Language Behaviour

Zugehörigkeit, Heimat, Identität ̶ diese Aspekte scheinen untrennbar mit Sprache und Kultur verknüpft zu sein. Doch dass eine solche Zuordnung nicht immer so eindeutig und vor allem leicht zu treffen ist, zeigt sich am Beispiel von Südtirol. Hier treffen mit Deutsch und Italienisch zwei solchermaßen unterschiedliche Sprach-und Kulturgruppen aufeinander, dass Spannungen meist unvermeidbar waren und immer noch sind. Insbesondere die historische Entwicklung in diesem Teil Italiens, dessen Zugehörigkeit stets konfliktgeladen war, beeinflusst bis heute die Situation der heterogenen Region. Mich hat es von Anfang an gestört und es stört mich heute noch, dass man eine Sprachgruppe auswählen muss. Ich bin einfach bilingual und fühle mich zu keiner der Sprachgruppen eher zugehörig als zur anderen.

This article aims to demonstrate the possibility of a stepwise procedure for metaphor identification. It is situated against the background of a more encompassing and complete five-step procedure for deriving conceptual metaphorical mappings from linguistic metaphors. The mainly cognitive linguistic assumptions of this overall approach are explicated first, with an emphasis on the purpose of identifying metaphor in language rather than in language behaviour. The compatibility between this cognitive-linguistic and a more generally cognitive psychological approach to metaphor is guaranteed by then introducing the notion of metaphorical propositions as the bridge between linguistic metaphors and metaphorical mappings. Moreover, reliability is hopefully increased by adopting the strategy of beginning with clear cases, which means that the initial focus is on all nominal, verbal, adjectival and adverbial concepts. As a result of this, a minimal procedure for finding metaphorically used w...

This article aims to demonstrate the possibility of a stepwise procedure for metaphor identification. It is situated against the background of a more encompassing and complete five-step procedure for deriving conceptual metaphorical mappings from linguistic metaphors. The mainly cognitive linguistic assumptions of this overall approach are explicated first, with an emphasis on the purpose of identifying metaphor in language rather than in language behaviour. The compatibility between this cognitive-linguistic and a more generally cognitive psychological approach to metaphor is guaranteed by then introducing the notion of metaphorical propositions as the bridge between linguistic metaphors and metaphorical mappings. Moreover, reliability is hopefully increased by adopting the strategy of beginning with clear cases, which means that the initial focus is on all nominal, verbal, adjectival and adverbial concepts. As a result of this, a minimal procedure for finding metaphorically used w...

Vaiko gebėjimas ankstyvajame amžiuje pakartoti naują, pirmą kartą išgirstą daugiaskiemenį žodį rodo gebėjimą išmokti naujų žodžių ir plėsti žodyną: prastas netikro žodžio pakartojimas gali reikšti, kad vaikui sunku įsiminti ir išmokti naujų žodžių. Vaikai kartoti pradeda anksti: pirmaisiais metais kūdikiai spontaniškai bando kartoti aplinkoje girdimus garsus, nuo antrųjų – garsų samplaikas, lengvesnės struktūros žodžius. Vaiko gebėjimas ankstyvajame amžiuje pakartoti naują, pirmą kartą išgirstą daugiaskiemenį žodį rodo gebėjimą išmokti naujų žodžių ir plėsti žodyną: prastas netikro žodžio pakartojimas gali reikšti, kad vaikui sunku įsiminti ir išmokti naujų žodžiųLituanistikos katedraVytauto Didžiojo universiteta

Vaiko gebėjimas ankstyvajame amžiuje pakartoti naują, pirmą kartą išgirstą daugiaskiemenį žodį rodo gebėjimą išmokti naujų žodžių ir plėsti žodyną: prastas netikro žodžio pakartojimas gali reikšti, kad vaikui sunku įsiminti ir išmokti naujų žodžių. Vaikai kartoti pradeda anksti: pirmaisiais metais kūdikiai spontaniškai bando kartoti aplinkoje girdimus garsus, nuo antrųjų – garsų samplaikas, lengvesnės struktūros žodžius. Vaiko gebėjimas ankstyvajame amžiuje pakartoti naują, pirmą kartą išgirstą daugiaskiemenį žodį rodo gebėjimą išmokti naujų žodžių ir plėsti žodyną: prastas netikro žodžio pakartojimas gali reikšti, kad vaikui sunku įsiminti ir išmokti naujų žodžiųLituanistikos katedraVytauto Didžiojo universiteta

The present study shows the nephroprotective activity of methanolic extracts of Vitex negundo linn bark (VBE) against chemical induced kidney damage. Kidney damage was induced by single oral administration of 750 mg/kg of paracetamol in male wistar rats (150-200) on the 14 th day. Kidney damage was studied by assessing the biochemical parameters such as serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), alkaline phosphatase (ALT), Bilirubin, total protein and enzymatic antioxidants which includes SOD, CAT, GSSH, GPx, PX, and non- enzymatic antioxidants, such as GSH. The methanolic extracts of Vitex negundo linn bark (200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg) were orally administered to the animals once daily for 14th days. The methanolic extracts of Vitex negundo linn bark (200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg) results in a significant reduction on biochemical parameters as well as enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants when compared to the paracetamol induced kidney toxi...

La diaspora lituana consiste dalle persone che sono emigrati nei vari momenti della storia per diversi motivi e i loro discendenti che vivono nei diversi paesi e continenti. Considerando la popolazione della Lituania che negli ultimi anni è scesa sotto i 3 milioni di persone, è notevole che la diaspora ammonta a più di un milione e i lituani vivono nei diversi continenti: Europa, Nord e Sud America, Australia. Si possono distinguere tre maggiori ondate di emigrazione che sono diverse non solo per il periodo storico ma anche per i motivi dell’emigrazione. La prima ondata dalla fine del XIX sec. fino alla seconda guerra mondiale è stata di carattere piuttosto economico. La seconda ondata durante o subito dopo la guerra è stata politica, in realtà le persone che hanno dovuto lasciare la Lituania in quel periodo si considerano finora rifugiati di guerra. La terza ondata è cominciata dopo l’Indipendenza della Lituania e l’apertura dei confini del blocco sovietico e continua fino ad oggi. Anche questa terza ondata è principalmente di carattere economico.
I dati presentati provengono da due grandi progetti di ricerca e sono sia quantitativi (sondaggi su vasta scala, un totale di 2610) sia qualitativi (interviste approfondite, condotte dal vivo o via Skype). L’analisi degli atteggiamenti linguistici dimostra che nell’interrelazione dei componenti cognitivo, affettivo e comportamentale delle attitudini, quello affettivo è molto forte nella diaspora lituana ed è quello che ha il maggiore effetto sul comportamento, ovvero l’uso della lingua. Il lituano viene considerato naturalmente come lingua del pensiero, del linguaggio interiore dagli emigrati della prima generazione, però come la lingua più cara anche da parte degli emigrati delle susseguenti generazioni che provano piacere ad ascoltarla e a parlarla. Ed è questo componente affettivo che ha spinto gli emigrati a cercare o a costruire delle comunità locali non solo per poter mantenere i contatti con i compaesani ma anche creare degli ambienti lituani per favorire l’apprendimento linguistico del lituano per i loro figli.

Aim: To evaluate quality of life of autistic children and their families and compare it with quality of life of healthy children and their families. Objects: 1. To evaluate quality of life of personal spheres of autistic and healthy children. 2. To evaluate quality of life of interpersonal spheres of autistic and healthy children. 3. To determine quality of life of external sphere of autistic and healthy children. Methods: The paper used the following methods: scientific publications, chosen theme analysis and systematization of qualitative and quantitative research methods: interviews (n = 3) and a questionnaire of families, mathematical -statistical analysis of data. The quantitative study was made of two groups: target -families with children with autistic disorder (n = 72) and control -whole families with children (n = 142). Children with the disorder and healthy children in families interviewed in the same educational institutions.

A l'hora d'assajar de trobar concepcions dels processos de normalització lingüística que ens puguin resultar el màxim d'aclaridores i útils per guiar la nostra intervenció sobre la realitat, he anat trobant més i més il·luminant pensar aquest tipus de fenòmens com a processos de canvi de comportaments. Des d'aquesta perspectiva -que implica alhora canvi i persistència-crec que s'afavoreix en alt grau la comprensió d'aquests tipus d'esdeveniments i una correcta orientació en la imaginació de les accions pertinents. Fixem-nos, per exemple, que no és el mateix començar un procés totalment de zero, de nou, que transformar allò que la gent està plenament acostu-..... -macla a fer quotidianament. En el primer cas les definicions de la situació i les normes de comportament poden fixar-se -en un esquema teòric-amb més llibertat, sense trobar-se amb els problemes d'hàbit, de percepcions consolidades, etc., que ens poden sorgir en el cas d'haver de canviar comportaments funcionals i llargament establerts d'un col·lectiu humà. Ja veurem més endavant com des d'aquest enfocament s'expliquen moltes coses aparentment fosques de l'actual procés de normalització del català.

Human societies contain elements which favor persistence in cultural and linguistic behavior - especially intra-generationally- and elements which favor change -more likely to evolve inter-generationally. Which elements help us to understand the dynamics of processes and to carry out sociolinguistic planning in order to ensure, for example, maximum use of a language in recession both in institutionalized and individualized communications? At least three important, complementary aspects should be considered. here: persistence, resistance and change itself. Human behavior shows a tendency towards functional persistence. The subconscious is responsible for a large part of human behavior, and so once a certain behavior has shown its efficiency and functionality in everyday life it becomes routine and occurs without the subject being aware of it, until a new behavior becomes the norm. Many norms in language behavior have this characteristic, which may explain the sociological observation that many types of behavior persist even though the conditions which led to such behavior disappear. The concept which perhaps most adequately explains this phenomenon is that of habitus, from Pierre Bourdieu.