History of Church Music

The singular character of this collective volume consists in the fact that it brings together articles dealing with liturgical music in almost all the autocephalous Orthodox Churches. By gathering numerous studies on music in Orthodoxy within a single and accessible volume, this collective endeavour serves as a testimony to Orthodoxy’s ability to unite its many voices in a single harmonious chant. Music unites and brings people together. Offering an in-depth overview of the diversity, beauty and creativity of Orthodox liturgical chanting, this book testifies to the importance and vitality of this field of study and contributes to its continued enrichment, while promoting collaboration and the exchange of ideas within the Orthodox academic and musical communities. Readers will discern through this volume the inherent universality of Orthodoxy and, notably, recognize that music extends an invitation to dialogue, even amidst differences in language, cultural specificities, and historical trajectories. Readers will also gain significant insights into the history of each Orthodox Church over the last two centuries, and the concerted efforts required to adapt the human expression of the Christian faith to the specificities and musicality of each language.

Music is essential in transmitting the gospel across cultures and throughout history because it transcends language barriers, resonating with the human spirit on a profound level. From the early days of missionary activity to the present, music has been a powerful tool for conveying the Gospel of Jesus Christ and fostering a sense of community and shared identity among believers. In Zambia, a country with a rich and diverse musical tradition, music has been a critical element in the spread of Christianity and evangelism. The rhythmic heartbeat of evangelism in Zambia is deeply intertwined with the sounds of gospel music, which has become integral to religious gatherings, ceremonies, and celebrations.
Despite the widespread use of music in evangelism in Zambia, little research has been done on music’s role in transmitting the gospel message. While there is circumstantial evidence that music plays an essential role in attracting and retaining followers, a more systematic investigation is needed to determine how and why music is effective in evangelism. This study aims to fill this gap by examining music’s role in transmitting the Gospel in Zambia, specifically looking at how music is used, what types of music are most effective, and why music is effective in evangelism. By understanding the role of music in evangelism, this study will contribute to developing more effective evangelistic strategies in Zambia and beyond.

A keresztnév helye üresen maradt. F o r r á sk ö z l é s A c t a p a p e n s i a x x i (2 02 1) 1-2. s z á m 24. 1752 Catalogus Helveticae confessioni addictorum nobilium et ignobilium Papensium Egregii et nobiles Domina comitissa de Castiglion natu Susanna Szondi cum sua familia

In Search of an identity doctoral education as a stable and established activity at the Sibelius Academy and elsewhere. The Academy of Finland has also been a supportive friend. After contact was established as described above we were seen as one possible agent in the field of research. The idea of interaction between research and art was adopted exceptionally smoothly and with positive interest. The Academy of Finland was willing to initiate a project based on the very idea of interaction between research and art. The plan was that it would finance the research part while the artistic activity would be funded by The Arts Promotion Centre Finland (both under the auspices of the Ministry of Education and Culture). The project was carried out successfully, and so a second round was organized. Accordingly, this form of financing interactions between art and research continued for several years. Interactions between art and research were initiated in many ways among several persons and as projects of individual artists with the capacity to engage in both activities. Since then, the Academy of Finland has financed several projects carried out at the Sibelius Academy. The institutionalization of doctoral education was also furthered when DocMus was twice designated a Centre of Excellence in Education (in 1999 and 2000) in a national competition organized by the Finnish Higher Education Evaluation Council. The documentation introducing our activities at the time reveals that we had two full professors, one docent, two teaching assistants, one education coordinator, 1.5 postdoc researchers, many VEST scholars, and other full-and part-time students as well as scholarship holders. There were also 30 part-time teachers and a laboratory engineer undergoing his non-military service. The part-time teachers represented, in addition to the Sibelius Academy, the Theatre Academy,

Cover of the new book "Sv. Ioan Kukuzel: Personality, Work, Epoch" for the celebration of the 740th birthday of St John Koukouzelis, born at the Albanian seaport Durrës, one of the most famous musicians of Constantinople at the Court and at the Patriarchate, anachoret and hesychast at the Great Lavra of Holy Mount Athos.

Content:
His Holiness Neophit, Patriarch of Bulgaria and Metropolitan of Sofia. The
Orthodox Liturgical Singing Tradition / 13
Svetlana Kujumdzieva. Introduction / 19
PERSONALITY / 25
Svetlana Kujumdzieva. St. John Koukouzeles – Musical-liturgical Innovations / 43
Lyubomir Ignatov. St. John Koukouzeles – a Measure of Singing Mastery in Eastern
Orthodox Church Music / 77
Stefka Venkova. St. John Koukouzeles in the Editions of the Bulgarian Musical Union:
Data and Interpretations / 91
Tatyana Ilieva. St. John Koukouzeles’ Character According to Dobri Nemirov’s
Historical Novel “The Angel-Voiced” / 122
WORK / 123
Maria Alexandru. Towards a Corpus of the Kalophonic Mathemata by St. John
Koukouzeles / 164
Klara Mechkova. Koukouzeles’ Wheel in the Light of Hesychast Theology / 176
Emmanouil Giannopoulos. Koukouzeles’ Heritage according to the Cretan Psaltic
Tradition of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries / 183
Stefan Harkov. Koukouzelian Heritage among the Bulgarians in the Middle of the 19th
Century: Reconsideration of Some Lesser-Known Sources / 206
Nikola Antonov. The New Method Version of “Mega ison” by St. John Kukuzeleles or
about the Continuity of Tradition under the Aspect of the Tone System / 223
Andrey Kasabov. Musical Creativity of Saint John Koukouzeles in the Bulgarian
Printed Church-Singing Collections from the Middle of 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. Ἄνωθεν ο ἱ προφῆται in ἦχος βαρύς / 237
EPOCH / 239
Iskra Hristova-Shomova. The Ochrid Menaion Between the Old Recension and the
Norms of the Jerusalem Typikon / 263
Oliver Gerlach. The Generation around John Koukouzeles and the Re-Definition of the
Constantinopolitan Tradition by the “Koukouzelian” Reform / 294

Addenda to the Interpretation of Gregory of Nyssa’s Christological Teaching
The present study sets out to clarify a few interesting points regarding Gregory of Nyssa’s Christological concept. As it appears from his anti-Apollinarian polemic, Gregory was not only an adept of a Christology of two natures, but also defended the existence of two wills in Christ. Instead of arguing for a communication of properties between the two natures of Christ in a later mediaeval sense, he mostly spoke of a communication of names and titles, yet recognising at the same time that the Lord had indeed made the sufferings of the assumed manhood his own (οἰκειοῦται) and accepted a real and close communion (κοινωνία) with it. The Virgin Mary’s title of God-bearer was also used by Gregory, of course, also in a Christological sense.
Keywords: Gregory of Nyssa, Cappadocian Fathers, Christology, two wills in Christ, communicatio idiomatum, Mary as God-bearer.

Ibas of Edessa’s Letter to Maris: Two Condemnations and Two Acquittals for the Same Epistle.
This study provides the first Hungarian translation of Ibas’ famous letter to the Persian Maris concerning the christological and church-political debates of the Nestorian controversy, the Council of Ephesus of 431 as well as the signing of the Formula of Reunion in 433 with a biographical and theological introduction. As the evidence shows, Ibas, the leader of the famous school of Edessa accepted the christological statements of the Antiochene tradition and interpreted the Formula accordingly. His dissensions with Rabbula, whom he succeeded as bishop in Edessa, are present in this letter, which is very significant also as a historical and doctrinal document. The author was condemned twice for ‘Nestorianism’ (in 449 by the Latrocinium and in 553 by the so-called fifth ecumenical council held in Constantinople) and at least twice exonerated (in 449 by the local council of Berytus and in 451 by the fourth ecumenical council held in Chalcedon) based on this very same epistle. The translation of the text is accompanied by notes explaining the key points of divergence between Alexandrian and Antiochene theological positions as well as throwing light upon various events of ecclesiastical history which lay behind or influenced the composition.
Keywords: Ibas of Edessa, Christology, Theodore of Mopsuestia, Cyril of Alexandria, Rabbula of Edessa, Council of Ephesus (431), school of Edessa, Monophysitism, Latrocinium, Council of Chalcedon, Three Chapters.

Masalah terpanas gereja Kristen yang dihadapi saat ini adalah masalah
musik gereja dan gaya ibadah. Banyak gereja telah terpecah atas masalah ini. Beberapa orang Kristen menganggap yang alirannya lebih tua, sementara mereka menganggap musik baru dekat dengan usaha penghujatan.
Sebaliknya, orang-orang Kristen lainnya melihat musik yang lebih tua menjadi usang, kering, dan mati, sementara
mendekati musik baru seolah-olah itu adalah Firman Tuhan itu sendiri. Dengan isu sensitif seperti itu, ada
banyak argumen yang diangkat dari kedua sisi masalah ini. Banyak argumen ini didasarkan pada
masalah preferensi, dan tidak menjelaskan dasar argumen sejak awal. Akibatnya, terjadi perpecahan, sehingga kesatuan sejati dalam iman tidak mungkin didirikan.
Untuk memahami dinamika musik Kristen, sebuah studi singkat tentang sejarah musik gereja akan cukup membantu. Sepanjang sejarah gereja, telah terjadi berbagai peristiwa, hingga membentuk jemaat seperti yang ada sekarang ini.
Oleh karena itu, gambaran sepintas dari filosofi di balik musik gereja menjadi tema dasar paper ini.

The Hymn to Christ the Saviour written by Clement of Alexandria is the first Christian hymn written in Hellenic style, influenced by Greek lyrical poetry. In spite of this, few people studied this work attributed to Clement.
Filling this gap would be the aim of our study. In the first part we try to find out the place it occupied in the service of ancient Christians. After that we examinate the metrics of the hymn – attempting to find out which of the branches of Greek lyrical poetry it belongs to. This is followed by the hymn’s exegesis. In the second part we try to trace down the melody of the poem as well as the manner in which it could have been interpreted.
Keywords: Clement of Alexandria, Hymn to Christ the Saviour, anapaest, hymn, Mesomodes of Crete, Hymn to the Sun, Paedagogus, Stromata, ancient christian worship, ancient greek music, Alexandria.

О ПОНЯТИЯХ ГЛАСА И ОСМОГЛАСИЯ Понятие «один из восьми гласов» давно уже стало чем-то не вполне ясным для певчих (за исключением тех, кто разбирается в знаменном распеве). Попробуем разобраться с этим понятием на примере осмогласия в современной византийской церковной музыке, которая является непосредственной преемницей певческих традиций, восходящих, как минимум, к V веку.