Environmental Planning

Year after year, the impacts of climate change become more destructive. Accordingly, finding the appropriate solutions to adapt with such impacts begins to be a constant concern of many cities worldwide. In this field, urban green infrastructure or (UGI) provides appropriate solutions for different climate change impacts such as floods, urban heat island, pollution, drought, water scarcity, soil erosion, energy deficit, etc. Literature review indicates a limited knowledge about UGI planning strategies as climate change adaptation (CCA) in existing cities. Accordingly, the current research seeks to extract these strategies from the real world practices of UGI. The applied methodology is known as 'learning by doing'. Many eminent practices of UGI planning in existing cities for the purposes of CCA are selected. A cross analysis is conducted between them to extract their common UGI strategies. The research's results reveal that the explored practices almost depend on simila...

Community-Based Tourism (CBT) is a proposal for planning and developing localities through tourism, based on sustainability and sustainable development concepts, promoting the social emancipation of communities through the population’s leading role in self-management of their goods, services, and social capital, in order to improve residents’ quality of life and the conservation of environmental, historical and cultural heritage. In order to understand the scientific literature that has gained prominence since 1990, and to identify possible gaps in the subject, this article brings together an Integrative Literature Review (ILR) and a Bibliometric Study (BS) of a sample of 158 articles in Portuguese, Spanish, and English published in 64 journals. The study fulfilled the three main bibliometrics laws: Lotka, Bradford, and Zipf, indicating the CBT as an expanding and pulverized production subject. Finally, the summary of knowledge identified as possible theoretical gaps: governance and...

Solid waste, which is a consequence of day-to-day activity of human kind, needs to be managed properly. Jigjiga City, like other cities in developing countries, faces problems associated with poorly managed solid waste operation. This study concerns about analysis of the city's current municipal solid waste management problems, opportunities and existing solid waste management practices and role of community participation. The survey was conducted in 03 and 05 kebeles. Different sampling methods were employed to select the study units including: stratified sampling, systematic random sampling, and purposive sampling. Though the bulk of the data collected were qualitative in nature, it was also supported by quantitative information collected through survey and secondary sources. The study discovered that there is low performance of SWM in the city mainly due to: lack of properly designed collection system and time schedule, inadequate and malfunctioning operation equipment, open burning of refuse, poor condition of the final dumpsite and less awareness creation among community which encouraged illegal dumping are the technical problem identified. Insufficient funds as well as lack of promotion on-waste reduction, recycling, absence of waste recovery, practice of energy option, waste separation and composting are among the management challenges facing the city. Social problems encountered include: lack of public awareness, unwillingness to pay, ill dumping manner (often around residence and any open spaces) and improper outlook for waste workers. Incompetence of organizations in terms of equipment required for operation and man power /staff qualifications, training and human resource developments and/or unreliable service are the institutional challenge that the city encountered in the sector. Finally, the study forwarded some important recommendations towards improving the waste management practices.

This study aimed to determine the relationship between waste management administration and environmental sustainability in Lagos, Nigeria. Although waste production is an inevitable byproduct of human activity, sustainable refuse management remains challenging in many nations today. With this idea in mind, we conducted this investigation. According to previous research, several states lack the necessary planning and infrastructure to efficiently and sustainably manage municipal solid waste. The research population comprised 700 waste administrators in the Ikeja Local Government Area; 250 were chosen using the Yamen sample technique. However, 233 of the 250 distributed questionnaires were retrieved. In order to determine the ANOVA and coefficient results, linear regression (at a significance level of 5% or 0.05) was utilized. The results revealed a negative correlation between waste management agency operations and environmental sustainability, as well as between waste disposal, waste separation, and environmental cleanliness. Furthermore, a negative correlation between waste recycling and pollution control was discovered. Therefore, it is suggested that effective collection techniques, sufficient system coverage, proper waste disposal, institutional coordination, adequate financial resources, enforceable regulations and standards, and appropriate technology be implemented.

This research delves into how quick urbanization, along with global socioeconomic shifts, affects mental health, with a special look at how these changes in the environment worsen mental health differences in city populations. The combination of fast urban growth with intense global market competition and changing social values creates new worldwide mental health threats. The paper integrates historical background with current mental health impact and disease mechanisms and shows how these factors affect specific populations through Indian case studies while discussing measurement difficulties and intervention strategies and research needs for complete understanding of this complex crisis. The study uses both interviews (qualitative data) and surveys (quantitative data) to check mental health signs and city living situations. Turns out, there's a notable link between city problems-like not enough housing, feeling alone, and money troubles-and more mental health issues, especially for those who are already struggling. For example, people in really packed areas showed more signs of worry, sadness, and stress problems, pointing to a real need for specific mental health help. The importance of what was found could help shape healthcare rules and how cities are planned, pushing for mental health to be thought about when cities grow. By showing how connected socioeconomic factors and well-being are, this study helps us get a better handle on what city people deal with and pushes for a complete, teambased way to tackle mental health differences. In the end, this research matters for public health, pushing leaders and healthcare folks to take action to lessen the bad effects of city living on mental health and make sure everyone can get mental health help in quickly changing cities. Keywords-Urban mental health, rapid urbanization, mental health disparities, social determinants of mental health, migration and psychosocial stress, globalization and mental wellbeing, urban resilience and public health, digital stress and social media impacts, mental health policy (India & LMICs), community-based mental health interventions.

Bird-habitat relationships were evaluated at Maidi Lake, Nepal, one of nine lakes in the Lake Cluster of Pokhara Valley Ramsar Site. Eleven distinct habitats were identified within the lake and its immediate surroundings, and the frequency of use of each habitat by different bird species was recorded across all four seasons during repeated surveys along a fixed route that facilitated views of the entire lake area. All surveys were conducted during the morning peak of bird activity. Forty species of birds used at least one wetland habitat, with the highest seasonal species richness in winter and spring. Every habitat was used by multiple species in each season. This appears to be the first study in Nepal to examine bird-habitat relationships at such a fine scale in a wetland ecosystem. The results show the critical link between bird conservation and habitat protection, helping to focus conservation planning and achieve the goals of the Ramsar management plan.

The development of a sophisticated, AI-assisted carbon foot-printing application for the
Development Bank of Ethiopia (DBE) must be rooted in a deep understanding of Ethiopia's unique national context. The foundation of this system is not merely a generic set of international defaults but a meticulously curated database of country-specific parameters that reflect the nation's economic structure, resource availability, and policy priorities. The primary strategic document guiding these efforts is the Climate Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) strategy, which provides both the baseline against which emissions are measured and the targets toward which they should be reduced 23. Adopted in 2011, the CRGE aims to steer Ethiopia towards middle-income status by 2025 on a green growth path, with a central goal of limiting total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to approximately 150 Mt CO2 equivalent (CO2e) by 2030, a stark contrast to the projected 400 Mt
CO2e under a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario 819. This ambitious target, which has been reaffirmed and updated in the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), serves as the ultimate benchmark for any project-level assessment within the DBE's purview 416.

Supervision of the Implementation of Green Open Space Functions. This study aims to determine the supervision of the implementation of the green open space function of the Pekanbaru City government. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with primary data obtained from interviews with informants. The research informants were the head of the green open space, employees of the field of work, community and street vendors. The results of this study indicate that the supervision of the implementation of the green open space function of the daughter of Pekanbaru by the government of Pekanbaru City has not achieved the expected results. Where in the implementation there are factors that can influence the supervisio n. These factors are communication, human resources, and community participation itself which has not been maximally carried out so that the supervision is also not optimal.

Classification rule mining aims to discover a small set of rules in the database that forms an accurate classifier. Association rule mining finds all the rules existing in the database that satisfy some minimum support and minimum confidence constraints. For association rule mining, the target of discovery is not pre-determined, while for classification rule mining there is one and only one predetermined target. In this paper, we propose to integrate these two mining techniques. The integration is done by focusing on mining a special subset of association rules, called class association rules (CARs). An efficient algorithm is also given for building a classifier based on the set of discovered CARs. Experimental results show that the classifier built this way is, in general, more accurate than that produced by the state-of-the-art classification system C4.5. In addition, this integration helps to solve a number of problems that exist in the current classification systems.

Background: The estimated daily per capita waste generation in Nigeria ranged from 0.60 to 0.65 kg. In Maiduguri, this amount increased from approximately 390 tons per day in 2010 to 570 tons per day in 2016, according to UNDP (2016). Improper waste management and the disposal of hazardous waste contributed to significant public health challenges. Purpose: This study aimed to assess the attitudes of residents in Jiddari-Polo toward waste management and their current waste management practices. Methods: The study utilized a cross-sectional survey design to investigate the attitude and practices of domestic waste management among households in Polo-Jiddari Ward, Maiduguri Metropolis, Borno State, Nigeria. This design was selected to gather comprehensive information on the current attitude and practices of household members in Jiddari-Polo regarding domestic waste management. A total of 110 participants were selected through the multistage sampling technique, incorporating both stratified and random sampling methods. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics with the assistance of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Results: The findings revealed that residents of Jiddari-Polo exhibited positive attitudes but poor practices regarding domestic waste management, as indicated by an overall mean score of 1.6 for attitude and 0.5 for practice. This highlighted a notable discrepancy between favorable attitudes toward waste management and the actual practices adopted by respondents. Conclusion: Based on the findings, the study concluded that while residents of Jiddari-Polo demonstrated a positive attitude toward domestic waste management, this attitude did not translate into effective waste management practices.

There are high aspirations to foster growth in Namibia’s Zambezi region via the development of tourism. The Zambezi region is a core element of the Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA), a mosaic of areas with varying degrees of protection, which is designed to combine nature conservation and rural development. These conservation areas serve as a resource base for wildlife tourism, and growth corridor policy aims to integrate the region into tourism global production networks (GPNs) by means of infrastructure development. Despite the increasing popularity of growth corridors, little is known about the effectiveness of this development strategy at local level. The mixed-methods approach suggests a link between a tandem of infrastructure development and tourism-oriented policies on the one hand, and increased value creation from tourism in the region on the other hand. Yet, the promises of tourism-driven development reach only a very limited number of rural residents.

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has experienced change in the development of urban planning codes, the most recent being the 2010 planning codes. Every urban planning regulation and code is devised to implement the overall urban design paradigm most suited to the city in question. For instance, the demand for modern urban facilities, coupled with the need for better transport networks around cities, has resulted in the shift from limited storey heights for buildings to more liberal, limitless storey heights. From the 1970s to date, the Saudi Arabian government has been engaging internationally acclaimed designers and planners, such as Forster and Partners International Designers, and Henning Larsen Architects of Denmark, to work with Saudi Arabian experts in respect of the 'internationalisation' of urban planning. The main driver for the paradigm shift in the urban planning processes has been the population growth and economic development. This entails an increase in the demand for a new generation of high-tech and knowledge-oriented industries in order to spread public services more evenly and broaden the scope and effectiveness of development policies among regions. Given the potential of such an urban planning strategy to influence both the current and future urban form, this research assesses the impact of internationalisation of urban planning on Saudi Arabian cities. It concludes that planners themselves are not sufficiently appreciative of the requirement for urban infrastructure that accompanies the new planning regulations.

In response to globalization and economic competitiveness, Malaysia launched six economic development corridors, covering all the potential areas in Malaysia, and Johor Bahru is one of them. Iskandar Malaysia was launched in 2006 for future economic development in the country as well as to cater the needs of Johor Bahru to modernize its urban and economic infrastructure. Situated in a strategic location and space, Iskandar Malaysia is targeted to be the player of catalytic investment role that will bring direct and indirect investment to Johor. The whole landscape of Johor Bahru is now transforming dramatically, thus worrying the locals and the environmentalists. Environmental issues as well as the concern for social inequality issues have been raised by the locals. Hence, the aim of this study is to address the issues created by the rapid development of Iskandar Malaysia, particularly in Johor Bahru and Nusajaya. The objectives of this paper are to assess the consequences of the co...

The annual waste generation is expected to increase to 3.40 billion tons in 2050. Although there are generally accepted global best practices in Waste Management (WM), there is no all-in-one WM approach, metrics, or strategy that fits all societies in the globe due to the peculiarities of every environment. There is a need to design and adapt sustainable waste management standards, metrics, and strategies in every location, depending on the prevailing social, economic, and human factors in such localities, considering different feasible scenarios. This work proposes an MCDM-LCA-based scenario analysis framework that takes care of the uncertainty inherent in solid waste management systems and designs. It integrates an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) using cluster analysis (CA). The framework is applied using the information from the decision makers who are waste managers, experts, and stakeholders. Different arrangements of waste treatment methods and scenarios were formulated and analyzed using the data obtained from the field. The best scenario (formed from the aggregation of scenarios 8 and 9) favors 42% of the waste being sent to an anaerobic digestion facility, 20% to compost, 18% to refuse-derived fuel, 15% to recycling, 5% to an incinerator, and the remaining 5% to the landfill.
The proposed design presents the best set of scenarios for the effective and sustainable integrated solid waste management system (SISWMS) with three major sub-which are environment, social, and economic, considering the peculiarity of the system with available resources and constraints. Even in difficult terrains. It incorporates easy, yet flexible methods of solving complex solid waste management problems, which are adaptable to various localities based on their structures, norms, settings, and peculiarities. This work presents useful metrics that serve as the basis for taking management decisions, setting targets, and making action plans to weigh different waste treatment options that fit a particular location. It will minimize uncertainty and enhance sustainability in WM designs and operations.

Les Parcelles Assainies de Keur Massar constituent un point focal des inondations à Dakar. La Société Nationale des Habitations à Loyer Modéré (SN-HLM) a viabilisé ce site sans prévoir un système d'assainissement adéquat. Les acquéreurs des parcelles s'inscrivent dans l'auto construction. Les principaux constructeurs sont les chefs maçons et les tâcherons, qui négligent ou ignorent souvent les mesures adaptées contre l'humidité. En conséquence, ces maisons sont sujettes à divers types de détérioration, comme l'humidité ascensionnelle et l'humidité par infiltration pluviale. À l'échelle régionale, une augmentation des précipitations et une récurrence des pluies extrêmes sont observées depuis la fin des années 1990, accentuant ces problèmes. La méthodologie adoptée repose sur une approche qualitative, notamment des enquêtes auprès des habitants, des entretiens avec des professionnels du bâtiment, des acteurs du secteur de l'habitat, ainsi que sur l'approche quantitative (l'analyse des caractéristiques pluviométriques à Keur Massar). Cette étude révèle que les précipitations influencent fortement la survenue et l'aggravation des phénomènes d'humidité. Pour une meilleure gestion de ces problèmes, il est important d'inclure l'humidité lors de la construction des bâtiments à usage résidentiel.

The primary objective of this paper is to identify similarities and differences between Slovak and Polish companies for selected elements of HRM. Design: Literature review and questionnaire research were conducted among 811 Polish and Slovak companies. The possibility of comparing these countries resulted mainly from the fact that both countries underwent transformation at the beginning of the 1990s and were struggling with similar problems resulting from political, economic, social and cultural changes. Findings: The paper presents the results of research on job descriptions, evaluation of employees, financing employee development and employing talented and intercultural people. The analysis and assessment of data obtained in the course of research has proved the existence of statisticall significant differences in selected elements of the system of HRM in Slovak and Polish companies. Practical Implications: For employees of HR departments, the results of the conducted research may indicate the directions of changes to clarify expectations for employees, ways to use the employee evaluation, financing employee development and employment of talents and people with intercultural skills. For business owners and management staff, the results of conducted research may be helpful in determining the consistency of the general strategy of the company with the adopted HRM strategy in the company and to indicate the directions of future changes in the HRM system in order to achieve compliance of these strategies. Originality Value: The findings allowed to suggest relevant recommendations for Slovak and Polish companies. A comparison of activities related to the functioning of selected aspects of the HRM system provided an opportunity to exchange good practices and experiences. This paper also indicates the need to constantly monitor the entire HRM process and its individual elements in the company.

Background Ethnobotanical knowledge about the role of plants in fisheries provides valuable ecological information vital for sustainable management of local resources; however, it is diluted and understudied globally. This literature review aims to map the knowledge of plant use within traditional fishing communities. Methods Through the PRISMA method, we identified and selected 34 articles reporting the use of plants in fisheries, and including 344 taxa of plants and algae. Uses of plants and algae were grouped into different categories. In the novel categorization of fishery-related uses we proposed, the most mentioned were for fishing and building/repair of fishing artifacts and habitat-related uses, while the records of plants related to fiber uses, providing aid in fishing management and species causing problems, were among the least mentioned. Semi-structured interview is most commonly used with local resource users, especially fishery experts, in exploring perceptions on plant use within traditional fishing communities. Diversity was high in all the recorded families, but most were reported locally. Ethnobotanical studies with fishers are not common in the documented literature but they provide a large number of use reports. On the basis this review, in most of the world, the information is of a casual and sporadic nature. Fishers can provide information on aquatic plants and algae that create problems and aid in fishing management, which are crucial in understanding the ecosystem of a region experiencing environmental challenges. This knowledge is greatly understudied globally and undergoing a rapid decline, as highlighted in several of the reviewed articles. Thus, further systematic research on fishery-related uses of plants by fisherfolk is needed considering its potential contribution to the sustainable management of fishery resources.

This study discusses a final comprehensive design in revitalizing the biodiversity and animal welfare towards promoting Mini Zoo Taman Teruntum as a better zoological park in Kuantan. The zoological park can be defined as a park or institution in which living animals are kept and usually exhibited to the public that has facilities with recreational, education and conservation purpose towards wildlife protection. Due to the setting of the area which located as part of the reserve forest area, it influences the natural setting of the area as tropical rainforest. The topic for this study is to comprise all the environmental and zoological approach towards the revitalization of biodiversity and animal welfare while improving the human quality life within the zoo area. The methodology of this study involves the data collection of primary and secondary data, where the data will be analysed and its finding will be used in design development and proposal. Subsequently, with the concept of 'Wild Gems', the design strategy and ideas have been transformed into the physical form to showcase the precious and outstanding natural environment of wildlife habitat. The physical character of this study will emphasize on the space planning of the animal exhibit and public space with the systematic linkage and trail that connect one exhibit to another. While the environment context focuses on the implementation of plant selection in wildlife habitat that will give benefit towards their welfare and lifestyle. In order to cater the issues in the site, the objectives which to study the image, element, and management guidelines towards the liveability of the zoological park and to propose the best element of zoological park design that can create an interest among the public, towards animals and its surrounding has been defined. Hopefully, the findings from this project can be used not only as a design strategy and guideline but also as the reference to improving and enhancing the zoological park.

This study discusses a final comprehensive design in revitalizing the biodiversity and animal welfare towards promoting Mini Zoo Taman Teruntum as a better zoological park in Kuantan. The zoological park can be defined as a park or institution in which living animals are kept and usually exhibited to the public that has facilities with recreational, education and conservation purpose towards wildlife protection. Due to the setting of the area which located as part of the reserve forest area, it influences the natural setting of the area as tropical rainforest. The topic for this study is to comprise all the environmental and zoological approach towards the revitalization of biodiversity and animal welfare while improving the human quality life within the zoo area. The methodology of this study involves the data collection of primary and secondary data, where the data will be analysed and its finding will be used in design development and proposal. Subsequently, with the concept of ‘...

Poverty eradication as a policy issue has received significant attention since the promulgation of the South African National Development Plan (NDP). The NDP envisages that by 2030 income poverty should be eradicated. To do this government must accurately target their interventions ensuring that the intended population benefits from the actual poverty eradication intervention. With the evolution of systems and processes in the Science and Technology industry over the past two decades, the integration of GIS and MCDM techniques has achieved encouraging results within different planning domains. This research paper presents a vectorbased GIS -MCDM methodology that combines Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). This integration is facilitated through the use of loose coupling within the ArcGIS 10.2 environment. Khayelitsha, Philippi, Gugulethu, Nyanga ect. Moreover the prominence of apartheid led spatial planning and the resulting socioeconomic segregation across the City of Cape Town is still spatially evident across two decades after democracy. Thus the above map can be used by planners and decision makers to inform better decision making by ensuring that the fiscal budgets are targeted at the correct communities thus ensuring that the intended benefit population actually benefit.

Poverty eradication as a policy issue has received significant attention since the promulgation of the South African National Development Plan (NDP). The NDP envisages that by 2030 income poverty should be eradicated. To do this government must accurately target their interventions ensuring that the intended population benefits from the actual poverty eradication intervention. With the evolution of systems and processes in the Science and Technology industry over the past two decades, the integration of GIS and MCDM techniques has achieved encouraging results within different planning domains. This research paper presents a vector – based GIS – MCDM methodology that combines Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). This integration is facilitated through the use of loose coupling within the ArcGIS 10.2 environment. A case study in the City of Cape Town is used to demonstrate the use of the methodology and how...

Kwandang Waterfront City is a directive on urban development plans by Government Regency of North Gorontalo where there is a plan for coastal reclamation with beachfront conditions are dense settlements. However, it has not been stated in the Zoning Plan of Coastal Areas and Small Islands (RZWP3K) in Gorontalo Province. This paper aims to explore the feasibility of Kwandang Waterfront City development to changes in the physical condition of the aquatic environment of the North Gorontalo Regency through spatial analysis and weighting methods. The results of this paper can be taken into consideration in conducting a review of Coastal Spasial Plan, as a form of support for the Kwandang Waterfront City urban development plan. Kawasan waterfront merupakan area yang letaknya di tepi air. Kawasan yang memiliki batasan antara daerah perairan dan daratan dapat disebut sebagai kawasan Waterfront. Dalam konteks yang lebih luas, daerah perairan tersebut meliputi laut, danau maupun sungai yang merupakan wadah aktivitas penduduk sekitarnya. Menurut Conoras (2017) pada prinsipnya waterfront dikembangkan karena karakter Genius Loccinya. Setiap negara atau daerah pastinya memiliki karakter fisik maupun non fisik yang berbeda sehingga seharusnya konsep waterfront dapat memunculkan karakternya masing-masing. Pengembangan waterfront city adalah sebagai suatu proses pengelolaan yang dapat menampung kegiatan ekonomi, sosial maupun fisik lingkungan pada kawasan tepian air dimana bentuk pengembangan pembangunan wajah kota berorientasi ke arah perairan. Selama proses pengembangan konsep waterfont city, pemerintah daerah perlu mengambil peran utama selama perencanaan. Sebuah rencana yang komprehensif biasanya terdiri dari kegiatan pembangunan, yang masing-masing mungkin memiliki perkembangan dan metode perencanaan tersendiri serta dampak yang ditimbulkan (Asyah, 2020).

Kwandang Waterfront City is a directive on urban development plans by Government Regency of North Gorontalo where there is a plan for coastal reclamation with beachfront conditions are dense settlements. However, it has not been stated in the Zoning Plan of Coastal Areas and Small Islands (RZWP3K) in Gorontalo Province. This paper aims to explore the feasibility of Kwandang Waterfront City development to changes in the physical condition of the aquatic environment of the North Gorontalo Regency through spatial analysis and weighting methods. The results of this paper can be taken into consideration in conducting a review of Coastal Spasial Plan, as a form of support for the Kwandang Waterfront City urban development plan.

Данная статья имеет проблемно-постановочный характер и представляет авторское видение направлений междисциплинарного исследования проблемы формирования системы управления комплексными рисками социально-экономического развития территорий. В статье анализируется проблема системного исследования взаимосвязанности экономических, социальных, экологических, информационных, технологических и других рисков, их оценки, прогнозирования и анализа их влияния на устойчивое развитие территорий. Представлен аналитический обзор литературы, охарактеризовано современное состояние исследований по этой проблематике. Сформулированы задачи, направления и ожидаемые результаты дальнейших исследований в области количественной и качественной оценки комплексных рисков устойчивого развития территорий. Ключевые слова: комплексные риски, экономические риски, социальные риски, экологические риски, информационные риски, технологические риски, устойчивое развитие, управление рисками, системный подход, оценка и прогнозирование рисков, стратегическое планирование.

Water is a vital resource essential for both sustaining life and a healthy environment as well as being a critical hazard in the form of floods or droughts which can destroy people’s livelihoods and property. This gives rise to a multi-faceted set of concerns and issues that affect everybody. For example, when contaminated with pathogens, wastewater can carry and rapidly transmit disease. The global distribution of freshwater is uneven and the problems this creates are likely to get worse due to climate change and the uncertainties associated with changing rainfall patterns and the emergence of more extreme weather events. Water has been described as the “new oil,” with potential conflicts arising out of disputed access to scarce water resources in the rest of this century. Billions of people around the world still do not have access to adequate safe water supplies or basic sanitation facilities, so in bringing basic water services to all there is much still to be done.

Australia wide the social and economic viability of many small towns and isolated communities in rural and remote regions is threatened by the inadequacy of domestic water supplies. Often, the limited quantity of poor quality water that is available for human consumption is an environmental threat to population health. Maintaining and expanding populations is central to the development of rural and remote regions in Northern Australia. Without affordable secure and safe potable water, many existing towns will not be able to expand and the development of new settlements to support emerging regional enterprises could be seriously constrained. This paper aims to broadly dimension this area of issue and indicate a way forward to ensure that the delivery of domestic water supplies in rural and remote regions is adequate, safe for human consumption, and sustainable.

Most urban dwelling Australians take secure and safe water supplies for granted. That is, they have an adequate quantity of water at a quality that can be used by people without harm from human and animal wastes, salinity and hardness or pollutants from agriculture and manufacturing industries. Australia wide urban and peri-urban dwellers use safe water for all domestic as well as industrial purposes. However, this is not the situation remote regions in Australia where availability and poor quality water can be a development constraint. Nor is it the case in Sri Lanka where people in rural regions are struggling to obtain a secure supply of water, irrespective of it being safe because of the impact of faecal and other contaminants. The purposes of this paper are to overview: the population and environmental health challenges arising from the lack of safe water in rural and remote communities; response pathways to address water quality issues; and the status of and need for integrated catchment management (ICM) in selected remote regions of Australia and vulnerable and lagging rural regions in Sri Lanka. Conclusions are drawn that focus on the opportunity for inter-regional collaborations between Australia and Sri Lanka for the delivery of safe water through ICM.

External walls and facades of buildings are commonly exposed elements in urban built environments. These structures are also used as a means of communication by different stakeholders for cultural, religious, commercial, political, welfare and promotion of public art. It is generally considered as an illegal enterprise in many urban contexts. However, wall chalking continues to exist and expand as an alternative medium of communication. This paper questions the paradox of legal prohibition versus continued existence of wall chalking and the reasons behind its continued practice. Various forms of wall chalking are looked into, ranging from populist messages, commercial announcements and some art work. The paper probes into the various formats of this peculiar visual enterprise for examining its social, cultural and political justification or otherwise, as subscribed by the related stakeholders, within the paradigm of various types of informal practices within the city, and how these informal practices are viewed with respect to, so called 'formal' ways of doing things. Six public locations in Karachi were chosen as case study areas for in-depth appraisal into the phenomenon. Silent observations of the locations, photographic documentation of wall chalking and graffiti and in-depth interviews of identified stakeholders have been used as tools for gathering information.

Invasive alien species (IAS) rank among the most significant drivers of species extinction and ecosystem degradation, causing significant impacts on ecosystem services, human well-being and socio-economic development. Recent invasions have spread rapidly in Africa due to porous borders constraining maintenance of border biosecurity. Countries also lack adequate information about potential invasions and have limited capacity to reduce risk of invasions. Horizon scanning prioritises the risks of potential IAS through rapid assessments of likelihood of their entry and establishment and their potential socio-economic and environmental impacts. This approach was used to identify and assess risks of 120 potential IAS (70 arthropods, 41 pathogens and 9 nematodes) to Kenya. The likely pathway of arrival for assessed species was mainly as contaminants of commodities, but some could most likely enter as stowaways. All species were scored for likelihood of entry, likelihood of establishment, p...

Protected areas are under increasing threat from a range of external and internal pressures on biodiversity. With a primary mandate being the conservation of biodiversity, monitoring is an essential component of measuring the performance of protected areas. Here we present a framework for guiding the structure and development of a Biodiversity Monitoring System (BMS) for South African National Parks (SANParks). Monitoring activities in the organisation are currently unevenly distributed across parks, taxa and key concerns: they do not address the full array of biodiversity objectives, and have largely evolved in the absence of a coherent, overarching framework. The requirement for biodiversity monitoring in national parks is clearly specified in national legislation and international policy, as well as by SANParks’ own adaptive management philosophy. Several approaches available for categorising the multitude of monitoring requirements were considered in the development of the BMS, ...

If environmental assessment is to more effectively assist in the move towards sustainability goals, deeper consideration of substantive, value-based questions associated with this field is required. Such questions relate, for example, to the way in which we conceive of and value the environment, the various stakeholder perceptions of development and the types of knowledge most appropriate to the environmental assessment endeavour. These issues are explored in this paper, which is based on the Applied Integrative Sustainability Guide (2010) produced by the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) in South Africa. In so doing, the authors draw on the work of leading thinkers in the fields of complexity theory, environmental ethics, development economics and planning.

Amtali is a vulnerable coastal Upazila in the Barguna district of Bangladesh. It is more vulnerable to cyclone disasters. The devastating cyclone is frequently a phenomenon here. Cyclone shelter is a structural measure to decrease cyclone vulnerabilities. The main purpose of this study is to identify facilities and problems of the cyclone shelter from the people's perceptions of the study space. To accomplish the aim, a semi-structured, household questionnaire (100 individual responses) survey is used. Besides ten key informer interviews are also used to authenticate the collected information. The key findings of these lessons are insufficient shelter facilities (65% opined), unhealthy sanitation, scarcity of safe drinking water, inadequate medical facilities, limited or almost no facilities for women, especially for pregnant women. Overall facilities are not enough for the public. Perception shows that women are more vulnerable due to improper management of shelter including harassment. Many types of limitations are found in the shelters. For those reasons, individuals don't seem to be interested to travel to cyclone shelters. Proper early warning as well as informat on dissemination systems are not well developed and not properly working in due times. About 70% of respondent's viewed that the supervision method of cyclone shelters is unhealthy, unhygienic, and unsatisfactory levels. For enhancing people's encouragement and participation to go to cyclone shelters, healthy sanitation, safe beverage provides, proper medical facilities, separate rooms, and bogs for women must be needed to build the community more resilient. Sufficient and frequent training on cyclone shelter usability and management, communities early warning understanding and reception, awareness-raising programs, and proper information on disaster management should be strengthened for enhancing community resiliency to cyclonic disasters.

A comprehensive, multi-stakeholder plan to prevent negative impacts from lost crab pots in Puget Sound. The plan was developed by the Northwest Striats Foundation and was designed to be implemented in three years (2016-2019) and then updated. Stakeholders involved in the planning include state and Tribal fisheries managers, recreational fishers, vessel traffic interests, NGOs, NOAA, fisheries consultants, and county-based Marine Resources Committees. The plan includes regulatory actions, communications actions, and prevention actions.

Emergency preparedness is essential for ensuring the safety and protection of the population in the event of a disaster. To develop effective emergency plans, it is imperative to prepare and assess appropriate response scenarios. An event (an accident or a climatic event) that occurred on a primary road artery could lead to partial or total closure of the artery to vehicular tra c for several hours or days, with negative consequences for vehicular circulation along the transport network including the structure itself. Therefore, in addition to reestablishing the functionality of the affected arterial road, reestablishing the functionality of the affected arterial road is highly important for determining possible alternative routes capable of providing an adaptive response to disruption. The aim of this paper is to improve the resilience of road infrastructures and to ensure reliable network availability under adverse conditions, such as extreme weather. The results of a study carried out in the city of Palermo to develop emergency response scenarios for heavy rainfall are presented. A dynamic microsimulation model was developed and implemented using Dynasim to model the main tra c corridors in the at-risk area. The impact of different emergency management strategies on mobility in response to natural disasters was assessed. The results can guide local public safety agencies in implementing effective tra c management strategies in the event of an actual emergency.

Transportation systems play a major role in tourism industry and its development. So tourism cannot be discussed without transportation. To understand the complexity and relationship which exist between tourism and transport, you need to build a framework which can synthesize the different factors and processes affecting the organization, operation and management of activities, associated with tourist. The objective for such a framework would be to understand how tourists interact with transport and what factors and processes are involved in such interaction. A tourist always thinks of safe, comfortable and attractive mode of transport. Road transport is most popular and easily accessed transportation system for short and medium distances. In road transport system, tourists spend a major part of their time within transport vehicles, therefore the environment and roadside scenes should be attractive to their. It is widely acknowledged that landscape features can play a major role in ...

This paper examines the introduction of piped water during the colonial period and how people resisted it. Water is an important basic necessity of life that is crucial to any society's socioeconomic development. Adequate provision of water serves as a basic prerequisite for industrial development. Some of the major sources of water included wells, dams, rainfall/rainwater, and rivers. In addition to the private wells inside the houses, some popular public wells were located in various parts of the city. This paper is using extant literature and oral information to explore the history of the transformation of water supply in Kano. Findings of the study highlight that water supplied had contributed to the economic and social development of Kano. Some of the major impact of the piped water supply include industrialization and urbanization, reducing the prevalence of water-borne diseases, and provision of employment.

Utomhuslek har visat sig vara viktig för barns utveckling. Men då städerna förtätas återstår allt färre allmänna platser där barn kan vistas på sina egna villkor. Därmed ställs högre krav på skol- och förskolegårdar att fylla barns behov. För att möta nya krav och omständigheter lanserade Boverket år 2015 ett allmänt råd som ska specificera de lagkrav som ställs på kvalitet i utemiljön kring skola och förskola. Även en vägledning publicerades som ska tjäna till kunskap och inspiration kring hur barns utemiljöer kan planeras, utformas, skötas och förvaltas. Dessa åtgärder blev startskottet för flera svenska kommuner att bearbeta nationella mål och riktlinjer till lokala förutsättningar. Detta examensarbete inom landskapsarkitektur har tagit avstamp i det arbete som sker i projektet Hållbara Utemiljöer som bedrivs i Nacka kommun utanför Stockholm. En av målsättningarna i projektet Hållbara Utemiljöer är att utveckla ett lokalt anpassat planeringsverktyg. Denna fråga undersöks i examen...

The Internet has increasingly become a critical part in digital era, the Internet has changed how we interact through social media, access information and public services, and navigate spatially. This article argues that adopting a Smart City concept to meet the needs of urban residents should be done in a careful and sustainable manner. Using the city of Malang in the East Java Province as a case study, the research employees a spatial of SWOT analysis, Pentagon Assets Analysis, and 3D IPA. The results showed a disparity of Internet access amongst Malang City residents. The Pentagon Assets results identified that the residents' social and financial capital is still conventionally trying to fulfill their basic needs. Likewise, the spatial SWOT analysis showed that the Internet coverage area was still constrained by the infrastructure network and basic urban infrastructure. This was also supported by the results of the 3D IPA analysis, which showed that most residents have not received good and proper internet network services. The paper offers several public policy implications in the context of the Smart City development. It concluded that policymakers should consider several aspects such as fulfilling basic urban services, increasing community capacity, or fulfilling Smart City development.

Background: Lugalo Military Hospital is a government hospital owned by the Ministry of Defense and National Service. This facility in Dar es Salaam Tanzania, started offering Orthodontic treatment in 2013. Little is known on the sociodemographic characteristics of the patients attended by an Orthodontist in this hospital. The prospective study was conducted to assess sociodemographic characteristics of orthodontic patients in association with diagnosis, adherence, and duration of treatment. Methods: Seventy nine (79) orthodontic patients (44 females, 35 males), aged 7-42 years, were followed for treatment in a single stage with fixed appliances from November 2015 to December 2019. Sociodemographic data (age, sex, level of education) was collected from the treatment records. Analysis was conducted in association with diagnosis, type of orthodontic treatment, duration, and adherence. Results: About 73% of all patients attended were orthodontic class I, median age for class I,II, III, were 14,15,and 13.5 years respectively. About 56% were females with median age of 14 years. Majority of patients (44%) had secondary education. About 67% of all the patients had poor adherence to treatment, among them 51% were males. Among all patients with good adherence, 50% had secondary level of education. Age groups of 11-14 and 15-19 years had majority of patients who completed treatment each had 8 patients equivalent to 38.1% respectively. Among all completed treatment 57.1% were females and secondary education level 47.6% was high among all patients who completed treatment. Treatment duration ranged from 3-43 months, the median duration of treatment was 14 months, ranged from 14 in class I to 23 in class II orthodontic patients. The study showed the variations in the sociodemographic characteristics among patients helps in the planning of orthodontic services. However, some factors associated with poor utilization of orthodontic services could not be ascertained hence need future study.

Watershed management is considered as a way for sustainable rural development and thus impact evaluation is a must. The common approach of postclassification comparison of pre-and post-implementation satellite imageries for watershed impact evaluation suffers from serious limitations, mainly ignoring the changes which are not due to watershed interventions. To minimize such biases, control area approach is proposed and relative change in watershed compared to control area is attributed to watershed management. The studied four clusters of watershed in Vidarbha region, Maharashtra show that the effect of the watershed could stand out irrespective of pre-and post-implementation conditions of satellite imageries.

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Environment Programme (UN Environment) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Moreover, the views expressed do not necessarily represent the decision or the stated policy of the UN Environment, nor does citing of trade names or commercial processes constitute endorsement.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

The implementation of green infrastructure (GI) in Indonesia  accelerated by public awareness of the importance of conservation of natural resources and ecosystems. One of the Indonesian government’s efforts to apply the principles of GI in urban areas in a structured and massive manner is through the Green City Development Program (P2KH) Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing (PUPR). The approach taken is Green Planning and Design, Green Open Space, Green Energy, Green Water, Green Waste, Green Building, Green Transportation, Green Community. The city that is the case study for discussion is Jakarta. Jakarta Smart City, Green Buildings, Urban Agriculture, and Child Friendly Integrated Public Space (RPTRA) are programs that successfully implemented. The implementation GI program easily accepted if based on the community.

COVID-19 pandemic has had huge impacts on multiple industries and sectors, not just ecotourism and wildlife protection in Morocco. Ecological health and wildlife are a critical resource for the country’s tourism sector recovery. Conservation is considered as one of the industries that are hit hard by the COVID-19 pandemic. Many of the threats facing biodiversity and protected areas have been exacerbated during and following, the outbreak with practices such as poaching, wildlife trafficking, and forest logging activities resumed due to the country lockdown and ecotourism collapse. Conservationists should take emergency actions in the short-term to help rural communities and grassroots organizations and review waysto achieve conservation and sustainability goals in the post-pandemic era.

The Pulo Brayan City urban area is an urban area that has a strategic location because it is in the middle of the city of Medan. However, the village still has flood-prone areas due to the lack of proper drainage and settlements that have poor sanitation and stunting problems. The purpose of this assisted village activity is to increase the capacity of the community and health workers towards SMART (Healthy, Independent, Safe, Religious and Resilient) villages in Pulo Brayan urban village. The methods used are community development, FGD, advocacy, community empowerment, and community organizing. The results of this activity were the drafting of the strategic plan of the Public Health Center, the formation of "Gemilang" environmental cadres, the KSM organization group for latrines, the improvement of the skills of Posyandu cadres in measuring the height of children under five, and cultivating catfish and growing vegetables vertically. Activities in traditional markets increase the movement for the development of the "SERASI" culture at the Pulo Brayan Traditional Market and increase the community's ability to implement 3R waste processing in watersheds. The outputs generated from all activities are published in online mass media and youtube in the official FKM and draft journals.