Language Choice

This paper investigates the transformative power of language as a means of resistance and identity reconstruction in Hans Dei Don Breik: Poems in Cameroon Pidgincreole. It posits that the evolution of language-shaped by cultural negotiations-gives rise to diverse languages defined here as "everyday parlance." The theoretical framework is provides insight into how Caribbean Creole evolves as expressions of cultural identity, enabling subaltern voices to articulate their experiences and realities. Through a close textual Pidgincreole, the paper discusses the interplay between standard languages and submerged languages and how linguistic adaptability empowers the subaltern to negotiate authenticity in a landscape dominated by colonial languages. The findings reveal that the use of flexible linguistic codes not only facilitates communication among diverse groups but also serves as a powerful tool for empowerment, thereby asserting identity and belonging. The research highlights how everyday parlance acts as a vehicle for collective identity formation, enabling marginalized voices to challenge dominant narratives and assert their place within a complex socio-cultural tapestry.

Even in comparison to the extensive multilingualism on the African continent, the linguistic ecology of Cameroon is special. In addition to a vast diversity of indigenous languages, it has two official languages, English and French, the lingua franca Cameroon Pidgin English (CPE), and the emerging urban code Camfranglais, all of which compete for domains and usage. To better understand the dynamics at work in Cameroon, this chapter presents a summary of existing literature on the unique linguistic situation of this Central African state, combining the findings of recent studies to form a tentative overview of its multilingual ecology. A special focus lies on the varieties of English used and their relationship with local languages, CPE, and French, thus presenting a holistic view of what position English takes in Cameroon today. While being a minority language in terms of speaker numbers, English becomes more important as the language of globalization, as even francophone parents seek English-medium instruction for their children. Reflecting the ongoing, in many cases hostile debate on the use of the two official languages as well as the promotion of national languages, results from empirical studies about language attitudes of francophone and anglophone Cameroonians are discussed. The author adds findings from her research on francophone adolescents in Yaoundé, which seem to herald a more conciliatory point of view.

Cameroon is widely known as one of Africa's foremost football countries. However, a sad incident it suffered two decades ago still haunts the  memory of its citizens today. On 26 June 2003, one of the star players of the national football team, the Indomitable Lions,  in the person of Marc Vivien Foe collapsed on the pitch while the Cameroonian squad was playing a FIFA match with Columbia in France. He died shortly after. The paper that follows is one I  broadcast  on the Cameroon national radio station, CRTV, on 8 July 2003, a day after his burial in Yaounde, the national capital of Cameroon.

Cameroon’s international ace footballer, Marc Vivien Foe,  died on the football pitch in Lyon (France) while palying for his country in a match with Columbia. This was a FIFA Confederation’s Cup Semi-finals. He collapsed and died after being transported to a hospital. This happed on 26 June 2003. The paper that follows is one I broadcast  on the national and world news on the Cameroon National Radio Station, CRTV, on 8th July 2003, a day after he was buried in the country.

Despite the fact that it is natural for bilinguals to use all of their linguistic resources across diverse settings in a variety of ways, negative perceptions of language alternation have promoted the popular misconception that code-switching and language alternation are characteristics of bilinguals who are incapable of speaking one language well and, thereby, must resort to some deviant form of mixed language use . This deficit perspective on bilingual language alternation proliferates within and outside the United States. For instance, up until recently, the Royal Academy of the Spanish Language defined "espanglish" as "a form of speech used by some Hispanic groups in the United States, in which they mix deformed elements of vocabulary and grammar from both Spanish and English" (Real Academia Española, emphasis added). Still, adverse popular misperceptions of language alternation and code-switching impact speakers in unfortunate concrete ways, including prejudice towards bilingual speakers and language policies attempting to regiment the separation of languages in the classroom. In spite of the deficit discourses surrounding code-switching and language choice, research has not found any empirical evidence for these claims. Quite to the contrary, research over the years has proven that code-switching is actually a highly developed linguistic skill of highly proficient adult bilinguals, characterized by shared rules of appropriateness, permeable grammatical switch points, and strategic uses in conversation (Lipski

in specific cultures, there is a sporadic but significant use of Pidgin English for different purposes. Through Giles' Accommodation Theory (developed in the 60s and 70s and used to demonstrate how interactants change their socio-cultural and linguistic behaviors so as to accommodate others), this study probes the use of Pidgin English in ACL and explores the different ends to the use of the language. The choice of the approach is explained by the fact that it accounts for the way writers are informed of and show sensitivity to societal events which tend to shape their different imaginative experiences. According to this approach, literary writers' productions tend to reflect the different socio-cultural and linguistic experiences of the people in their different speech communities, and this through authorial mouthpieces (characters and dramatis personae's views). This study explores the use of the language in the literary productions of Cameroonian writers of English expression with the aim of determining the effect to which the code is used here, the users and uses of language in selected texts of prominent writers such as Alobwede d'Epie, Bate Besong, John Nkemngong Nkengasong, Bole Butake, Anne Tanyi Tang, John Menget and Kenjo Jumbam. Commitment and protest in this study are related to immediate reactions to societal problems (social, cultural, political, religious, economic, psychological, etc.) with the aim of creating awareness and requesting permanent or temporal solutions to existing problems. This view corroborates Ambanasom who asserts that committed writers "write sensitively, showing great concern for the lot of suffering humanity, people who write with the intention of improving the human condition, of contributing towards the general welfare of the greatest majority" (2003 86). In such cases, the writers "would be seen, in the final analysis, to be advocating a certain line of behavior, to be propounding a certain ideology" (ibid.) often meant to provoke protest as the parties concerned take up different responsibilities towards positive change. Alienation is essentially a polysemous and ambiguous entity often used in several disciplines to describe different physical, religious, spiritual, psychological, political, social, or economic behaviors. It has generally to do with not belonging, side-lining, strangeness, distancing, relegation, unrecognition, disdain and scorn. As a matter of fact, it has negative attributes and submits to societal ills, either accidentally or by design. Linguistic alienation as used in this study is akin to loss of linguistic rights, specifically in relation to the use of Pidgin English in plurilingual Cameroon where its use has been relegated to the background and is often considered as a threat as it is affiliated to users with a "particular" status (low). In fact, attitudes towards the use and Joseph NKWAIN -51 Beasts of no Nation, the situation of corruption, embezzlement and bribery is exposed in another inspiring song: Masked night-soil-men accompanied by Blindman and Cripple appear from the left-wing of the stage and sing. Solo: I fit tief one hundred million. I fit tief five hundred million sef. Chorus: Because ma umbrella dey for capital city. Because ma umbrella dey for Ednouay city. Solo: I fit bury one million for my ceiling. I fit bury même ten thousand for my ceiling.

This article begins the work of excavating the varied attitudes toward Turkish that existed among Ottoman Armenians in the nineteenth century. It seeks to correct a fundamental misunderstanding about the relationship between Ottoman Armenians and the Turkish language, to reframe Ottoman Armenians as agents in their use of Turkish, and to expose Turkish as something far more than a "language of the oppressor" for many Armenians in the empire. The article begins by offering an overview of Ottoman Armenian Turcophonia. It continues by examining three language attitudes that led bilingual Ottoman Armenian men in Istanbul to choose Turkish over Armenian in certain social contexts. These include the perception that (1) Turkish was the language of public life and prosperity; (2) that Turkish was the language of power, prestige and urban masculinity; and (3) that Turkish was a more fully developed and expressive language than Armenian. I argue that these attitudes sustained a preference for Turkish over Armenian, even as intellectuals were actively cultivating the Armenian language as an essential component of Armenian identity in the second half of the nineteenth century. Historiographically, this article takes discussions of the use of Turkish among Ottoman Armenians into the unexplored realm of the spoken and advocates for using approaches from the field of historical sociolinguistics to study social dynamics within Ottoman language communities.

This research has the main objective to study structures that the participants enable to recall when they learn the new lessons in the following semester. For Level of processing is chosen to conduct this research. There are three levels of level of processing including Structural processing, Phonemic processing and Semantics processing. Semantics processing is considered as the level that the students acquire language. For data collection, the participants were 502 university students who studied in the course JPN-102 (Business Japanese 2) taught in the second semester in the academic year 2019 (2/2019) at Thai-Nichi Institute of Technology. For the research instrument, the rating-scale questionnaire was applied to collect data. The statistics used for the analysis were

The research aims at identifying the language choice used by Chinese family in Langsa, the phenomenon that has long been seen in Chinese families: having tendency to choose Indonesian as the second language in their families even though they live in the Aceh region. This phenomenon is not only seen in the town but also in urban areas. The emergence of language selection is caused by the occurrence of language, social condition, and cultural tradition. The interesting thing to look at and study in connection with this phenomenon is that members in the family are from the Chinese ethnic group and speakers of native Chinese but the language used to communicate with the community in the chosen environment is Indonesian. The focus of this research is to analyze language selection Indonesia in a Chinese family in Langsa. The research is executed by means of descriptive qualitative method supported by the technique of interview to get deep information about the language choice.

Pendant les dernières années, les pratiques langagières dans les œuvres artistiques ont fait l’objet de plusieurs recherches scientifiques, notamment dans la filière des Sciences du langage. Dans cette perspective, nous avons posé à notre tour, des interrogations sur les pratiques langagières dans le cinéma.
Prenant appui sur un film algéro-français « Beur, blanc, rouge » (2006), notre travail vise à cerner et à décrire les pratiques langagières des acteurs issus de l’immigration, et à montrer la relation qu’il y a entre leur (s) langue (s) et leur appartenance identitaire.

Denna rapport innehåller en sammanställning av de senaste decenniernas
forskning om attityder till sådant som av många människor uppfattas som
spår av andra språk i svenskan. Det kan vara lånord, kodväxling eller olika
former av brytning eller förortsklingande svenska.

ในขณะนี้มีการศึกษาน้อยมากเกี่ยวกับการสอนภาษาเวียดนามในประเทศไทย แม้ว่าภาษาอังกฤษและภาษาจีนจะได้รับการศึกษาอย่างกว้างขวางมากกว่า ในการศึกษาเหล่านี้ยังมีช่องว่างในการพัฒนาวิธีการสอนที่มีประสิทธิภาพสำหรับผู้เรียนไทย ที่อาจจะมีข้อจำกัดในการเรียนรู้ภาษาเวียดนามเนื่องจากความแตกต่างในโครงสร้างภาษาและวัฒนธรรม บทความที่นี้เป็นการศึกษาทบทวนเกี่ยวกับการสอนภาษาเวียดนาทั้งในระดับทฤษฎี และทางปฏิบัตินในการเรียนการสอนภาษาเวียดนามในฐานะเป็นภาษาต่างประเทศประเภทหนึ่งที่ถูกสอนในประเทศไทย บทความนี้ได้มีการทบทวนภาพรวม รวมถึงปัญหาและวิธีการในการสอนภาษาเวียดนามโดยเฉพาะในประเทศไทย ซึ่งมีข้อสังเกตและประเด็นที่น่าสนใจหลายประการที่เกี่ยวข้องกับการศึกษาในบริบทที่คุณพูดถึง การศึกษาในเชิงลึกเกี่ยวกับการสอนภาษาเวียดนามในประเทศไทยมีความสำคัญเพื่อให้เกิดการเข้าใจที่ดีขึ้นเกี่ยวกับวิธีการสอนที่เหมาะสม และสามารถรองรับความท้าทายต่าง ๆ ที่นักเรียนไทยจะต้องเผชิญได้อย่างมีประสิทธิภาพในอนาคต

Konferensens tema var "Svenska som pluricentriskt språk", vilket också belystes av de tre inbjudna plenarföreläsarna samt i en del andra bidrag. Catrin Norrby, professor i svenska vid Stockholms universitet, diskuterade svenskans utbredning i världen som arvsspråk, skolspråk och som imagespråk under rubriken "Svenskan i världen -globala och glokala perspektiv". Marika Tandefelt, professor i svenska vid Svenska handelshögskolan i Helsingfors, anlade ett språkbrukarperspektiv på konferenstemat och fokuserade finlandssvenska inflyttares tankar om den egna språkliga identiteten och varieteten i möten med svenskan och svenskar i Sverige i föredraget "Min svenska och din". Kenneth Hyltenstam, professor i tvåspråkighet vid Stockholms universitet, relaterade det pluricentriska temat till språkinlärningsfrågor i en föreläsning om "Svenska i modersmålsrespektive andraspråksterrängen". Två av plenarföreläsningarna föreligger här i publicerad form. Inför publicering av konferensbidragen har ett granskningsförfarande tilllämpats där bidragen bedömts och granskats av redaktörerna i samråd med anonyma referenter. Tyvärr har alla bidrag inte kunnat beredas plats i volymen. Bidrag som presenterar forskningsresultat och/eller forskning som inte tidigare publicerats har getts företräde. I övrigt har vetenskaplig kvalitet värderats. Konferensen och publiceringen av konferensvolymen har stöttats ekonomiskt av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, Vetenskapliga samfundens delegation, Letterstedtska föreningen och Helsingfors universitet. Vi vill också rikta ett varmt tack till våra konferensassistenter -en grupp studerande i nordiska språk och nordisk litteratur -för en aktiv och engagerad insats i konferensarrangemanget. Likaså tackar vi Maria Andersson och Martina Ollas, som stått för ombrytning av konferensvolymen. Jan Lindström för arrangörskommittén för Svenskans beskrivning 33 SVENSKANS BESKRIVNING 33 Att språka är ett samfällt företag. Vi får en pluricentrisk svensk beskrivning i Helsingfors, en luft-och solavrivning som ger inspiration av många slag! Vi väljer bland drygt hundra föredrag. Från en sektion gör vi en överklivning till ny förståelse ur varseblivning, och därtill hör vi en plenar per dag. Stor tack till talare och arrangörer, som omsatt teorier i praktiken tillsammans med den tänkande publiken! Vår konferens vill skapa kreatörer. Vi samlas snart igen -ni måste medge att vi har njutit av den trettiotredje! EVANDER Forskningsnämnden för svenska språket Forskningsnämnden för svenska språket är ett samarbetsorgan för forskare i Sverige och Finland med inriktning på svenska språket. Nämndens uppgift är att svara för den övergripande planeringen av konferensen Svenskans beskrivning, vilken arrangeras var tredje termin enligt ett rullande schema där var fjärde konferens hålls i Finland. Uppgiften innebär att nämnden ska fatta beslut om dels var konferensen ska arrangeras, dels -i samråd med den lokala arrangören -formerna för hur konferensbidragen ska publiceras. Så lyder den första paragrafen i Forskningsnämndens stadgar, och där beskrivs alltså nämndens uppgift. Fram till 11 oktober 2008 hette denna nämnd Forskningsnämnden för modern svenska, men vid det möte som ägde rum i anslutning till Svenskans beskrivning 30 ändrades namnet till Forskningsnämnden för svenska språket, ett namn som bättre stämmer överens med de ämnen som i dag behandlas på Svenskans beskrivning. Nämnden utgörs alltså av forskare från Sverige och Finland, vilka väljs för en tid av fyra år (och som sedan kan omväljas en gång). Forskare i Sverige representeras av två ordinarie ledamöter (inga suppleanter utses) från de universitet som tidigare har arrangerat Svenskans beskrivning (för närvarande Göteborg,

The growing prevalence of multilingualism in our interconnected world has sparked the attention of scholars across various fields, particularly in understanding how proficient multilingual individuals articulate their emotions. This qualitative study explores how Azari multilinguals in an Iranian Azari-speaking city express emotions, specifically swearing preferences. Twenty adult multilinguals (10 female, 10 male), fluent in Azari, Persian, and English, participated. Semi-structured interviews examined their language preferences when expressing anger and swearing. Thematic analyses revealed Azari swear words carried the most emotional weight, leading most participants to choose Azari to vent frustration. Gender differences were also noted, with females generally refraining from swearing. However, when they did swear, they predominantly used milder swear words in Persian.
This study provides valuable insights into the language dynamics of multilingual communities, with significant implications for researchers and language educators regarding practical applications for language education and social interaction.
Keywords: Multilingualism, Azari, Swear words, Language preference, Qualitative research.

This paper analyzes language integration from an intergroup-relations' perspective, using the social identity approach and socio-contextual model of second language acquisition. It focuses on the evolution of language attitudes in adolescents as an indicator of cultural integration between the two major language groups in Catalonia. The distinctive features of the Catalan case − the similar ethnolinguistic vitality enjoyed by the two official languages and the widespread bilingualism that common schooling has fostered − make it of great sociolinguistic interest. The empirical study focuses on the development of language attitudes towards Catalan and Spanish by using a panel sample of Catalan students (N = 1050) followed for a period of five years (three waves). Joint trajectory clustering was used to make a longitudinal analysis that shows the main patterns of coevolution. Logistic regression relates changes to other linguistic, identity and sociodemographic variables. Results show that there are three main types of change in attitudes: a majority one, whith a profile of integration, and two others, which tend to separation. The direct effects of language confidence and ethnonational identity are found to explain the likelihood of individuals following one of these types of change.

Andy Warren-Rothlin l. Introduction Anecdotal eddence abounds on the importance of locallanguage B.ible translations to evangelism in Africa. The stories are usually along tne-11113,s of 'God speaks-yiuoguuge!', and they pepper the pages, of UBS and SIL magazines , pr?Lyer tuttetins and cofiee-iaUte books.2 Though such publication .-" o"""ssarily geared to their readership of mostly western dooo.., who are increasingly interested in quick and quantifiable results, a survey of them would dou6tiess give one legitimate take on the role of Bible fianslation in evangelism in Africa. Serious histories have also been w Way reioicing: The History and Rt Mojola's God sPeaks in our own I

This article aims to assess the extent to which merchant language in Renaissance Italy can be said to have undergone a process of dialect levelling. Merchant letters in the Italian context are characterised by their high degree of verb allomorphy, both verbal and nominal. Previous investigations have shown that this degree of allomorphy is much more present in merchant texts than in other text genres immediately preceding codification in the 1500s. This article continues this line of research, showing how a process of dialect levelling occurs in a corpus of merchant writing sent from Milan in the late 1300s and early 1400s. Specifically, it focuses on 1pl. verb endings and the presence of voicing in past participles to show that Tuscan linguistic items infiltrated and then spread into neighbouring dialectal areas, such as Gallo-Italian, that is typologically distinct from Tuscan. Since this process of levelling was occurring at the same time as literary Tuscan was spreading, sometimes mediated also by merchants, the article also discusses these issues. While focus is placed on the contribution of merchant language in Renaissance Italy, the article can be seen as a case-study as evidence of language evolution 'from below'. Overall, it argues that historical sociolinguistics provide powerful tools which help to show the various processes identified during standardization.

This study intends to demonstrate by using the lyrics of 'Ayo Africa' by Longue Longue that indigenous languages and other voices are rising and asserting their relevance to singularise themselves and at the same time, questioning the ideology of the heretofore 'dominant' language and discourse by giving it a Cameroonian rendition. The fact that every language carries with it an ideology and owing to the fact that there exist an intimate link between language and literaturein both written and oral forms, this study also demonstrates that the Cameroonian singer-Longue Longue, through language appropriation and resilience to mother tongue evoke sentiments of nationalism that suggest a rethinking of what ideology and language should govern the Cameroonian postcolonial space in this globalised era. Resistance and deconstruction are dominant practices of colonial and postcolonial discourses with the one fighting to assert herself in the face of the other in the global context of today characterised by the collapse of national boundaries, challenges in governance, conflict, proliferation of languages and the unpopularity of the dominant language and discourse. New historicism is employed in this study because it transcends; cultural, sociological, linguistic and anthropological disciplines, and also because pop music is part of the culture of the people. This study through the observation and interview methods, will lean on the hypothetical contention that; in Longue Longue's 'Ayo Africa', indigenous language(s) (pidgin and/ Douala) that singularises the Cameroonian person, is indispensable to govern the Cameroonian postcolonial space.

his research work examines the socio-pragmatic analysis of language of hawking in AdoEkiti. Language is a dispensable tool, language is human; every human being needs language, there is totally no one that can do without language, language has its own uniqueness, and its meaning hence language serve many purposes. This research work will give a descriptive analysis of hawkers in ado-Ekiti makes use of language and its socio-pragmatic meaning in other to advertise their product.

Cameroon, like some African countries, has a complex language situation in the sense that in addition to the two official languages (French and English), many indigenous languages do exist. Because of this linguistic diversity, Cameroonians have devised a means of a common linguistic identity-Cameroon Pidgin English (CPE)through which they can understand each other. The paper shows that CPE is viable, flexible and practical, and that Cameroonians are more comfortable using this language, which they consider to be an indigenous language, than using either French or English the official languages. Another claim in this paper is that Cameroonians consider CPE as a more natural and unifying language which "grows" in their eyes and which transcends geographical and political boundaries, because it is not a language of a particular ethnic group and thus goes beyond the reproach of tribalism. The paper argues that if there are enough written material and text books on CPE, it will be an appropriate language for use as a medium of instruction in the early years of schooling and for the education of Cameroonian adult illiterates.

Kamala Surayya (31 March 1934 – 31 May 2009), popularly known by her one-time pen name Madhavikutty and married name Kamala Das, was an Indian poet in English and an author in Malayalam from Kerala, India. Her Poem “Introduction” appears as a radical statement on the appalling practice of disregarding the identity of others with disrespect for their individuality. She raises her independent voice and exposes some of the disasters people cause to the lives of others, with their insensitivity to their individuality. The poem is a consummate account of the hypocritical interferences people tend to make in others’ lives without knowing an iota of their personality traits or emotional needs.

The Netherlands is home to an increasing number of English-language churches. These churches are often established with an international audience in mind: however, interestingly, they also attract a large number of Dutch as a first language (L1) speakers. This article investigates the language attitudes and language choices of Dutch L1 speakers attending these churches. It examines the religious considerations behind their language choices, and the influence a second language (L2) might have on their faith experience. The study shows that, while English is indeed permeating the religious domain of the Netherlands, Dutch is still used in many contexts. For example, a majority of the participants, while favouring English as the main language of the church service, preferred to pray in Dutch. We also found that ideologies surrounding the English language guided many of the participants' language choices. Lastly, the English language brought participants a sense of distance that aided discussions about their faith and prevented negative feelings associated with the Dutch language from interfering. This study adds to the discussion of the global spread of English and sheds new light on linguistic attitudes and choices in religious contexts.

The paper illustrates how interaction operates in classes where there is no single shared common language between teachers and pupils. Samples from a European School primary class taken from 1669 extracts are given of teacherpupil, pupil-teacher and pupil-pupil interaction. Goals of the programme investigated are to integrate heterogeneous groups while showing respect for language diversity, to encourage cooperation , to accustom pupils to a multilingual environment and to encourage development of multilingual skills. Communication strategies, both verbal and non-verbal, in a typical classroom sub-culture are shown. Results reveal how the strategies used by all involved enable them to cope with the unexpected, which is typical of a linguistically mixed class. Code-switching plays a significant and legitimate role in the coping strategies.

Der folgende Beitrag widmet sich der Frage, inwiefern ein virtuelles Austauschprojekt zum Thema linguistic landscapes zur Herausbildung von Mehrsprachigkeitsbewusstheit von zukünftigen Fremdsprachenlehrenden beitragen kann. Die Grundlage dafür bildet ein digitales, nach Prinzipien des design-based research angelegtes Kooperationsprojekt zwischen Studierenden in Leipzig (LPZ) und Auckland (AKL, Neuseeland), die linguistic landscapes an beiden Standorten dokumentierten und komparativ analysierten. Anhand der Projektprodukte (multimediale Poster, Präsentationen, Berichte) sowie Fragebögen und einem Fokusgruppeninterview wurde ermittelt, wie angehende Lehrpersonen über das eigene Erleben (Innensicht) und die damit verzahnten Metareflexionen aus der Lehrendenperspektive (Außensicht) eine Perspektivendopplung erfahren, die u. a. zur Förderung von Mehrsprachigkeitsbewusstheit beitrug.

The ethnic label Zinjibari in Omani society has various connotations that depend on who is using the term and about whom it is being used. Through participant observation and within the context of ethnolinguistic identity theory, this qualitative study aims to demonstrate how the label Zinjibari can function as an outgroup or ingroup label, as a mark of solidarity, as a term of prestige or as a slur. It is also proposed that these different connotations influence language choice among Oman’s Swahili speakers.

Vem finner nytta med den? Examensuppsats/Civilekonomprogrammet Svensk kod för bolagsstyrning-Vem finner nytta med den? 1 Förord Vi vill rikta ett stort tack till vår handledare, professor Sven-Olof Yrjö Collin, som har visat ett stort engagemang och brinnande intresse för vår uppsats genom hela våren. Han har bidragit med värdefulla, roliga och även provokativa kommentarer som har bidragit till att vi ökat vår prestationsförmåga.

Ushbu maqolada qoziqli baraban mayda ifloslik tarkibiga ta'sirini tahlil qilishda takomillashtirilgan qoziqli barabanlarining tavsiya etilgan 3 ta seksiyadagi barabanlarning qoziqlari balandligi 7.5, 6.5, 5.5 bo'lsa, tozalash effekti ketma-ket silindir simon qoziqli barabanga nisbatan 2,9 % ga oshadi va tozalashdan keyin mayda ifloslik miqdori 0,09% gacha kamayadi.

Language choice and use, which refers to the selection of language(s) for diverse purposes in diverse contexts with different individuals or groups, are common but rather vital sociolinguistic phenomena in a multilingual setting. This study integrates Fishman's (1972 domain analysis to determine the dominant language choice of Tamil Christian youths in Malaysia based on their patterns of language choice and use in the domains of family, friendship, and religion; and to examine the underlying factors that govern their language choice patterns in the selected domains. The data were collected through a questionnaire administered to 60 Tamil Christian youths at a church in Kuala Lumpur; together with 4 faceto-face interviews. SPSS was used to get percentage values and frequencies through descriptive statistics of data from the questionnaire. The findings of the study indicate that the respondents chose and used English, Tamil, and Bahasa Malaysia in the selected domains. The English language was found to be used predominantly in all three domains as a result of the influence of these particular domains; the speakers' verbal repertoires and those of their addressees; their attitude towards a language and its speakers; motivation; and also their sense of solidarity and social identity.

Kaupunkivihreän muodostamia hiilinieluja ja sen muita hyötyjä ei oteta vielä riittävästi huomioon kaupunkisuunnitelussa. Co-Carbon-tutkimushankkeemme tuo esille, miten tärkeä rooli kaupunkivihreän hiilinieluilla on kuntien ilmastotyössä ja miten niiden nielupotentiaalia voidaan hyödyntää nykyistä tehokkaammin. Lue lisää Arkkitehti-lehdestä 1/2024, s. 39-45.

This article explores the resilience of the Waata community in Kenya to safeguard their cultural heritage, with a particular focus on preserving their endangered Waata language. Despite historical challenges such as colonial displacement, cultural displacement and discrimination, the Waata people engage in acts of linguistic citizenship through community initiatives. These endeavors have led to the creation of a Waata-English dictionary app, literacy resources, and the integration of Waata language into religious and community contexts. These linguistic citizenship efforts have significantly improved the well-being of the Waata community, enhancing their sense of identity, inclusion, and respect in formal settings, particularly in healthcare, where language proficiency has led to better patient experiences and health outcomes.

We study the stability of Catalan and Spanish coexistence in Catalonia, a key political and economic European region. Recent, abundant empirical data of language use is analyzed within an analytic model of population dynamics. This model contemplates the possibilities of both long-term language coexistence and decline. The data needs to be interpreted under different circumstances. The most likely scenario, we find, is a sustained coexistence. Extreme cases still lead to the decline of one of the tongues–we delimit when this can happen. Asymptotic behavior is often an unreliable predictor in complex social systems; we make an attempt at forecasting fractions of speakers towards$$2030$$2030. These also suggest sustained coexistence, but some counterintuitive dynamics are unveiled. Model parameters estimated from the data convey relevant information about the prestige and interlinguistic similarity of both tongues. We quantify these parameters rigorously for these languages for the fi...

The collection consists of scientific research of scientists, graduate students and students who took part in the International Scientific online conference "INNOVATION IN THE MODERN EDUCATION SYSTEM". Which took place in Washington on MARCH 25, 2022. Conference proceedings are recomanded for scientits and teachers in higher education esteblishments. They can be used in education, including the process of postgraduate teaching, preparation for obtain bachelors' and masters' degrees. The review of all articles was accomplished by experts, materials