general works of Herodotus are often questioned, and his accuracy contested. Many argue he does not even visit the places he records. This leads to the need to assess Herodotus’ work in detail, to find a basis on which to deliberate its reliability as a contemporary, literary source. The account in Herodotus’ second histories specifically concerned with Egypt was compared with evidence from archaeological, literary and scientific sources; to find consistencies or identify inconsistencies. Due to a multitude of factors, namely: Herodotus’ habitual plagiarism, a lack of elaboration, the reliability of his sources, a lack of differentiation between truth and myth and apparent fabrication, I conclude Herodotus’ account to be generally unreliable. Despite this, it seems not for any malicious or degradative intent, more a lack of understanding, that these inconsistencies exist. Instead, the histories of Herodotus are useful tools when used in correspondence with other forms of evidence.

This is the supplemental material provided for Character-based recurrent neural networks for morphological relational reasoning. 1 example output The following tables contain example output generated by the model when evaluating on the validation set. The samples are not representative, they are just picked as illustrations demonstrating in what cases the model works and when it fails. Incorrect output is massively overrepresented. The accuracy of the model is 95.60% for English, 83.26% for Finnish, 89.12% for German, 70.54% for Russian, and 90.10% for Swedish. For more details, see the paper.

Cambridge 1900). All these commentaries except Jebb's have been consulted in the earliest edition accessible. Two other exceptions: the first edition of Wunder's OT (Gotha 1832) does not contain the relevant matter, and Wecklein's OC (=Wunder 5 ?) was not accessible at all (his views are reported by Jebb). 2 E. Wunder, Emendationes in SophoC/is Trachinias (Grimma 1841) 167-70. The preface to this work is an interesting exercise in diplomacy. Originally a loyal pupil of Gottfried Hermann, Wunder had incurred his displeasure by a review of the second edition of Lobeck's Ajax. Cordiality was restored when they happened to meet on holiday, and in the following year he took the opportunity of dedicating to Hermann a work that would otherwise 2.-G.R.B.S.

Resumen Este estudio trata sobre la contracción del griego ático, como fenómeno prosódico del estrato léxico. Se impone como meta primaria la de ofrecer una caracterización que pueda servir de trasfondo para la comparación con la crasis, proceso análogo del estrato post-léxico. La contracción se analiza con los principios de la fonología métrica en función de la descripción de los valores contrastivos del sistema de vocales del ático. Con tal aproximación, la coalescencia de vocales obedece a la tendencia a eliminar los núcleos de sílaba contiguos, una condición antihiática relacionada con diversos mecanismos de reajuste cuantitativo, que buscan acomodar las sílabas a la longitud máxima de dos moras. Se arguye que el ligamen de los segmentos se realiza de derecha a izquierda, mientras que la propagación de rasgos melódicos se hace en la dirección opuesta, a consecuencia de la primacía del primer núcleo en el entorno del hiato. Palabras clave: Griego ático, contracción, hiato, prosodia, rasgos contrastivos. Abstract This study deals with Attic Greek contraction, a lexical stratum prosodic phenomenon. Its primary aim is a characterization that supplies the background for a comparison with crasis, thought of as a postlexical process. Contraction is analyzed within the metrical phonology theoretical framework in terms of a previous description of the contrastive features of Attic vowel system. With this approach, vowel coalescence obeys a tendency to eliminate contiguous syllable nuclei, an antihiatic condition connected with several mechanisms of quantitative adjustment, which adapt the syllables to the maximal permissible length of two moras per nucleus. It is argued that contraction operates from right to left, while melodic feature spreading acts from the opposite direction, as a consequence of the first nucleus primacy in the hiatus situation.

Presentamos aquí la edición yuxtapuesta (español-griego) de un fragmento de la monumental República de Platón. Lo hacemos con fines didácticos, es decir, como un material de apoyo para el curso de Epistemología impartido durante el semestre de primavera de 2019 en la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la UATx.
Esta edición tiene dos finalidades: por un lado, que el estudiante conozca la propuesta epistemológica de Platón, por medio de la lectura directa de un texto suyo; y por otro, que el estudiante adquiera pericia en el manejo de las fuentes, tal como la tradición nos las lego; esto es: en griego ático. Creemos que plantearse ambos fines, en el contexto académico-escolar universitario, es importante porque estamos convencidos de que la mejor forma de aprender a filosofar es dejándose llevar por lo escrito originalmente  por uno de los filósofos más importantes de la historia de nuestra disciplina. En efecto, leyendo a Platón en griego ático, con posibilidad de contrastarlo con su versión española puesta allí al lado, no sólo permite seguir directamente el argumento a favor de que la posibilidad del conocimiento, sino que también se aprecia el método dialéctico empleado por Platón para exponer sus ideas –método que sigue siendo usado, y positivamente valorado, hasta hoy en día.

Undergraduate final assignment in Classical Greek (language).

Nothing particularly groundbreaking, but it does show that, at least at some point in my life, I knew a bit about classical Greek language. Actually, I've retained what seems to me an astonishing amount of it to this day, but I'd have to do some real catch-up to get back to the level of proficiency used for this assignment.

In Plato’s Symposium, Socrates recounts an encounter he had with a Mantinean woman named Diotima, the very individual who first taught him his own view of the nature and purpose of ἔρως ‘love, passionate desire.’  During this encounter, Diotima challenges the popular notion (which is also Socrates’ own view) that “ἔρως is a great god” and shows that the source of this error is confusion of the lover with the beloved.  In the process of clarifying Socrates’ notions of ἔρως, Diotima defines ἔρως in teleological terms and, by means of the intimate cultural connection between τὰ καλά ‘the beautiful [things]’ and τἀγαθά ‘the good [things],’ she equates ἔρως with the pursuit of εὐδαιμωνία ‘absolute, unaffected contentment’.  I argue that it is this definition of ἔρως that allows her to delineate the proper object of love, and show its natural progression from the love of one particular beautiful body to that of all beautiful bodies, and then to the beauty of souls and finally to the very form of beauty itself. I also argue that the question posed to Socrates in Plat. Sym. 204d5 and 204e2 is not an inquiry into the object of love (as many English translations render it), but the purpose of love.  I show that the manner in which numerous modern translators render this section goes contrary to both the overall sense of the argument and the grammatical structure of the question being asked.

Il contributo muove dallo studio delle scene figurate del cratere a figure rosse della tomba 6C di Spina: su un lato una serie di Divinità in un contesto delfico e dall'altro una scena pertinente a un tema noto tanto al mito quanto alla tragedia, da identificare con la vicenda di Oreste che uccide sua madre Clitemnestra. Le immagini veicolano un sistema di valori propriamente attico e lo trapiantano su suolo etrusco a Spina.

The satirical writings of Lucian of Samosata had a tremendous influence on the literature of the Eastern European Haskalah, shaping its criticism of the burgeoning Hasidic movement in the nineteenth century as if there were no gap between it and the Roman Empire of the second century. Lucian’s criticism of false prophets, self-proclaimed philosophers, and common fools and frauds, like his satirical dialogues with the world of the dead, provided the perfect model for those Maskilim who opposed the revelations of the Hasidic movement in both theological and social realms. One particularly salient testimony to the classical satirist’s influence is the astounding translation of his story “Alexander the False Prophet” by the Maskilic writer Meir Letteris, the first translation of Lucian’s work into Hebrew. The translation, printed in full below, was based on the German edition of Christoph Martin Wieland and published in the journal Ha-Tsefirah, which Letteris edited in 1823. As with every translation, it is a new product, shaped in and by its own context. This essay discusses the tendencies and apparent goals of the translator, the additions and omissions he made to the text, and the influence of Lucian’s satirical style on the Haskalah.

The books aims at "second and third year students taking courses in the history of Greek, Classical civilization, Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, and historical linguistics", but full-fledged, wheather-worn, hyper-specialists desiring to broaden their horizons will not be disappointed.

Ce texte défend la thèse selon laquelle la la notion de réfléchi met en jeu, en indo-européen et dans certaines langues amérindiennes, un nom ou une marque lexicale (adjectivale), exprimant intrinsèquement quelque chose d'inaliénable de caractère social, parental ou sentimental.