Contact Zone

A class of contact problems with friction in elastostatics is considered. Under a certain restriction on the friction coefficient, the convergence of the two-step iterative method proposed by P.D. Panagiotopoulos is proved. Its applicability is discussed and compared with two other iterative methods, and the computed results are presented.

Organic-rich shales of the Liteň Formation (Silurian) were intruded by a series of several-meter thick doleritic basalt sills soon after their de- position. The effect of rapid thermal stress on organic and mineral diagenesis of shales around a representative 4 m thick sill has been studied using optical microscopy, Fourier-Transform infrared (FT-IR) and micro-Raman spectroscopy of dispersed graptolite particles, gas chromatography-mass spectrome- try (GC-MS) of organic extracts, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the clay fraction. Our data suggest that the sills have only had a local effect on the thermal maturity of the adjacent sediments. Graptolite reflectance values (3.0-3.6% Rmax) and bireflectance (up to 3.1%) higher than the regional diagenetic background (~1.8 Rmax) were found to be restricted to the narrow zone immediately adjacent to the igneous contacts, with detectable alteration starting to take effect at about 70 to 80% of sill thickness. Based on recent empiri- cal corr...

This research aimed to develop an automatic Oedometer which was soil testing equipment. The traditional equipment requires an operator to manually place loads and read values of a vertical displacement. The traditional Oedometer was improved in two parts namely self-adjusted loading and automatically record vertical displacement value. The applied load of the developed equipment was generated from pressure that was supplied by a pneumatic system. The pressure of an air-compressor was controlled by the electro-pneumatic regulator and changed to load via air-cylinder equipment. The load cell transducer was used to measure the applied load value of the developed equipment. The vertical displacement of soil sample was measured by linear variable displacement transformer (LVDT) transducer. This developed equipment was controlled by a particular software application that was written in Visual Basic computer program language. The controlling program was used to adjust the value of applied ...

The project would never have flourished as well as it did without the KHI's outstanding academic environment, and our work has benefitted greatly from a lively exchange with numerous colleagues who have worked and visited there over the years. The idea for this volume grew out of conversations with Anna Sophia Messner, who was a doctoral fellow in my group, and with Kerstin Schankweiler, who stayed a close academic friend of the project after having spent a short term as a visiting researcher in Florence. Their steady commitment made it possible to continue working on this publication together, even after the sometimes much too fast-paced rhythm of academic commitments had led us to other places. Lea Mönninghoff helped as a student assistant in the first stages of preparation of the manuscript in Florence, Marie Hummel at TU Dresden assisted when we finalized it for submission. An important step along the way was a writing retreat that brought almost all contributors together for several days in the summer of 2017 in Hohenems. Hanno Loewy, the director of the Jewish Museum Hohenems, generously provided us with space to work-and by way of his museum's splendid exhibition he introduced us to his take on objects and their historic agency, which we found very much in tune with ours. Monica Juneja, Russell Ó Ríagáin, and two anonymous peer reviewers provided great encouragement along with valuable critical feed back. They made it possible to turn the manuscript into a splendid book at Heidelberg University Press, where it is most aptly placed within the Heidelberg Studies on Transculturality series. The open access version of this volume was generously supported with a grant from the University Library of Freie Universität Berlin, I thank Robert Ave and the team edocs as well as Kerstin Schankweiler and Tobias Wendl who facilitated this. Last but not least, most heartfelt thanks go out to the authors of this book. They have all been collaborators or fellows of my Max Planck Research Group. Each of them embraced the spirit of "Objects in the Contact Zone" from a different angle. Yet, the keen interest in enhancing and developing our perspectives provided ample common ground and

Shock experiments were performed on a high-grade, migmatitic, garnetcordierite metapelite from the Etivé aureole, Scotland, to (1) characterise shock effects in a complex polymineralic rock with a significant proportion of hydrous ferromagnesian minerals, both as a function of variable shock pressure and pre-shock temperature, and (2) explore the effects of shock impedance contrast between component minerals on the distribution of these features. Shock experiments were performed at 12, 25, 30 and 60 GPa at 25°C, and at 25 GPa at 400°C. Observations will be central to the characterisation of shock and post-shock metamorphic effects in the Steynskraal metapelites from the Vredefort dome, South Africa. Methodology: Shock recovery experiments were conducted at the Ernst-Mach-Institute at Weil a. Rhein. Laboratory techniques have been described in detail elsewhere [1, 2]. Thin sections of the shocked material were then studied using optical and scanning electron microscopy to determine the shock metamorphic effects in component minerals (planar fractures -PFs, fracture arrays, planar deformation elements -PDFs, onset of isotropization, formation of diaplectic glass, and shock melting). The unshocked sample comprises quartz (25 vol%), garnet (5 vol%), biotite (10 vol%), plagioclase (15 vol%), K-feldspar (15 vol%), cordierite (25 vol%), and orthopyroxene (5 vol%), with accessory hercynite, ilmenite and pyrite. Grain size typically varies from 0.1 to 1 mm. The sample exhibits a granoblastic texture characterised by polygonal grain boundaries and triple junctions. A weak foliation is defined by cordierite-rich bands alternating with quartz-feldspar bands. Biotite and orthopyroxene commonly occur as aggregates in the quartz-feldspar bands. Locally, orthopyroxene is replaced by a quartz-biotite symplectite. Feldspar is largely unaltered, whereas cordierite exhibits a negligible degree of pinitisation along grain boundaries. Pyrite has been partially altered to goethite along cleavage and, as such, exhibits a banded appearance. A weak parting parallel to dodecahedral crystal faces is present in some garnet grains. The sample contains a few widelyspaced and discontinuous grain-boundary fractures. At 12 GPa and 25°C, irregular, shock-induced fractures were generated in all phases, with fewer PFs parallel to cleavage in Kfeldspar. Rarely, single sets of PDFs occur in quartz and K-feldspar. Fracturing is most intense in K-feldspar, plagioclase and cordierite against garnet, with density increasing toward the garnet contacts. Biotite is kink-banded, and shows PFs

Although writing is often used for personal reflection in teacher education, it is less commonly leveraged to imagine educational futures (Gilligan, 2020)-particularly those centered on collective liberation. Amid intersecting social crises, however, imagining futures is critically important (Ladson-Billings, 2021), and writing is a crucial step toward bringing them into the present. In this participatory case study (Reilly, 2010), we explored the future-oriented writing practices of five early childhood teachers in an inquiry group. Drawing on critical literacy (Vasquez et al., 2019) and prolepsis (Cole, 1993), we describe how collaborative, creative, and pedagogical writing supported them in envisioning, enacting, and leading liberatory literacy pedagogies within and beyond their schools. Findings contribute to literature in teacher education, early childhood education, and literacy.

This paper considers the politics of Shimazaki Tōson's Junrei no Tabi in 1936. In September 1936, Tōson visited South America to attend the PEN International congress in Buenos Aires and to observe and encourage Japanese immigrants as a representative of the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs. His trip had an official and political nature as part of Kokumin Gaikou (national diplomacy), that aimed for advancement in the international status of Japanese government and Japanese immigrants. But there were some complex problems in the Japanese immigrant community--about Kimin-ron and Japanese-language education--and Tōson became confused about the problems. Regarding the problem of Japanese-language education, he exhibited nationalism based on his study of Kokugaku, a school of Japanese philology and philosophy, and deviated from his position. During his trip, Tōson experienced impatience and inconvenience. For that reason, in Junrei he wrote about himself as a traveler and concealed his official and political mission. In this paper, I analyze Junrei as an escape from his responsibilities. Keywords Shimazaki Tōson(島崎藤村), Junrei(巡礼), Japanese immigrants to South America(南米移民), Kimin-ron(棄民論), Japanese-language education (日本語教育)

Kolonialismus ist in den Städten Europas auf vielfältige Weise für die Produktion von Raum auch heute noch von hoher Relevanz. Eine dekoloniale Perspektive bietet daher einen theoretischen Zugriff, mit dem die Zusammenhänge der Produktion von Stadt und Rassismus – als ein wesentliches Erbe des Kolonialismus – verdeutlicht werden können. Davon ausgehend, dass sich Rassismus neben anderen Regimen der Subjektivierung und Unterwerfung (Geschlecht, Sexualität, ableism) in die koloniale Matrix gesellschaftlicher Verhältnisse eingeschrieben hat, plädiert dieser Artikel für eine sorgfältige Revision der epistemischen Prämissen der Stadtforschung und fordert die Perspektiven kolonialer Subjekte (Grosfoguel 2003) ein, was in diesem Aufsatz unter dem Begriff der ‚urbanen Dekolonisierung‘ thematisiert wird (vgl. zu Perspektiven der Dekolonisierung in der europäischen Soziologie Gutierrèz Rodriguez et al. 2012). Zum einen wird der konzeptuelle Rahmen der europäischen Stadt untersucht, um diesen ...

elementos mayoritarios y trazas). La elaboración de los datos químicos señala un predominio de pelitas en los protolitos de la Formación San Luis, en tanto que en el Complejo Metamórfico Conlara pueden identificarse grauvacas y pelitas y en el Complejo Metamórfico Pringles se observa predominio de grauvacas sobre pelitas. Los diagramas discriminantes de elementos mayoritarios tanto como las relaciones diagnósticas de elementos traza señalan consistentemente una fuente de composición de corteza superior para los protolitos de las tres unidades, excepto por un grupo de grauvacas del Complejo Conlara. Para las tres unidades es posible inferir la mezcla de dos fuentes detríticas: una de composición intermedia, andesítica y otra de composición ácida, ígnea o con material clástico maduro, reciclado. El escenario geodinámico más probable para la deposición de los protolitos de las unidades estudiadas habría sido un arco de islas continental o un margen continental activo, según surge de los distintos diagramas clasificatorios. En este contexto, una cuenca de retroarco podría explicar la natureza mixta del/las área/s fuente, con detritos provenientes tanto del antiguo basamento ascendido como del arco magmático. La cuenca habría evolucionado durante los tiempos cámbricos recibiendo aportes sedimentarios por el este desde el orógeno pampeano combinado probablemente con exposiciones de corteza más antigua y desde el oeste la fuente detrítica habría estado controlada por el margen continental activo.

The decrease of the coefficient of friction and wear are characteristics of the selective transfer phenomenon caused by the self-formation of a non-oxidising metal film in the friction zone. In this paper, the possibility of providing the selective transfer phenomenon by electro-pulse spraying (EPS) will be discussed. The analysed copper and brass coatings were manufactured by an electric pulse at 5 kV and an energy density of about 4.7-5 MJ/kg. EPS manufactured coatings have a fine-grained, multi-layer structure with a small share of voids and non-metal inclusions. The analysis (tribological test, microscopy) of such conditioned friction pairings has shown that a protecting metal film will be formed by itself, even at marginal lubricated test conditions. As a consequence, a low coefficient of friction (f = 0.003-0.004) occurs in the contact zone, which is similar to those, which indicate viscous friction.

Responding to a recent call for turning a focus on advancing practices in curriculum studies, this paper reports collective memory work that disrupted academics’ hegemonic voices in School-Based Curriculum Development (SBCD) studies and elicited teachers’ stories about their school-based curriculum development (SBCD) practices. With post-colonialism as the theoretical underpinning, we explored how the Western-centric construct of SBCD was recontextualized in various Hong Kong school contexts. Findings revealed teachers’ struggles with hegemonic discourses that constrained their autonomy in SBCD projects to benefit diverse learners, such as the accountability mechanism, linguistic imperialism, Western-centrism, and top-down curriculum decision-making. Situated in the local realities of Hong Kong schooling, teachers’ SBCD projects also illuminate productive, hybrid spaces where new forms of knowledge, identity, and culture come into being.

Analysis of the structure and stability of a hybrid zone can serve as a starting point for examining mechanisms that infl uence spatial and evolutionary relationships between species. Recent studies of the hybrid zone between Blackcapped Chickadee (Poecile atricapillus) and Carolina Chickadee (P. carolinensis) have suggested that genetic introgression is limited to a narrow zone, while also reinforcing the conclusion that the line of contact between these parapatrically distributed species is now shift ing northward. We investigated the structure, position, and recent movement of the chickadee hybrid zone in southeastern Pennsylvania. Using selectively neutral microsatellite DNA markers, along with mitochondrial DNA haplotypes, we documented large diff erences in genetic composition among three populations ≤65 km apart where we sampled large numbers of breeding residents during 1998-2003. Genetic results indicate that the three sites support a population of Carolina Chickadees (Great Marsh), a population in which most individuals exhibit evidence of hybridization (Nolde Forest), and a population comprising mostly Black-capped Chickadees but with evidence of hybridization now taking place (Hawk Mountain). The patt erns within the Nolde Forest population suggest that selection against hybrids may not be as strong as has been concluded from studies in other parts of the chickadee hybrid zone. Comparison of mitochondrial and nuclear genotypes between samples collected ∼15 years apart suggest that the northern edge of the hybrid zone shift ed by ∼20 km over this interval, with hybridization now occurring as far north as the Kitt atinny Ridge and beyond, where only Blackcapped Chickadee genotypes were previously detectable. Our data and historical accounts suggest that the hybrid zone, now ∼50 km wide, may have become wider while also shift ing northward. These results support the hypothesis that Carolina Chickadees enjoy a selective advantage during hybridization with Black-capped Chickadees, but both the proximate mechanisms and ultimate causes remain to be investigated.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

A belt of intraslab seismicity in the Pacific slab crust parallel to iso‐depth contours of the plate interface has been found beneath Hokkaido and Tohoku. Hypocenter relocations have shown that this seismic belt does not run parallel to but obliquely to the iso‐depth contours beneath Kanto, deepening toward the north from ∼100 km to ∼140 km depth. The depth limit of the contact zone with the overlying Philippine Sea slab is located close to and parallel to this obliquely oriented seismic belt, suggesting that the deepening of the seismic belt there is caused by the contact with the overlying slab. The contact with this cold slab hinders the heating of the Pacific slab crust by hot mantle wedge, which would cause delay of eclogite‐forming phase transformations and hence deepening of the seismic belt there. The depth limit of the subducting low‐velocity crust also deepens toward the north, supporting this idea.

Three inter-generic hybrid strains were obtained by pairing compatible neohaplonts recovered by dedikaryotization of four parental strains, i.e. Pleurotus ostreatus (CC060), Pleurotus djamor (CC051) and Lentinula edodes (CC003 and CC004). Fifteen neohaplonts were recovered employing homogenization time periods for Pleurotus spp. since 60 to 90 s, and for Lentinula edodes strains time periods ranged from 5 to 20 s, and incubation at 28 °C in a peptone-glucose solution (PGS). The mycelial growth of the parental and hybrid strains was determined on malt extract agar (MEA) and wheat grain by calculating the parameters A, B and C of nonlinear regression models. For the parameter A, the mycelial growth on MEA showed values ranged from 1.08 to 1.28, and for the parameter B since 5.65 to 20.85. On the other hand, the A values by mycelium growth on wheat grain ranged from 1.57 to 16.13, for B since 28.36 to 86.53 and for C were in an interval from 11.89 to 44.24. Parental and hybrid strains ...

The Cape Floristic Region (CFR) is well-known for its floral diversity, yet also contains a rich herpetofauna with >180 species, 28% of which are endemic. Recent studies conducted on CFR lizards indicated that phylogeographic patterns show some congruency, and that the western CFR shows higher overall diversity in the form of population and/or clade turnover. Here, we combine mitochondrial sequence data from two published (Bradypodion spp. and Agama atra) and one new dataset (Pedioplanis burchelli) to investigate whether geographic patterns of genetic diversity could be influenced by predicted climatic changes. We utilised Bayesian methodology and spatial genetic landscapes to establish broad-scale patterns and show that the western CFR is a contact zone for several clades in all three taxa, supporting the hypothesis of phylogeographic congruence. Current levels of gene flow are virtually zero between the western and eastern CFR. In the east, gene flow between populations is negligible at present but was probably stronger in the past given the present lack of strong genetic structure. Bioclimatic modelling predicted that climatically suitable areas within the CFR will decline for Bradypodion spp. and P. burchelli, with areas high in clade turnover loosing more climatically suitable areas than areas with low clade turnover. The models also predict that loss of climatic suitability may result in highly fragmented and patchy distributions, resulting in a greater loss of connectivity. In contrast, A. atra does not show significant climatic suitability losses overall, although it may experience localised losses (and gains). This species is not predicted to loose suitability in areas of high clade turnover. Thus, the incorporation of genetic data into climatic models has extended our knowledge on the vulnerability of these species given the predicted threat of landscape change.

The Cape Floristic Region (CFR) is well-known for its floral diversity, yet also contains a rich herpetofauna with >180 species, 28% of which are endemic. Recent studies conducted on CFR lizards indicated that phylogeographic patterns show some congruency, and that the western CFR shows higher overall diversity in the form of population and/or clade turnover. Here, we combine mitochondrial sequence data from two published (Bradypodion spp. and Agama atra) and one new dataset (Pedioplanis burchelli) to investigate whether geographic patterns of genetic diversity could be influenced by predicted climatic changes. We utilised Bayesian methodology and spatial genetic landscapes to establish broad-scale patterns and show that the western CFR is a contact zone for several clades in all three taxa, supporting the hypothesis of phylogeographic congruence. Current levels of gene flow are virtually zero between the western and eastern CFR. In the east, gene flow between populations is negligible at present but was probably stronger in the past given the present lack of strong genetic structure. Bioclimatic modelling predicted that climatically suitable areas within the CFR will decline for Bradypodion spp. and P. burchelli, with areas high in clade turnover loosing more climatically suitable areas than areas with low clade turnover. The models also predict that loss of climatic suitability may result in highly fragmented and patchy distributions, resulting in a greater loss of connectivity. In contrast, A. atra does not show significant climatic suitability losses overall, although it may experience localised losses (and gains). This species is not predicted to loose suitability in areas of high clade turnover. Thus, the incorporation of genetic data into climatic models has extended our knowledge on the vulnerability of these species given the predicted threat of landscape change.

Le recrutement des post-larves et la segregation des classes d'âge sont-ils une reponse aux facteurs abiotiques ou aux facteurs biotiques? Les auteurs tentent de repondre a cette question a l'aide d'exemples choisis au sein des populations d'echinodermes des cotes de Bretagne et qui ont deja fait l'objet de publications. En evitant l'opposition habituelle qui est faite dans la litterature entre les fonds rocheux et les fonds meubles, les auteurs considerent ces populations selon leur appartenance a des guildes trophiques differentes. Chez les populations de suspensivores, ce sont les structures physiques, les fronts, les circulations cycloniques, les haloclines qui, en concentrant les larves et les particules alimentaires, determinent la possiblite pour une population de recruter ou non les post-larves. En effet, lorsque les structures protegent les populations, en n'abaissant pas suffisamment le taux de mortalite, les populations sont dites fermees au re...

Kandi shear zone High-K calk-alkaline and alkaline granites Microstructures AMS a b s t r a c t Relationships between the metamorphic basement, granitic intrusions and the Kandi Shear Zone (KSZ) in central Bénin have been investigated using petrological and structural approaches, in order to better understand the space and time parameters of the Pan-African shear deformation and the Ediacaran magmatism. In central Bénin, metamorphic rocks from the KSZ display a steep to vertical N-S trending foliation, a sub-horizontal mineral lineation together with kinematic indicators in agreement with a dextral transcurrent mega-shear zone. Four granitic intrusions (Dassa, Tré, Gobada and Tchetti) show many petrological similarities. They are biotite ± amphibole -ilmenite ± magnetite monzogranites with ferrous and metaluminous I-type features derived from high-K calk-alkaline magma. A fifth intrusion (Fita) is an alkali-feldspar, biotite, magnetite and ilmenite bearing granite crystallized from an alkaline magma. Moreover, high K 2 O, Zr, Y, Nb and low CaO, MgO and Al 2 O 3 contents together with high (FeOt/ MgO) and low LIL/HFS elements ratios suggesting an A-type granite affinity. Microstructural and AMS investigations presented in this paper show (i) solid-state deformation evidence for Dassa pluton and (ii) a magmatic deformation for the Tré, Tchetti, Gobada and Fita granitoids. Foliation in Dassa is parallel to the mesoscopic planar mylonitic foliation of the metamorphic basement. In the Tré, Tchetti, Gobada and Fita granitoids, magmatic textures and magnetic fabrics are coherent with the KSZ activity. These data suggest (i) a syn-kinematic nature for most of the intrusions (Tré, Gobada, Tchetti and Fita), except Dassa which correspond to an earlier event (ii) the succession of high-K calkalkaline (Dassa, Tré, Gobada, Tchetti) evolves toward alkaline magmas (Fita) during the KSZ strike-slip tectonics. These observations highlight the changing nature of magma composition, magmatic processes and the different sources during KSZ activity in the Bénin Nigerian Shield. These new results suggest that the previous geodynamic interpretations, which assume a post-tectonic emplacement for the Gobada intrusion or an active continental margin setting for most of the late Pan-African (Ediacaran) granites intruded in central Bénin, has to be re-examined.

Dealing with frictional contact simulations, one can use generalized Newton method or Fixed-point method. In this article, we present partial Newton method which combines advantages from both algorithms. The solution techniques presented are based on an equivalent writing of the augmented Lagrangian formulation. Level-set functions are introduced to describe the status of the point. We consider various numerical examples espe-cially a large scale industrial in order to compare the algorithms implemented.

In this study, finite element method (FEM) is applied to investigate the effect of material defect orientation on subsurface crack initiation in rolling bearings. First, the history of stress intensity factors (SIFs) of a subsurface cubic material defect is calculated. SIFs calculation is conducted when it is parallel to the rolling surface of a bearing ring ($$\varphi = 0^\circ$$ φ = 0 ∘ ) under a ball rolling on the ring. Then, the effect of defect orientation, varying from $$\varphi = 0^\circ$$ φ = 0 ∘ to $$\varphi \; = \;30,\; 45\; {\text{and}} \;60^\circ$$ φ = 30 , 45 and 60 ∘ , on the history of SIFs is investigated. It is deduced that changing the defect orientation results in a threefold increase in the equivalent SIF range compared to parallel orientation.

The provenance of igneous clasts and arenitic sediment enclosed within the Bakony Molasse was studied using geochemical and geochronological methods. The majority of igneous clasts were eroded from the Oligocene Periadriatic magmatic belt. A part of the andesite material has Eocene formation age. Rhyolitic pebbles originated from Permian sequences of the Greywacke zone or the Gurktal Alps. Apatite fission track (FT) ages from the sandstone matrix (age clusters at ~75 and ~30 Ma) are typical for the Austroalpine nappe pile and for the cooling ages of Periadriatic magmatic belt. Variscan detrital zircon FT ages indicate source areas that had not suffered Alpine metamorphism, such as the Bakony Mountains, Drauzug and the Southern Alps. Another group of detrital zircon grains of Late Triassic±Jurassic FT age (mean: ~183 Ma) marks source zones with Mesozoic thermal overprint such as the Gurktal Alps and some Austroalpine regions. Zircon grains with Oligocene FT age (mean: ~34.7 Ma) were derived from the Periadriatic intrusives and their contact zones. On the basis of the new data, we propose that the ancestor of the recent Drava River had already existed in Oligo-Miocene time and distributed eroded material of the southern Eastern Alps to the east. Ḱ/Ar dating ´Geochemistry ´Provenance analysis Ṕannonian Basin ´Oligocene±Miocene K. Benedek ( ) ) ´C. Szabó ´S. Józsa

Understanding further the nature and evolution at lithospheric scale of the Sea of Marmara on the North Anatolian Fault needs constraints on the deep crustal and Moho spatial variation. This has been probed here with offshore-onshore and OBS, Ocean Bottom Seismometer refraction seismics, in addition to coincident MCS, marine multichannel reflection seismic profiles over the whole North Marmara Trough. The diverse strikes of MCS profiles in a dense grid allow to avoid misinterpretation of late echoes in the deep basin as Moho reflections and attribute them to sidesweeps. Moho is instead positively identified from reversed observations of first-arrival head and refracted waves at the top of the mantle obtained at large offset by land stations. A significant and sharp reduction in its depth, on the order of 5 km occurs beneath both the eastern and western rims of the North Marmara Trough, with a more progressive crustal thinning from the south. The wide-angle reflections on OBS and land stations document in addition to Moho the top of a lower crustal reflective layer, which is also sampled by MCS profiles, and appears to follow Moho topography. The dense grid of MCS profiles along the southwestern margin of the North Marmara Trough reveals a dipping reflector through the upper crust with tilted basement blocks on top. This low-angle fault is suggested as a normal sense detachment extending in depth towards the reflective lower crust. The upwarp of the Moho and lower crustal layer towards the North Marmara Trough suggests that crustal thinning occurs mostly in the upper crustal part, with lateral transport of the material towards WSW in the footwall of the detachment, and possibly other features to the south, in the motion of Anatolia with respect to stable Eurasia oblique to the North Marmara Trough. Thinning can be accommodated in an asymmetric partitioning of the displacement on several branching faults at lithospheric scale.

Several types of granites including alkaline granites and alkali feldspar granites are distributed in the Karamaili tectonic belt of East Junggar, Xinjiang, China. Some medium-small tin deposits are located within or near the contact zones of the granitic intrusions. The alkaline granites share all the features commonly observed in peralkaline A-type granites. They contain alkalic mafic minerals such as riebeckite and aegirine; have high contents of SiO 2 , alkalis, Rb, Th, Zr, Hf, REE (except Eu), and high ratios of FeO*/MgO and Ga/Al; and show strong depletions in Ba, Sr, Eu in the spidergrams. Laser ablation-ICPMS U-Pb zircon geochronology indicates a crystallization age of ca. 305 Ma for the granites; TIMS analyses of the granites found high ε Nd (T) values of +5.9 to +6.5. Considering their geochemical features, alkaline granites most likely formed by fractional crystallization of granodioritic magmas, which were probably produced by partial melting of lower crustal basaltic to andesitic rocks formed from oceanic crustal materials that were deeply buried during late Paleozoic subduction and accretion. Six molybdenite samples from the Sareshike tin deposit in East Junggar yielded an isochron age of 307 ± 11 Ma (2σ) and a weighted mean model age of 306.5 ± 3.4 Ma, consistent with zircon U-Pb ages of the alkaline granites. Low Re contents (0.323-0.961 ppm) in the molybdenite suggest that they originated from crustal sources related to the alkaline granites. Considering their identical ages, close spatial distribution, and similar sources, we argue that the A-type granites have a genetic relationship with the tin mineralization, and that the same association may be important elsewhere.

Spatial and temporal variations in inland crustal stress prior to the 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku earthquake are investigated using focal mechanism solutions for shallow seismicity in Iwaki City, Japan. The multiple inverse method of stress tensor inversion detected two normal-faulting stress states that dominate in different regions. The stress field around Iwaki City changed from a NNW-SSE-trending triaxial extensional stress (stress regime A) to a NW-SE-trending axial tension (stress regime B) between 2005 and 2008. These stress changes may be the result of accumulated extensional stress associated with co-and post-seismic deformation due to the M7 class earthquakes. In this study we suggest that the stress state around Iwaki City prior to the 2011 Tohoku earthquake may have been extensional with a low differential stress. High pore pressure is required to cause earthquakes under such small differential stresses.

The subfamily Bambusoideae comprises three monophyletic tribes, Arundinarieae, Bambuseae and Olyreae. Here we report the gametic number and the chromosomal meiotic behavior of two species belonging to the herbaceous tribe Olyreae, Olyra latifolia and Olyra humilis. Accessions were collected in Misiones, at Northeastern Argentina. We report a new gametic number for O. humilis, n=18, and we confirmed n=11 for O. latifolia. Chromosomal features, like the basic and gametic chromosome number, are important in understanding the evolution of the Poaceae family, especially in delimiting clades and elucidate inter and intra-clades relationships, and therefore it is necessary to continue producing this type of data. Key words: bamboos, cytogenetics, meiosis, ploidy, Poaceae

From 2002 to 2006 about 400ha of the Belgian Polders reclaimed wetlands, in the vicinity of Oostende and Middelkerke, have been surveyed archaeologically in order to establish a methodology to determine efficiently their archaeological value. The surveyed area, perpendicular to the present coastline and stretching from the beach to the sandy region, is 3 to 4km wide and about 7.5 km long. The museum of Walraversijde is the logistical centre for public outreach for the project. The Belgian Polders are very poorly ...

Dealing with frictional contact simulations, one can use generalized Newton method or Fixed-point method. In this article, we present partial Newton method which combines advantages from both algorithms. The solution techniques presented are based on an equivalent writing of the augmented Lagrangian formulation. Level-set functions are introduced to describe the status of the point. We consider various numerical examples espe-cially a large scale industrial in order to compare the algorithms implemented.

Background: Oceanic islands provide unique scenarios for studying the roles of geography and ecology in driving population divergence and speciation. Assessing the relative importance of selective and neutral factors in driving population divergence is central to understanding how such divergence may lead to speciation in small oceanic islands, where opportunities for gene flow and population mixing are potentially high. Here we report a case of genetic and morphological structure in the Mascarene grey white-eye (Zosterops borbonicus) a species that shows a striking, geographically structured plumage polymorphism on the topographically and ecologically complex island of Réunion, yet is monotypic on the relatively uniform neighbouring island of Mauritius. Results: Analysis of 276 AFLP loci in 197 individuals revealed prolonged independent evolution of Réunion and Mauritius populations, which is congruent with previous mtDNA assessments. Furthermore, populations on Réunion showed significant differentiation into three main genetic groups separating lowland from highland areas despite the small geographic distances involved. Genetic differentiation along the altitudinal gradient is consistent with morphometric analysis of fitness-related traits. Birds in the highlands were larger, yet had relatively smaller beaks than in the lowlands, suggesting the role of selection in shaping morphology and restricting gene flow along the gradient. No genetic differentiation between plumage morphs was detected in neutral markers, suggesting that plumage differences are of recent origin. Our results suggest a dual role of vicariance and natural selection in differentiating populations of a passerine bird in an oceanic island at very small spatial scales. We propose a combination of past microallopatry driven by volcanic activity and selection-constrained dispersal along steep ecological gradients to explain the striking levels of population structure found within the island, although the possibility that genetic differences evolved in situ along the gradient cannot be ruled out at present. The lack of congruence between genetic groups and plumage morphs suggests that the latter are of recent origin and likely due to social or sexual selection acting on few loci. The presence of sharp and stable contact zones between plumage morphs suggests that they could be on independent evolutionary trajectories, yet whether or not they represent incipient species will require further research to directly assess the degree of reproductive isolation among them.

Dimensions of Native America: The Contact Zone. Museum of Fine Arts, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, February 13‐March 31. 1998; Appleton Museum of Art, Ocala, FL, April 14‐May 31,1998.Dimensions of Native America: The Contact Zone. Jehanne Teilhet‐Fisk and Robin Franklin Nigh. co‐curators. Tallahassee: Museum of Fine Arts, Florida State University, 1998. 144 pp.

Phenomena governing the grinding process are largely related to the nature and evolution of contact between grinding wheel and ground component. The definition of the contact area plays an essential role in the simulation of grinding temperatures, forces or wear. This paper presents a numerical model that simulates the contact between grinding wheel and workpiece in surface grinding. The model reproduces the granular structure of the grinding wheel by means of the discrete element method. The surface topography is applied on the model surface taking into account the dressing mechanisms and movements of a single-point dresser. The individual contacts between abrasive grits and workpiece are studied regarding the uncut chip thickness, assuming viscoplastic material behaviour. Simulation results are evaluated with experimental measurements of the contact length. The results remark the importance of surface topography and dressing conditions on the contact area, as well as wheel deflection.

The dominant asymptotic term for the indentation of a thin elastic incompressible layer by an axisymmetric rigid indenter is considered. Complete adhesion is supposed everywhere in the contact area or else in a given inner region surrounded by an annular frictionless zone. Both the problems are formulated in the form of systems of coupled dual integral equations. Using operators transforming kernels of the Hankel transform into kernels of the WebereOrr transform, the dual integral equations are reduced to systems of Fredholm integral equations of the second kind whose structures permit deriving asymptotic solutions. Simple expressions for the contact stresses, the penetration depth, and the contact radius in the case of an unknown contact area are obtained. Explicit formulae, derived for the flat and power law indenter profiles, allow us to analyze how stick and frictionless zones affect mechanical characteristics. Results manifest that the punch penetration exhibits strong sensitivity to contact conditions inspite of the fact that the radial traction is small. A conical indenter is less sensitive than flatended and spherical indenters.

This research paper aims to analyze the experience of exile in four Arab narratives through the lens of Edward Said's exploration of alienation as a result of exile. By analyzing a selection of texts-Mourid Barghouti's I Saw Ramallah (2003), Radwa Ashour's The Woman From Tantoura (2014), Tarek Eltayeb's Cities Without Palms (2009), and Muhsin Al-Ramli's novel Dates On My Fingers (2014), this paper will highlight the various ways in which Arab exiles experience alienation and reframe certain immigrant narratives as exile. It will address the importance of examining diverse narratives of exile, how Said's works can help explore the theme of alienation as expressed by various Arab writers, the necessity of a more nuanced perspective on exiles and immigrants, and the significance of these narratives in relation to contemporary political issues. Through the thematic analysis of these works, it was concluded that immigrant narratives like Cities Without Palms (Eltayeb, 2009) and Dates On My Fingers (Al-Ramli, 2014) share significant parallels with exile narratives such as I Saw Ramallah (Barghouti, 2003) and The Woman From Tantoura (Ashour, 2014) particularly within the Arab context. Properly labeling literature is essential in today's world, where people increasingly seek concise, focused information. Reframing certain immigrant narratives as literature of exile, as this research paper attempts to do, helps identify their intended audience and ensures that they reach the right readers and scholars.

The dice snake, Natrix tessellata (Laurenti, 1768), is a suitable study organism to address questions of Eurasian phylogeography due to its wide Palearctic distribution. We analysed complete mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences and nuclear ISSR-PCR fingerprints of more than 300 specimens representing nearly the entire geographic range. Nine major mitochondrial lineages were discovered based on mtDNA sequences. The three most basal lineages comprised populations from Iran, Jordan-Egypt, and Greece, respectively. Other lineages were associated with samples from the Turkish peninsula, the Caucasus, the Aral Sea, and eastern Kazakhstan. A sister-group relationship was found between two lineages from Crete and the European mainland. Assuming an evolutionary rate of 1.35% sequence divergence per million years, among-lineage p-distances of 1.7-8.4% suggest that intraspecific differentiation might date back as far as the Miocene/Pliocene transition 5-6 million years ago. The pattern of genetic differentiation in mitochondrial phylogeny with regard to Asia Minor and the region of the Aral Sea was not congruent with the results of the nuclear ISSR-PCR analyses, and suggests admixing within some mtDNA clades at contact zones. The taxonomic implications of the high intraspecific variation in the dice snake are discussed.

Abstract
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In the Geology/Earth Sciences literature, carbonatites are accepted as rocks of magmatic origin that are rarely seen in nature as intrusions, carbonatite dykes, veins, pegmatitics, stocks, sills and lenses. The view that carbonatites are of magmatic origin and rarely seen in nature is definitely not true. On the contrary; Carbonatites are rootless, metamorphic origin, a new type of modern metamorphic rocks, pureimpure leucocratoblastic (light colored, rock composed of different carbonate origin/based crystalloblast neominerals) carbonatoblastic rocks / carbonatoblastites / carbonatoblastic rock series and their derivatives. Pure-impure leucocratoblastic carbonatoblastic rocks / carbonatoblastites, whose primary source rocks are different (pureimpure carbonate/limestone); They form a type of leucocratoblastic metablastic rocks, which are of metamorphic origin, rootless, a type of new modern metamorphic rocks, with a granite mineralogical composition and composed of silicate origin/based crystalloblast neominerals. Carbonatoblastic rocks (known as carbonatites, rarely seen in nature, which are of magmatic origin until today); They developed in the last/second closing stage of the regional dynamothermal Tarhan metamorphism cycle, and they developed in the changing physical conditions (P/T) of the facies and sub-facies of Abukuma type reversed regional regressive dynamothermal metamorphism, where temperatures are effective in proportion to/compared to pressures (T>P, P, Pressure; T, Temperature; Temperatures put their stamp on the metamorphism). Previously existing primary source rock units pure-impure carbonate/limestones; They developed in the first initial phase of the regional dynamothermal Tarhan metamorphism cycle, within pure and impure classical marbles, which are the metamorphic equivalents of Barrow type regional progressive dynamothermal metamorphism, where pressures are effective compared to/in proportion to temperatures (P>T, pressures put their stamp/mark on the metamorphism). Carbonatoblastic rocks/carbonatoblastites were derived in solid phase and in-situ (autochthonous) from the pure-impure classical marbles in the Abukuma type inverted regional regressive dynamothermal metamorphism type/phase that developed in the second/last closing phase of the metamorphism cycle. Metamorphic origin leucocratoblastic pure-impure carbonatoblastic rocks derived from pure-impure carbonate/limestones of different primary rocks; They constitute a new type of modern metamorphic rocks of metamorphic origin, rootless, leucocratoblastic metablastites / metablastic rocks / metablastic rock series and their derivatives, defined for the first time under the general name, named and different types. Pure-impure carbonatoblastic rocks / carbonatoblastites / carbonatoblastic rock series and derivatives under the name of many carbonatoblastite type metablastic rocks (alkali metablastites, syenitoblastite, monzonitoblastite, calcitoblastite, calcito-dolomitoblastite, dolomitoblastite, sideritoblastite, stroncianitoblastite etc.) and carbonate origin / based rock forming main-secondary-trace crystalloblast neominerals (calcitoblast, dolomitoblast, witheritoblast, stroncianitoblast etc.) etymologically redefined for the first time, named, classified, physical-chemical properties determined. Carbonatoblastic rocks / Carbonatoblastites / Carbonatoblastic rock series and their derivatives; It has been determined for the first time
that they have very rich and widespread potential in terms of metablastic ore/mine deposits of metamorphic origin, defined and named for the first time. Different carbonatoblastic rock types develop depending on the composition and contents of pure-impure carbonate/limestones, which are pre-existing primary origin rock units.
In the changing physical conditions (P/T) of the facies and sub-facies of the Abukuma type reversed regional regressive dynamothermal metamorphism, which developed in the last/second/closing phase of the regional dynamothermal Tarhan metamorphism cycle, where temperatures are effective compared to pressures (T>P, temperatures put their stamp on the metamorphism), protominerals (minerals of primary source rocks) - metaprotominerals (classical metamorphic minerals of metamorphic equivalent rocks of primary source rocks) lose their stability and are partially and completely gradually dissolved in the solid phase and in-situ. With dissolution in the solid phase; solid neo-solutions with different chemical compositions, anhydrous, unstable and disordered structures, consisting of free and unstable ions (cation, anion) of different elements with increased electrically charged and atomic diffusion rates are widely developed. In the current physicochemical conditions of the facies and subfacies of the abukuma type inverted regional regressive dynamothermal metamorphism, recrystallization by metablastization commonly develops from unstable solid neo-solutions with different chemical compositions due to the temperatures effective in the environment. With the recrystallization developing by metablastation from solid neo-solutions; rock-forming main-secondary-trace element cations, metallic-non-metallic ore cations, radioactive and rare earth elements/REE, which are incompatible elements with large ionic radii, are electrically charged, have increased atomic diffusion rates, and are free and unstable cations; They combine with root carbonate anion (CO3)2-, root silicate anion (smooth surface silicon tetrahedral) (SiO4)4- / or [(Si, Al)O4]4- and oxygen (O2-) anions (due to polarization, solid-solid chemical reactions) and develop free blast/embryo/nucleus/bud and blast/embryo aggregates of their own unique/belonging minerals. In this way, the ions become electrically neutral and become stable. Blast/embryo, blast/embryo aggregates with the same and similar geochemical properties formed in the current/setting physicochemical conditions of Abukuma type reversed regional regressive dynamo-thermal metamorphism where temperatures are effective compared to pressures  (T>P, temperatures put their stamp on the metamorphism) group among themselves and add to each other, and gradually grow as crystalloblast, porphyroblast and megacrystalloblast type rock-forming main-secondary-trace, metallic-non-metallic ore-forming, strategic, radioactive and light-heavy rare earth elements/REE free/independent crystalloblast neominerals. In this way, metallic-non-metallic ore crystalloblast neominerals, strategic crystalloblast neominerals, radioactive-rare earth elements/REE from incompatible elements with large ionic radii that cannot easily enter the crystal structures of rockforming main-secondary-trace crystalloblast neominerals are naturally produced by their own crystalloblast neominerals. They become enriched and visible in the environment/setting. They are naturally enriched and become visible in the form of crystalloblast neominerals in leucocratoblastic carbonatoblastic rocks, which are rootless and a type of new modern metamorphic rocks of metamorphic origin. It has been determined and suggested for the first time that they develop the richest metamorphic-origin metablastic ore/mine deposits in the world by growing freely in the form of metallic-non-metallic crystalloblast neominerals that are unique/belonging to them. Carbonatoblastic rocks / Carbonatoblastites / Carbonatoblastic rock series and their derivatives; are also very rich in terms of their contents of precious and semi-precious stones, ornamental stones (Gemology) and natural colored-patterned building stones (natural ceramic stones). Carbonatoblastic rocks; They form the 2nd generation metamorphic
rocks, the 3rd generation rocks, allotropic superionic metablastic matter / mine / rock / minerals and the 5th classical state of matter. All these geological phenomena; appear before us as the products of the metamorphic view that constitutes the regional dynamo-thermal Tarhan metamorphism cycle that has been determined and suggested for the first time. They are not the products of the magmatic view. They are not the products of logical imagination models either. Therefore, if material, moral and temporal losses are not desired for scientific studies
on similar topics, but reversible economic gains are desired, the magmatic view should be rejected. In contrast, the metamorphic view should be accepted.

Key words:-
Tarhan Metamorphism Cycle, Advancing Metamorphism, Reversed Regressive Metamorphism, Solid Neo-Solution, Carbonatoblastic Rocks, Metablastic Ore/Mine Deposits, 5th State of Matter, Precious and Semiprecious Stones

Populations of the Caribbean lizard, Anolis roquet, are thought to have experienced long periods of allopatry before recent secondary contact. To elucidate the effects of past allopatry on population divergence in A. roquet, we surveyed parallel transects across a secondary contact zone in northeastern Martinique. We used diagnostic molecular mitochondrial DNA markers to test fine‐scale association of mitochondrial DNA lineage and geological region, multivariate statistical techniques to explore quantitative trait pattern, and cline fitting techniques to model trait variation across the zone of secondary contact. We found that lineages were strongly associated with geological regions along both transects, but quantitative trait patterns were remarkably different. Patterns of morphological and mitochondrial DNA variation were consistent with a strong barrier to gene flow on the coast, whereas there were no indications of barriers to gene flow in the transitional forest. Hence, the co...

We studied 75 individuals of the Plains pocket gopher, Geomys bursarius, from eastern New Mexico, where the subspecies major and knoxjonesi hybridize. Each individual was examined for chromosome number, ribosomal DNA, mitochondrial DNA, and three protein systems for which reference parental populations were fixed for alternative alleles. Twenty individuals were indistinguishable from parental major, 14 individuals were indistinguishable from parental knoxjonesi, and 41 individuals had genotypes composed of combinations of character states that dis- tinguish the two parental types. The parental types appear to represent discrete genetic entities that have restricted introgression across a narrow hybrid zone (width approximately 3 km, using the 20/80 criterion). Parental types overlap in geographic distribution near the center of the zone, and changes in mitochondrial DNA and the five nuclear markers are concordant across the zone. It is probable that there is premating isolation between knoxjonesi males and major females. The frequencies of individuals with certain genotypic combinations within our sample imply differential reproductive success of certain genotypes. We propose that F,'s and highly heterozygous males are sterile and that hybrid females are less fertile than parental females. These postmating factors, along with premating isolation for one of the reciprocal crosses, probably account for the restriction of gene flow across the contact zone. The structure of the zone can be explained by the "dynamic equilibrium" model.

The composition of the heavy mineral fraction from the glass sand in Osiecznica (Lower Silesia, SW Poland) was described. Accessory minerals are present in the gravity concentrate mainly as individual grains, whereas lower amounts occur as vein rocks debris, inclusions in quartz grains and heavy minerals. The sample under study contained the following minerals: rutile, anatase, hematitegoethite, ilmenite-leucoxene, zircon, monazite, xenotime, kyanite, pyroxenes, and quartz with inclusions of chalcopyrite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, pentlandite, arsenopyrite, and tetrahedritetennantite. Moreover, the presence of native gold and silver was determined. Major components of the concentrate are rutile, anatase, quartz with inclusions of ore minerals, zircon, and goethitized hematite. The other minerals occur in the amount below 2-3 vol. %. The content of native gold in the concentrate sample (0.11%) may be indicative of a significant concentration (around 1.5 g/Mg) of this metal in the Osiecznica deposit.

Song variation in west-Pyrenean chiffchaffs was thoroughly analyzed. Intrinsic physical structures of these songs as well as extrinsic contextual ones were processed simultaneously in qualitative and correspondence analyses. The aim was to assess objectively and to describe the song differences between collybira and brehmii, easily perceived in the field, accounting for variation within the groups due to other sources than taxonomic. All songs originate from the contact zone of the two forms, i.e. taxonomically still-undetermined entities. The following results were obtained: 1. The main source of song variation is confirmed to be the bird's membership in the collybita or the brehmii form. Each song type has been characterized in terms of physical variable values. 2. Within these forms, the songs emitted in the same social or temporal contexts are more similar than the songs produced in different contexts. This has been verified intra-and interindividually. 3. Some individuals have songs that share structures of both formsthese are the mixedsingers described by THIELCKE & LINSENMAIR (1963). 4. In the sympatric zone, the acoustic differences between collybita and brehmii are strengthened by an acoustic character displacement.

Building on Pratt and Haraway's ideas of the contact zone, we examine the soundscape in two maritime boundaries: the Bali Strait and the Strait of Georgia. Both places, imbued with colonial histories, are rich in ecological diversity and signify different degrees of violence perpetuated against those who attempt to cross their geopolitical boundary zones. Using practices taken from sensory, multispecies, sonic and autoethnography, we explore how sound and listening offer a textural analysis of space, a way to sense and experience histories and the possibility of listening as activism.

Museum anthropology is a subfield of anthropology that focuses on the study of museums, their collections, exhibitions, and practices, as well as the cultural, social, and political contexts in which they operate. It includes the research work of ethnographic museums and their role in shaping cultural knowledge, representation, and identity. It encompasses various aspects, including museum history and development, collection and exhibition practices, representation and interpretation of cultural artifacts, cultural heritage preservation and management, community engagement and participation, decolonization, and repatriation.

Background. Interspecific hybridization is widespread, occurring in a taxonomically diverse array of species. The Cyprinidae family, which displays more than 30% hybridization, is a good candidate for studies of processes underlying isolation and speciation, such as genetic exchange between previously isolated lineages. This is particularly relevant in the case of recent hybridization between an invasive species, Chondrostoma nasus nasus (from Eastern Europe), and C. toxostoma toxostoma (a threatened species endemic to southern France), in which bidirectional introgressive hybridization has been demonstrated. Methodology/Principal Findings. We studied 128 specimens from reference populations and 1495 hybrid zone specimens (two years of sampling and four stations), using five molecular markers (one mitochondrial gene, four nuclear introns), morphology (meristic and plastic characters) and life history traits (weight, size, coefficient of condition, sex, age, shoaling). We identified 65 hybrid combinations and visualized spatial and temporal changes in composition. The direction of mitochondrial introgression was density-dependent in favor of the rarer species and we demonstrate that the sexual selection hypothesis is a preponderant explanation in the asymmetry of introgression. Despite genomic evolution in the hybrid zone, convergence was observed for body shape and coefficient of condition, indicating changes in foraging behavior with respect to reference populations, reflecting strong environmental pressure. Conclusions/Significance. The complex rules of hybrid zone dynamics are established very early in the contact zone. We propose ''inheritance from the rare species'' as a new evolutionary hypothesis for animal models. The endemic species was not assimilated by the invasive species. Survival rates for this species were highest in the middle of the river (the warmest part) due to a trade-off between food availability and fecundity. The environment-independent hybrid combination may result from nuclear-mitochondrial interactions involving the Tpi1b gene or a gene linked to this gene (Chromosome 16). This genomic region is also responsible for shoaling behavior in Danio rerio and is a promising zone for studies of changes in population dynamics and advances in integrated studies of hybrid zones.

We studied patterns of call acoustics and external morphological differentiation in populations of the dart-poison frog Allobates femoralis occurring in forested areas along a 250-km stretch of the upper Madeira River, Brazil. Multivariate analyses of variance using principal components representing shared acoustic and morphological parameters distinguished three groups in relation to call structure and external morphology: (1) populations belonging to a two-note call morphotype; (2) populations with four-note calls inhabiting the left riverbank; and (3) populations with four-note calls inhabiting the right riverbank. Our results report a case of Amazonian anuran diversity hidden by current taxonomy and provide evidence for the upper Madeira River being a boundary between distinct populations of A. femoralis, and suggest a new taxonomic interpretation for these groups. Samples that did not fit into the general differentiation pattern and the existence of a well-defined contact zone between two morphotypes on the left riverbank indicate that mechanisms complementary to river-barrier hypotheses are necessary to explain the phenotypic differentiation between populations. Our study shows that at least one anuran species shows congruence between population differentiation and separation by a large Amazonian river, as documented for birds and mammals. Conservation efforts should not consider the taxon now known as A. femoralis as a homogeneous entity. There is much within-taxon variability, which can be probably explained partly by the existence of cryptic species, partly by geological barriers and part of which currently has no obvious explanation.

The interplay between cultural identity, displacement, and intergenerational tensions is the main emphasis of this essay's analysis of Jhumpa Lahiri's novel The Namesake's themes of migration and diaspora. This research aims to examine how Lahiri depicts the Ganguli family's struggles to integrate into American culture while maintaining their Bengali roots. To highlight the intricacies of identity formation and cultural memory's influence on individual and collective experiences, this study uses a literary analysis grounded in postcolonial and diaspora studies frameworks. According to the survey, Lahiri skilfully depicts Ashoke and Ashima as first-generation immigrant parents who deal with cultural displacement and loneliness in a distant country. Gogol Ganguli, the second-generation protagonist, simultaneously represents the conflicts between hereditary customs and the need for individual freedom, which results in a quest for self-awareness and rapprochement with his heritage. Important discoveries emphasize how cultural Hybridity, societal expectations, and familial relationships impact Diaspora communities' lives. This study's consequences go beyond literary analysis and provide a more comprehensive understanding of migration and diaspora in the context of globalization. This essay highlights the value of literature in tackling current concerns of cultural identity, integration, and belonging by illuminating the complex depiction of immigrant experiences in The Namesake. Lahiri's work is an essential resource for academics studying migration and Diaspora because it provides insightful perspectives on how identity is negotiated in transnational settings.