Colloquial speech

Publicado en línea el 30 de diciembre de 2022 Resumen: Este artículo expone los avances cuantitativos de un proyecto que, mediante la investigación basada en problemas, estudia la falta de educación social con perspectiva de género y las situaciones emergentes relacionadas con la violencia de género en interacciones cotidianas. Dado que nuestras relaciones a través del lenguaje nos construyen como personas (Halliday, 1975), pretendemos visibilizar las circunstancias de la cotidianeidad en que se incurre en construcciones agresivas, para abonar a la toma de conciencia, a la no discriminación y a la igualdad entre mujeres y hombres para erradicar los procesos de naturalización (Bourdieu, 2003) de la violencia que existen en el lenguaje cotidiano. Desde una aproximación epistemológica interdisciplinaria, buscamos la develación del ejercicio de la violencia verbal ejercida por las personas, gracias al sistema sexo-género (Lamas, 2000), del noreste mexicano, para favorecer un cambio social desde la academia. Mediante investigación interinstitucional, revisamos la construcción de los roles de género, la ideología y el ejercicio del poder en diferentes situaciones de comunicación, para deconstruir (Derrida, 1989) el andamiaje sociopragmático, semiótico-retórico y discursivo de las prácticas socioculturales en y desde el noreste mexicano. Ofrecemos los primeros resultados obtenidos de 139 informantes, categorizamos los rasgos semánticos y * Correspondencia con los autores: María Eugenia Flores Treviño.

Poetic discourse, which engages the poetic function of language as a constitutive one, transforms the postulates of pragmatics of ordinary language. New poetic practices often represent a kind of pragmatic experiment: the effect of linguopragmatic parameters inherent in conventional communication is tested here on the borderline between the norm and the anomaly. The aim of this study is to identify the specific functionality of pragmatic markers in the condition of increased permeability between discourses and to explore the features of trans-discourse interaction of poetic language and colloquial speech in new media. The study is based on a corpus of poetic texts (3 million words), including Russian, English, and Italian subcorpora. It identified new communicative strategies of addressing and clusters of deictic, modal and discourse markers, grouped according to Jakobson's communicative model (Jakobson 1975). The study identified qualitative differences between the frequency of use of several units in poetic discourse and in colloquial speech. We considered various pragmatic strategies, referring not only to individual units, but also clusters of deictic, modal, and discourse words, etc. We found that Italian and Russian poetry uses discourse markers more often than American poetry. Differences in linguistic structure also affect the specifics of a pragmatic experiment. Thus, in American poetry, a pragmatic experiment often activates the syntactic level; in Russian poetry, experiments with word formation and modality are more frequent; in Italian poetry, the pragmatic experiment is often combined with the structural-syntactic one: pragmatic markers form "clusters" or "chains", when an increase in the density of use of units leads to an increase in the range of deviations from standard usage. The research based on the poetic corpus of texts contributes to the study of poetic discourse and corpus pragmatics.

En este trabajo se tratan las palabras consideras en el lenguaje culto como tabú, llamadas comúnmente "majaderías, obscenidades, palabras altisonantes, vulgaridades, insultos", pertenecientes al campo semántico de groserías. Se pretende estudiar solo tres palabras de este campo: pendejo, cabrón y güey, a fin de reivindicarlas demostrando que es posible hacer uso de estas sin necesidad de que posean un significado connotativo, mismo que puede ocurrir con otras palabras de este campo semántico.

Бабченко, М. (2018). Прерогативний характер розмовного стилю мовлення в субтитруванні (на матеріалі українського фільму «Сторожова застава» та його англійських субтитрів). Політ. Сучасні проблеми науки. Гуманітарні науки: тези доповідей ХVІІІ Міжнародної наук.-практ. конф. молодих учених і студентів (Київ, 3–6 квітня 2018 р.). Київ, 6–7. Гальперин, И. (1958). Очерки по стилистике английского языка. М., 905 c. Духовная, Т. (2018). Субтитры как элемент кинодискурса: лингвистический и паралингвистический аспекты (Дисс. канд. филол. наук). Краснодар. 215. Плетенецька, Ю. & Бабченко М. (2018). Основні типи діалогів у субтитруванні (на матеріалі українсько-англійського перекладу фільму «Сторожова застава») Подолання мовних та комунікативних бар’єрів: освіта, наука, культура: зб. наук. праць. Київ, 285–287. Плетенецька, Ю. & Бабченко, М. (2019). «Інтерсеміотична та мовленнєва когезія в субтитрованому перекладі українського фільму» Фаховий та художній переклад: теорія методологія практика: ...

Traducción y variación lingüística: El lenguaje coloquial en El disputado voto del señor Cayo de M. Delibes (del español al italiano) Tiene unas nalgas que son un reto para el futuro. (30) Ha un físico che é una minaccia per il futuro. (26) Una tía buena.(78) Una brava ragazza. (68) Sólo en escasas ocasiones hay un intento de encontrar un registro equivalente: gilipollas =stronzo, tocándose los huevos=a grattarsi le palle, chorradas=stronzate, Austeridad, los cojones=Austeritá le baile.

El aprendizaje de un idioma requiere la presencia de alguien que tenga mejor dominio sobre el idioma en cuestión, de tal manera que sea esta última quien pueda retroalimentar al aprendiz del idioma sobre los errores se comentan. Sin embargo, es posible hacer uso de la tecnología para hacer eficiente el proceso de aprendizaje un idioma, principalmente cuando existen herramientas de comunicación digital que provocan que los usuarios empleen palabras distintas, emoticonos, imágenes y/o abreviaciones que dificultarían la comprensión del idioma de cualquier aprendiz. Dichos vicios son cometidos con mayor frecuencia por jóvenes quienes son los principales consumidores de los medios de comunicación. Es por ello que se propone que sea a través de herramientas del Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural, como los son las Expresiones Regulares, las que permitan definir una alternativa para realizar el análisis sintáctico y gramatical de los mensajes enviados a través de medios de comunicación digi...

Este artículo expone los avances cuantitativos de un proyecto que, mediante lainvestigación basada en problemas, estudia la falta de educación social con perspectiva de género y las situaciones emergentes relacionadas con la violencia de género en interacciones cotidianas. Dado que nuestras relaciones a través del lenguaje nos construyen como personas(Halliday,1975), pretendemos visibilizar las circunstancias de la cotidianeidad en que se incurre en construcciones agresivas, para abonar a la toma deconciencia, a la no discriminación y a la igualdad entre mujeres y hombres para erradicarlos procesos de naturalización (Bourdieu, 2003) de la violencia que existen en el lenguaje cotidiano. Desde una aproximación epistemológica interdisciplinaria, buscamos la develación del ejercicio de la violencia verbal ejercida por las personas, gracias al sistemasexo-género (Lamas,2000), del norestemexicano, para favorecer un cambio social desde la academia. Mediante investigación interinstitucional, revisamos la construcción de los rolesde género, la ideología y el ejercicio del poder en diferentes situaciones de comunicación, para deconstruir(Derrida,1989)el andamiaje sociopragmático,semiótico-retóricoydiscursivo de las prácticas socioculturales en y desde el noreste mexicano. Ofrecemos losprimeros resultadosobtenidos de139 informantes, categorizamos los rasgos semánticos y sociopragmáticos de degradación, sexismo, y discriminación. Proyectamos contrastar losresultadoscon los obtenidos en el estado mexicano de Coahuila.

La prosa narrativa lunga di Arturo Loria, ebreo, scrittore di "Solaria" amico di Montale, negli anni '30 e '40 del '900, come esempio di una ricerca linguistica nei territori della colloquialità, con l'emersione di fenomeni di trasformazione grammaticale dell'italiano novecentesco.

Phraseology in a narrow sense studies stable combinations, choosing the lexical meaning of a word as the main criterion of analysis. Phraseology in a broad sense is engaged in the study of phraseological units, taking into account their types, structure, semiotic functions.

The dominance of the King James Version (1611) began to fade in the late 19 th century, when its language became too remote from standard English, leading to various revisions in both Britain and the United States. However, numerous English translations that are independent of the King James Version tradition and its revisions also emerged, specifically with the goal of producing translations in contemporary, accessible English. This article provides a historical narrative of the Bible translations in English, by focusing on the most important (authoritative, influential, or innovative) translations, independent of the continuing King James Version tradition, in order to explain how and why they were produced. Special attention is paid to the translational context within which the translations are produced, the translation process, and the strategies for rendering the cultural terms of the source texts in contemporary English.

The aim of this phraseological research is to establish the quality and quantity of PUs in the lyrics of Guns N’ Roses songs from the band’s critically acclaimed album Use Your Illusion I in order to showcase the expressiveness of the lyrics in question. Firstly, the research will identify and subsequently classify the types of PUs contained within the lyrics, as well as uncover the extent to which certain types are represented in the corpus. The PUs will be confirmed using various online dictionaries and other Internet sources, and subsequently classified in accordance with the categorisation presented by Sabine Fiedler in English Phraseology: A Coursebook. Secondly, the modifications which certain PUs may have undergone will also be identified and classified, while the possible motivations for their occurrence will also be explored, also in accordance with Fiedler’s book.Cilj je ovog frazeološkog istraživanja ustanoviti vrstu i broj frazema u pjesmama grupe Guns N’ Roses s njihovo...

The article presents the Bulgarian Revival architecture in the context of Informatics, and in particular of the Artificial Intelligence. Ontological engineering is dealing with the semantic modeling of real-world concepts and the relations between them under the influence of semantic axioms and machine-readable judgments. Ontologies that are described in the article were developed to be included in the repository with multiple ontologies for Bulgarian cultural and historical heritage.

This research traces the dynamics of personal names with a single reference, representing the periphery of the Bulgarian anthroponymicon, in the period from 2007-2014 and in the capital of Sofia. Approximately half of all names have only one reference. Singular cases reveal the dynamics in the personal name system in two directions: they show the names that are leaving the Bulgarian anthroponymicon (primarily traditional personal names), and the names, mainly foreign, entering the Bulgarian anthroponymic system. Three main groups of forenames are subjected to etymological and structural analysis, and their dynamics are tracked over the period researched. The number of rare traditional personal names remains constant, including also some ancient Bulgarian forenames registered as early as the Middle Ages. The movement in foreign anthroponyms with a single reference is two-directional-names are flooding in, mainly from Western cultures, and at the same time, the share of typically Russian names preferred until recently is decreasing. Our hypothesis that neoanthroponyms in the modern Bulgarian anthroponymicon are names of foreign origin is proven in part, insofar as no small portion of them are the fruits of name creation, at the basis of which are traditional Bulgarian names.

En este artículo se propone una metodología de trabajo para la extracción de términos en el área de la sexualidad, puesto que es un terreno poco estudiado por las tecnologías del lenguaje en México. A través de un corpus de textos extraído de Internet, se pretende explicar el proceso lingüístico-computacional que se sigue para la extracción de una terminología básica. Esto con el fin de sentar las bases sobre las cuales descansarán los métodos para la creación de materiales como diccionarios, extractores conceptuales, redes semánticas, ontologías, etc. Se trata de un proyecto orientado a la lexicografía computacional basada en corpus lingüísticos que intenta resolver problemas en el proceso de definición de las palabras de un área en específico.

The paper discusses how Yordan Penčev, the pioneer of the Bulgarian generative syntax, bridged the ideas of Alexander Teodorov-Balan’s native formal school with those of Noam Chomsky’s – the representative of the American generative-transformational grammar. Penčev established such connections in his first publications ever (1953, 1958), thus strengthening the thread of the Bulgarian syntactic formalism, despite the obstructions of the totalitarian period. The text focuses on the core of Balan’s ideas, as commented by Penčev in his first two publications, such as distinction between lexical notion and syntactic meaning, case as a semantic category, classification of pronouns based on syntactic criteria, and positing a prepositional phrase as a full-fledged member of the constituent structure. Further on, the paper compares the ideas commented by Penčev in those early publications with the corresponding ones in the early Chomsky’s works (1957), whereby strong similarity is shown. Fin...

This research traces the dynamics of personal names with a single reference, representing the periphery of the Bulgarian anthroponymicon, in the period from 2007-2014 and in the capital of Sofia. Approximately half of all names have only one reference. Singular cases reveal the dynamics in the personal name system in two directions: they show the names that are leaving the Bulgarian anthroponymicon (primarily traditional personal names), and the names, mainly foreign, entering the Bulgarian anthroponymic system. Three main groups of forenames are subjected to etymological and structural analysis, and their dynamics are tracked over the period researched. The number of rare traditional personal names remains constant, including also some ancient Bulgarian forenames registered as early as the Middle Ages. The movement in foreign anthroponyms with a single reference is two-directional-names are flooding in, mainly from Western cultures, and at the same time, the share of typically Russian names preferred until recently is decreasing. Our hypothesis that neoanthroponyms in the modern Bulgarian anthroponymicon are names of foreign origin is proven in part, insofar as no small portion of them are the fruits of name creation, at the basis of which are traditional Bulgarian names.

A lexicographical approach to the contrastive analysis of Bulgarian and Polish phraseologyThis article discusses the concept behind The Lexicon of Active Bulgarian and Polish Phraseology [Leksykon aktywnej frazeologii bułgarskiej i polskiej] and provides an overview of the key aspects of the methodology used for selecting and composing the dictionary’s entries. The authors outline the theoretical underpinnings of this project, touching on the issue of interlingual equivalence, and explain both the process of selecting and verifying phraseological material and the methodology of presenting lexicographical information in the Lexicon. The article includes various examples of active phraseological units from both languages. Konfrontacja językowa bułgarskiej i polskiej frazeologii – podejście leksykograficzneW artykule przedstawiono podstawowe założenia koncepcji i metodologii układania Leksykonu aktywnej frazeologii bułgarskiej i polskiej. Autorzy prezentują teoretyczne podstawy badania...

Annotation: This paper deals with idioms in a broad sense. In other words, proverbs and sayings also fall into the category of phrases under consideration. In the future, the work will use the concept of "idiomatic expressions". Idiom (phraseological unit) is an important expressive means of language. An idiom is a stable expression with a meaning in its own right. For the most part, idioms are created by the people, and therefore are closely related to the interests and daily activities of ordinary people.

Traducción y variación lingüística: El lenguaje coloquial en El disputado voto del señor Cayo de M. Delibes (del español al italiano) Tiene unas nalgas que son un reto para el futuro. (30) Ha un físico che é una minaccia per il futuro. (26) Una tía buena.(78) Una brava ragazza. (68) Sólo en escasas ocasiones hay un intento de encontrar un registro equivalente: gilipollas =stronzo, tocándose los huevos=a grattarsi le palle, chorradas=stronzate, Austeridad, los cojones=Austeritá le baile.

The article discusses the hallmarks and markers of hybrid discourse in social sciences, media and communication, in education and in politics. Linguistic hybridity was studied in detail by Maria Georgieva in her papers and chapters on globetalk where she provides excellent examples of lexico-semantic and lexico-grammatical mixes. In the age of ‘post-truth’ hybrids are often associated with the instrumental use of disinformation or the ‘weaponisation’ of information. This paper highlights some groups of hybrids from a socio-pragmatic perspective.

The paper presents our work in progress on the scholarly project Local Production, Clothing, and Language Treasure (Contribution to Historical Linguistics and Anthropology of Dress), whose main aim is to study and to edit in an electronic form a little-known archival massif of handwritten documents from 1888 and 1889 preserved at the Scientific Archives of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. The documents include 1077 handwritten pages with descriptions of clothing, as well as some photographs made for the illustration of certain data. In its entirety the massif presents in a synchronous cut the territory of Bulgaria in the period shortly after the RussianOttoman war of 1877-1878 and the restoration of the independence of the country. The interpretation of the data from the documents, which are mainly related to local ways of dressing requires voluminous work – paleographic (the documents were written in different handwriting and are sometimes illegible), historical (history of langu...

Are the Boundaries Between Language Attitudes in Town and Village Deleted?The paper presents an analysis of data from a nationally representative survey of the language attitudes of Bulgarians regarding their opinions on the processes of language internationalization according to the respondent’s settlement type. The assumptions are that there will be opposition between language attitudes along the city-village axis. The analysis shows that language attitudes are not particularly influenced by the type of settlement: globalization, not urbanization, is the crucial process in the formation of language attitudes today. Czy zanikają granice między postawami językowymi w mieście i na wsi? W artykule przedstawiono analizę danych uzyskanych na podstawie reprezentatywnych w skali kraju badań postaw językowych Bułgarów według typu osiedlenia respondentów. Badania dotyczyły opinii respondentów na temat procesów internacjonalizacji współczesnych języków. Na wstępie założono, że na osi miasto-...

This paper presents an attempt to explore visual semantics (the semantic of seeing) in four Slavic languages: Bulgarian, Polish, Slovene and Czech. The theoretical apparatus of the study is based on the following concepts: Y. D. Apresyan's naive linguistic picture of man, A. Wierzbicka's semantic universals (including SEE) and I. Kasabov's view of phraseologisms as characterizing predicates and carriers of sign-lingual imagery. The approach adopted in the research is directed from meaning to form. Four main aspects of visual semantics have been identified and adequately described with relevant examples. The main conclusions of the study refer to: 1) the significant formal similarity between the four Slavic languages and 2) the necessity for direct naming of 'vision, seeing' (verb for 'seeing') or the 'eye' in the form of the phraseological units, a finding which confirms the hypothesis that SEE represents a fundamental concept.

The Bulgarian language used in social media, forums, messaging
platforms, etc. is clearly assuming characteristics that bring it
closer to colloquial speech. This article analyzes some interesting tendencies in the use of uppercase and lowercase letters in the speech of Internet users. The variety of functions of these letters demonstrates
that, for native speakers of Bulgarian, their use is a means to compensate for the lack of a number of non-linguistic components that
spoken language originally utilizes to achieve expressiveness and,
simultaneously, dynamism and naturalness.

Обект на изследване в книгата са названията за релефни форми, или т.нар.
орографска лексика, която е запазена в микротопоними от Западна България.
Орографската лексика е ексцерпирана от близо 100 000 топонима, регистрирани
в бившите околии на територията на Западна България в съвременните ù граници. За да се очертаят основните процеси в разглежданата лексикална система,
се анализират около 17 000 микротопонима и 800 географски апелатива с тяхно
участие. Специално внимание се отделя на орографските термини и земеписните
микротопоними, възникнали в резултат на метафоричен пренос.
В изследването се прилагат етимологичният, генетичният, ареалният метод,
структурният и сравнителният анализ, също ономасиологичният и семасиологичният подход. В работата се изяснява какви названия се използват за назоваването
на един и същи географски обект, като за тази цел корпусът лексеми се разделя
на две основни тематични групи: Означения за изпъкнали земеповърхни форми
и техните елементи и Означения за вдлъбнати земеповърхни форми и техните
елементи. Чрез семасиологичния подход се установява системата от значения, характерни за географската терминология в състава на микротопонимията.
В книгата детайлно се описват речниковите особености на орографската лексика и се проследява нейната топонимизираща активност в микротопонимията от изследваната област.
Очертаният корпус от географските апелативи следва да се използва за попълване на съвременните и историческите лексикални основи, реконструирани от топоними, а изводите, до които се достига в изследването, ще помогнат да се
установи съществена част от лексикалните, структурните и словообразувателните особености на българската микротопонимия

This pilot study compares and analyzes the acoustic characteristics of soft bilabial plosives in the speech of representatives of Eastern and Western Bulgarian dialects. Six acoustic parameters follow the CVC syllable structure. The results show that there is a notable difference in the consonant duration and the F 2 transition duration between the Eastern and Western types of articulation. The paper confirms that consonant duration, F 2 onset, F 2 offset and F 2 transition duration are informative enough to differentiate between Eastern and Western types of soft consonants on the one hand, and soft consonants and non-palatalized consonants on the other hand.

Resumen. En este artículo se presenta una comparativa entre estados de la República Mexicana de la frecuencia de palabras azules, rojas, obscenas y vulgares que escriben usuarios de la red social de microblogging Twitter. Se presentan gráficas de los resultados obtenidos. El objetivo es mostrar en mapas del comportamiento de la frecuencia de palabras por cada estado y clasificados por el tipo de palabra analizada. Los experimentos fueron realizados sobre un corpus de tweets.

Представената книга е първата и до момента единствена научна публикация в България, предлагаща критически анализ, както и някои корекции и допълнения към теорията на натуралната морфология, с оглед на нейното коректно прилагане към българската езикова система. Тази теория е разработена от Школата на натуралната морфология, която възниква като лингвистично течение през 70те години на ХХ в. (през 1979), когато четирима от най-видните ú представители (Майерталер, Вурцел, Дреслер и Панагъл), по това време преподаватели в Лятната школа в Залцбург и отдавна вече работещи независимо един от друг в областта на морфологията, обединяват сходните си възгледи и така създават ново лингвистично течение, за което уточняват и приемат названието “натурална морфология”.
Първа глава на книгата представя в детайли теорията на натуралната морфология не само въз основа на „програмния труд“ на школата “Лайтмотиви в натуралната морфология” (Дреслер и др. 1987), където те излагат основните си възгледи в тази област, но и на редица по-късни публикации, тъй като тя е динамична и комплексна, т.е. обогатява се с течение на времето, като всеки един от авторите, принадлежащи към тази школа, привнася своята гледна точка в изясняването на понятието натуралност в езика и по-точно в неговата морфологическа система.
Именно опитът натуралността да се дефинира посредством поредица от взаимодопълващи се нейни показатели обаче е и причината понятието да остане не достатъчно добре изяснено, защото не винаги  при дадено морфологическо явление всички изисквания на показателите за натуралност могат да бъдат изпълнени, а и е напълно възможно несъвпадението между някои от показателите на натуралността или следствията от тях. Поради тази причина в представяната в книгата теория са направени някои корекции и допълнения от гледна точка на теорията на граматическите опозиции, като се вземат предвид и действащите основни развойни тенденции в славянските езици. Това дава възможност противоречията да бъдат изчистени и във втора глава на книгата да се представи анализ на морфологическата система на българския език в цялост.
След обобщаване на резултатите от анализа на начините за формалното изразяване на морфологическите категории при имената и глагола, се достига до извода, че въпреки големия брой граматически категории и още по-големия брой признаци, които стоят в основата на тези категории, българската морфологическа система е постигнала висока степен на аналитизъм, а следователно и на иконичност по отношение на дискредитизацията на граматическата информация на формално равнище и би следвало да се определи като характеризираща се с висока степен на натуралност. Освен това обаче в съвременния български език се пазят и редица формални класове, тъй като в него са се съхранили и основните черти на флективността (за разлика от немски език например, където флективността се пази в много по-ниска степен и затова този език се характеризира с наличието на много аглутинативни черти в морфологическата си система. Това, също както и високата степен на аналитизъм, е доказателство за натуралността на българската морфологическа система, тъй като съхраняването на основните черти на флективността е иконичност по отношение на доминантата на флективния морфологически тип езици, т.е. иконичност по отношение на тяхната най-важна особеност.

Abstract. The paper offers an analysis of the accentuation of complex
nouns in the Bulgarian language, based on the theory of optimality and the interaction between morphology and phonology. The aim is to outline the tendency for the realization of the accent characteristic of the dominant component in the structure, which acts in parallel with metric regularities. Constraints are formulated, expressing basic regularities in the accentuation, such as the orientation of the main stress to the right base and the morphological head. Their ranking in different types of structures is considered. A metric constraint is also introduced, describing the initial position of the secondary stress under
certain conditions. The conclusion is substantiated that the additional accent in many cases is lexical and serves for semantic differentiation, and at the same time, it also has a metrical manifestation.
Keywords: lexical accentuation; metric accentuation; complex nouns;
optimality theory
Резюме. Работата предлага анализ на акцентуването при сложни
съществителни имена в българския език в рамките на теорията на
оптималността и на взаимодействието между морфология и фонология.
Целта е да се очертае тенденцията за реализиране на акцентната
характеристика на доминиращия компонент в структурата, която действа
паралелно с метрични закономерности. Формулират се ограничения,
изразяващи основни наблюдения в акцентуването като ориентацията на
главното ударение към дясната основа и морфологичната глава. Разглежда
се ранжирането им при различни типове структури. Въвежда се и метричен
констрейнт, описващ начална позиция на второстепенното ударение при
определени условия. Обосновава се изводът, че допълнителното ударение в
много случаи е лексикално и служи за смислова членимост, като паралелно
с това има и метрично проявление.
Ключови думи: лексикално акцентуване; метрично акцентуване; сложни
съществителни имена; теория на оптималността

Phraseologisms in texts from the press during the period 2007-2009 have been analyzed in the article. Their stylistic peculiarities are analyzed and classified as general, colloquial and bookish style. Attention has been paid also to phraseologisms' formwhether they have been used without any change or have been changed by mentioning different variantslexical, paradigmal, syntaxical.

En este artículo se propone una metodología de trabajo para la extracción de términos en el área de la sexualidad, puesto que es un terreno poco estudiado por las tecnologías del lenguaje en México. A través de un corpus de textos extraído de Internet, se pretende explicar el proceso lingüístico-computacional que se sigue para la extracción de una terminología básica. Esto con el fin de sentar las bases sobre las cuales descansarán los métodos para la creación de materiales como diccionarios, extractores conceptuales, redes semánticas, ontologías, etc. Se trata de un proyecto orientado a la lexicografía computacional basada en corpus lingüísticos que intenta resolver problemas en el proceso de definición de las palabras de un área en específico.

В статье обсуждаются разговорные употребления русского союза "что". Эти употребления не составляют абсолютно однородного класса: в одних случаях "что" употребляется при глаголах типа "просить", где стандартно употребляется "чтобы"; в других случаях "что" выражает содержание при глаголах типа "извиняться", при которых данный участник стандартно не выражается или не выражается клаузой. Тем не менее, все разговорные употребления имеют общие черты, которые также обсуждаются в работе.

The paper presents a summary of the observations on the tranisitivization and dereflexivization of Bulgarian verbs as a means of attributing causativity. The majority of the newly formed verbs that we analyze are causative while others may, under certain conditions and in particular sentences, exemplify the causative rule. The lability of morphological identification regarding the transitivity – intransitivity distinction is the reason to examine the excerpted verbs as being either A- or Р-labile. The following tendency can be observed: P-lability has to do with causativity, while A-labile verbs are not-causative. In such cases the subject does not undergo changes neither in their intransitive nor in their transitive use. With P-labile verbs, the subject of the intransitive verb becomes the object of the transitive verb. There are some ambiva-lent verbs, such as minavam (pass), premina (pass over), svetna (light up), spomagam (facilitate), stigna (reach), treniram (train). Although ...

In the introductory part of the article the author analyzes
phraseological units with toponymic and ethnonymic components, explicitly connected with a specific historical event, which is part of consciousness of a certain society established as a negative experience. The second part focuses on chosen phraseological units in Slavic languages containing onymic components in their structure that have the character of an asemantic linguistic sign, do not significantly contribute to the emotiveness and imagery of the unit, i. e. they do not influence its phraseological character to a large extent. Lastly, the author deals with the process of phraseologization and motivation of the Slovak phraseme byť (bývať) v Tramtárii (tramtárii) having its origin in mythology or, more specifically, fairy-tales, and its Bulgarian equivalent <в> гори Тилилейски (тилилейски).

This paper presents an attempt to explore visual semantics (the semantic of seeing) in four Slavic languages: Bulgarian, Polish, Slovene and Czech. The theoretical apparatus of the study is based on the following concepts: Y. D. Apresyan's naive linguistic picture of man, A. Wierzbicka's semantic universals (including SEE) and I. Kasabov's view of phraseologisms as characterizing predicates and carriers of sign-lingual imagery. The approach adopted in the research is directed from meaning to form. Four main aspects of visual semantics have been identified and adequately described with relevant examples. The main conclusions of the study refer to: 1) the significant formal similarity between the four Slavic languages and 2) the necessity for direct naming of 'vision, seeing' (verb for 'seeing') or the 'eye' in the form of the phraseological units, a finding which confirms the hypothesis that SEE represents a fundamental concept.

Vanina Sumrova, New feminitives in Bulgarian, published by the Bulgarian Academy of Science “Prof. Marin Drinov”, Sofia 2018, pp. 196. (Ванина Сумрова, Новите феминални названия в българския език, Издателство на БАН „Проф. Марин Дринов“, София 2018, cc. 196.)This investigation by Vanina Ivanova Sumrova is the first independent and comprehensive study of a lexico-semantic group of neologisms in Bulgarian: new terms denoting women – known as feminitives – that have appeared within the twenty-five years since 1989. More than 1,400 terms are covered; single-word terms, as well as open or closed two-element compounds (of the type biznes sekretarka or bg mama), some of them until now unattested to in studies or dictionaries. The terms are analysed from several perspectives: morphology, semantics, stylistics, codification, sociolinguistics, social culturology, lexicography, and possibilities for future development; all contributing to the multifaceted character of the study. Vanina Sumrova...

The article deals with new phraseological units which came into existence in the Bulgarian language at the end of the 20 th and the beginning of the 21 st century. New phrasemes in Russian are considered as well for the purposes of comparison. The most active mechanism for the formation of new phraseological units in both languages is discussed. Attention is also paid to the sources for enriching the phraseological stock of the studied languages. The expansion of colloquial units and the penetration of phrasemes from the language of various social groups, the language of advertising and media discourse, the language of public figures and the language of subcultures have had a significant impact on the phraseological system. Another source of enrichment is the transfer (loan translation) of phraseological units from some West European languages, especially from English.

A lexicographical approach to the contrastive analysis of Bulgarian and Polish phraseologyThis article discusses the concept behind The Lexicon of Active Bulgarian and Polish Phraseology [Leksykon aktywnej frazeologii bułgarskiej i polskiej] and provides an overview of the key aspects of the methodology used for selecting and composing the dictionary’s entries. The authors outline the theoretical underpinnings of this project, touching on the issue of interlingual equivalence, and explain both the process of selecting and verifying phraseological material and the methodology of presenting lexicographical information in the Lexicon. The article includes various examples of active phraseological units from both languages. Konfrontacja językowa bułgarskiej i polskiej frazeologii – podejście leksykograficzneW artykule przedstawiono podstawowe założenia koncepcji i metodologii układania Leksykonu aktywnej frazeologii bułgarskiej i polskiej. Autorzy prezentują teoretyczne podstawy badania...

The paper presents ongoing research in contrastive corpus linguistics with envisaged applications in machine translation (MT) and with focus on Google Translate (GT) performance in English-Bulgarian translation. Structural patterns, forms or expressions where automatic translation fails are identified and analysed in view of creating a GT-editing tool providing improved target language output. The paper presents the corpus and the corpus analysis method applied, including the identification of inacceptable string types, their structural analysis and categorization. For each failure type, pre- or post-GT editing transformations are proposed. A first outline is proposed of a GT-editing tool consisting of a pre-GT editor performing string identification, substitution or deletion operations, a post-GT editor with a set of more complex string transformation rules and an additional module transferring structural information.

In linguistics, the difference between spoken and written language is often interpreted in terms of frequency, meaning the extent of the likelihood that some constructions will occur in written texts, rather than in the spoken form of a language, or ...

This paper presents an attempt to explore visual semantics (the semantic of seeing) in four Slavic languages: Bulgarian, Polish, Slovene and Czech. The theoretical apparatus of the study is based on the following concepts: Y. D. Apresyan's naive linguistic picture of man, A. Wierzbicka's semantic universals (including SEE) and I. Kasabov's view of phraseologisms as characterizing predicates and carriers of sign-lingual imagery. The approach adopted in the research is directed from meaning to form. Four main aspects of visual semantics have been identified and adequately described with relevant examples. The main conclusions of the study refer to: 1) the significant formal similarity between the four Slavic languages and 2) the necessity for direct naming of 'vision, seeing' (verb for 'seeing') or the 'eye' in the form of the phraseological units, a finding which confirms the hypothesis that SEE represents a fundamental concept.

Phraseologisms in texts from the press during the period 2007-2009 have been analyzed in the article. Their stylistic peculiarities are analyzed and classified as general, colloquial and bookish style. Attention has been paid also to phraseologisms' formwhether they have been used without any change or have been changed by mentioning different variantslexical, paradigmal, syntaxical.

Are contemporary Bulgarian personal names still indicative of Bulgarian identity?
Abstract: The Bulgarian three-component name system was established in the
late 19th century, shortly after the Bulgarian independence. Based on the long-standing
Bulgarian tradition, first names, patronymics and family names reveal the ethnic and
cultural identity of the name bearers.
This study is synchronic and investigates the effect some current naming practices
have on the contemporary Bulgarian onomasticon. Special emphasis is placed on the
following issues: diachronic name dynamics, contemporary given-name frequency,
name loss, name borrowing, issues regarding hereditary patronymics, and family names
and their forms. The research is based on official first and father’s name registries and
on a corpus of family names from publicly available records.
The main conclusions show that two parallel trends can be delineated: 1) the
Bulgarian anthroponymicon looks more international nowadays; 2) the prevalence of
onyms traditional for the Bulgarian anthroponymic system among most newborns is
proof of the stability of Bulgarian identity.
Keywords: Bulgarian anthroponymicon, forenames, patronyms, family names.

This article discusses the concept behind The Lexicon of Active Bulgarian and Polish Phraseology [Leksykon aktywnej frazeologii bułgarskiej i polskiej] and provides an overview of the key aspects of the methodology used for selecting and composing the dictionary&#39;s entries. The authors outline the theoretical underpinnings of this project, touching on the issue of interlingual equivalence, and explain both the process of selecting and verifying phraseological material and the methodology of presenting lexicographical information in the Lexicon. The article includes various examples of active phraseological units from both languages.