Language Demography

The aim of this study is to investigate how Urdu and English have influenced the Shina lexicon in the time span of three successive generations which has been divided into three categories of 'Youngsters', 'Middle Age generation' and 'Older generation'. For this research,the data was collected through a questionnaire. The people of three successive generations were asked to choose the most frequently used lexical item in conversation from English, Urdu and their mother tongue Shina. The responses showed that young Shina speakers have been greatly influenced by the dominant languages English and Urdu. The middle aged Shina speakers indicated the direct influence of the Urdu language on the variety of Shina spoken by them. It was revealed that the old generation is not influenced by any of the dominant languages as the only language they can speak is Shina. The present study indicated that Shina might become an endangered language in future if it is not properly documented. Linguistic anthropologists can replicate similar research methods to see impact of dominant languages on other regional languages. Future researchers can also conduct a large scale corpus based study investigating the approximate number of lexicons that have been borrowed from the dominant languages

In the present paper an attempt has been made to analyze spatio-temporal changes in cropping pattern and cropping intensity in agriculture of Jammu and Kashmir. Data were obtained from Statistical of Jammu and Kashmir. Copping pattern and cropping intensity have been presented in the percentage forms. Results of the study reveal that cropping pattern is much diverse with high level of cropping intensity in agriculture of the state. It has been found that maize is still most cultivated crop in the state, covering an area of 27.4 % to total cropped area during 2010-11. Wheat has been found second most cultivated crop with increasing trend of area. The area under rice and pulses crop has decreased rapidly over the period. Cropping intensity has also continuously increased from 119.70% in 1965-66 to 155.79 % in 2010-11. The highest cropping intensity has been recorded in samba (212.63%) whereas lowest registered in Kupwara (100%) district of the state.

Anantnag and Kulgam (considered as one for the study) 2. Baramulla and Bandipora (considered as one for the study) 3. Pulwama and Shopian (considered as one for the study) 4. Srinagar and Ganderbal (considered as one for the study) 5. Budgam 6. Kupwara

The agriculture scenario has witnessed a tremendous change after the independence of the Indian subcontinent. It had undergone number of reforms to protect both supply and demand side interests. The food security was ensured by increasing its production and the country has emerged as one of the top producers of number of commodities. The commercialization of agriculture shifted Original Research Article

Se estudian las cifras sobre el quechua entregadas por el censo peruano de 2017, analizando la cantidad y proporción de quechuahablantes, la relación entre estos datos y los vinculados a la autoidentifcación étnica, el uso de las categorías descriptivas, la distribución departamental, provincial y distrital del idioma y, fnalmente, los problemas generados por la cédula censal. Si bien las tendencias al crecimiento o al descenso de hablantes de la lengua indígena pueden variar de manera radical en los niveles departamentales, provinciales e incluso distritales, se puede afrmar que existen algunos bolsones geográfcos en que la lengua se está manteniendo vital. Para el Quechua I o Huáihuash, esto se observa en el nivel provincial en la zona este de Áncash y, para el Quechua II o Yúngay, esto se muestra en el nivel departamental: los departamentos de Apurímac, Huancavelica, Ayacucho y Cusco son aquellos que mantienen la lengua originaria vigente. La presencia del quechua en Lima también...

Several authors have Quoted that the Sanskrit term "kas-mir," which meaning "the place where water has been pumping out," is where the word "Kashmiri" originates. The territory of J&K has a diverse range of languages, and the most common language spoken in Kashmir region is the Kashmiri, besides to valley the Kashmiri language is also spoken by large sect of population in Pir Panjal Region besides to Pahari and Gojjri. The Pir Panjal region is connecting with the Kashmir valley via. Jammu-Srinagar highway and the famous Mughal Road. Cross study was carried out in the twin district districts of Pir Panjal Region in order to study the impact of Kashmiri language on the indigenous Population of the region besides to Pahari and Gojjri. The people of Pir Panjal region also strive to uphold brotherhood and shares love for the Kashmiri language.

This report presents information developed from a workshop on the Inclusion of Language Minority Populations in National Studies (Bethesda, MD, July 17-28, 2000). To help find ways for survey research to capture the increasing linguistic. diversity of the United States and thus be truly representative, this report focuses on current barriers to inclusion as well as ways to enable inclusion. Cost is the most significant barrier to including language-minority populations in national studies because of the costs of sampling and obtaining and using bilingual research personnel. Geographic distribution, language change over time, lack of coherence with research goals, and the use of community members as translators and interpreters are

Pashtuns are said to have fostered the world's biggest ancestral society, and in nearby reasoning, the
ancestral framework even includes all mankind. Pashtun's ideal of fairness depends on the ancestral framework.
The thought is that all Pashtuns are conceived equivalent, and are offspring of one normal predecessor; social
and financial imbalance, which exists, isn't given naturally or at birth but is accomplished separately, and is
compromised and open to change whenever. This study is an endeavor to reflect Pakhtoon culture and
perspective by concentrating on their language Pashto. How their perspectives and, convictions are molded by
their way of life, and how they depict these perspectives using language. The point is to concentrate on the
Pashto public, their precursors, beginning, and different speculations related to it. It likewise means to
concentrate explicitly on the Pakhtoon of Kashmir, its dissemination, way of life, and its etymological profile.

The two-way bilingual education program in Port Chester, New York, in which both native English-speaking and limited-English-proficient native Spanish-speaking students are given instruction in both languages, is described and its outcomes evaluated. Data on the performance of language-minority and language-majority students, gathered from norm-referenced tests and student interviews over three years, are displayed in 11 tables and analyzed in the text. In general, the findings support the use of the two-way bilingual program design for its emphasis on language learning as a resource rather than as a 2roblem. Some less positive results in English language and mathematics development among native speakers are attributed to the complexity of implementing two curricula in one class. It is suggested that two-way bilingual programs, if properly monitored and supported, can recontextualize current second language education practices. (M5E)

an accredited translator of English, Kashmiri, Urdu and Hindi by Sahitya Akademi New Delhi and Indian Institute of Languages Mysore, is associated with the institution of All India Radio (AIR) where he worked as Senior most Producer. During his career of more than thirty years in AIR, (including Radio Kashmir Srinagar and Radio Kashmir, Jammu), he has produced hundreds of programs covering a wide range of topics and interests that range from 'Features', 'Dramas' , 'Literary Magazines' , 'Current Affairs' and has overseen Music recordings also. Additionally he has the professional expertise of anchoring Live shows and News based programs also. His books of Translations include: 1). "Samay Matrika" … Translation of 10th century Sanskrit classic of the same name by Acharya Ksemendra of Kashmir. 2).Sahitya Akademi New Delhi's "Hum Kaal Sindhi Afsana Sombran" a Kashmiri translation of Hindi scripted" Samkaleen Hindi Kathayen", and 3). Under publication "Navi Yogikie Vaaeris Dar" a Kashmiri translation of English scripted collection of Punjabi short stories of renowned Punjabi short story writer Mohinder Singh Sarna. 4). Indian Institute of Languages publication "Hindustaenie Falsafekie Khad-o-Khal" …The Kashmiri translation of "Outlines of Indian Philosophy" by world renowned Professor M.Hiriyanna. 5). The Writer of the Monograph on veteran and doyen of Kashmiri poetry, Makhan Lal Kanwal…. Sahitya Academy Publication, Delhi Kanwal Krishan Lidhoo is also a short story writer in Kashmiri. In addition, he has presented a number of essays in Kashmiri under the literary meets and programs sponsored by J&K Academy of Art, Culture and Languages and Sahitya Akademi New Delhi. Common Measuring Terms used in the Paper Kos = A unit of measurement of distance prevalent in India since 4 th century B.C. Variously known as "Krosha" (Sanskrit), "Krosh" Cos" etc. when converted into metric scale its value comes to 4191 metres or 13,750 feet which interalia suggests that its value is 2 Kms and 191 centimetres. Guz = In India this unit of measurement of length was standardized by Mughal king Akbar. At its maximum value it works out to 41 inches or 1040 mms and thus to 1.4 metres.

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects the lungs. TB is one of the biggest public health challenges in the world especially in under-developing and developing countries.

This paper provides a comparative perspective on a language minority group in the United States, offering insights into the development of language policies for a new, developing multicultural Europe. It begins with background information that frames the current policies and cultural debates about Spanish, and to a lesser degree other non-English languages, in California and the United States. It describes language demography, discusses school enrollment trends among minority and immigrant language speakers, and notes the official status of languages in the United States, explaining that even though there is not an official, national, or constitutional U.S. language, English is the single language of government. The paper discusses language debates in the United States in the 1980s and beyond and concludes by explaining that the language politics in California in the last 2 decades has challenged and shifted the principles around which educational policy was built. There was a definite cultural policy backlash against immigrants and language minorities during the last decade of the millennium. It may require a substantial shift in political representation by language minorities for the interests of minorities to be reflected in law and educational policies. (Contains 8 tables and 13 references.) (SM) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document.

The pace of research and publication in the area of U.S. language policy, planning, and politics is rapidly increasing. During the last decade the literature has included policy statements and analyses on a variety of topics: bilingual education, dialects and education, plain language legislation, court interpreters for language minorities (including hearingimpaired and deaf persons), document (re)design, assurance of voting rights for language minorities through bilingual elections and services, language and testing, on-the-job language policies (including prohibitions on sexist language, ethnic discrimination through national origin jokes and verbal harassment, and guidelines for English-only rules for language minority employees), legal language (usually litigation or trial language), language of public services in life-threatening situations (especially in fire and police protection, and medical and mental health services), telephone and other communication and mass media language services, language of governmental administration and services, (il)literacy in English and other languages, minimum competency testing of secondary school students, teacher language competencies and certification, the teaching and learning of English and foreign languages, and international studies. It can easily be said that the decade of the 1970s was the decade for language issues and policies in the U.S. This is not to discount the history of language policies in .the country, but only to indicate that not since the first two decades of the 20th century has so much public attention, debate, and policymaking relating to language issues taken place. This essay does not survey all of the field, nor even all of the above-listed topics. Rather, it focuses primarily on those policies, politics and issues relating to languages other than English, and promulgated or set in the public sector. Emphasis is on those easily-accessible, recentlypublished materials which are pronouncements of policy, analyses of policy, or which polemically promote single or alternative policies. I have included a few unannotated citations in certain areas not of primary concern in this essay (e.g., plain language legislation) to allow someone not familiar with the literature to become acquainted with the area. Thus, dissertations, conference papers, ERIC materials, journalism, and most unpublished government documents are not included, with the exception of selected documents which directly explore language policy, and selected court opinions and statutes which express or define a language policy. These sources will be presented in the following order:

The present study is conducted to study the persons in Kashmir Valley and to compare the retired persons in Kashmir on the basis of their Gender and Dwelling. The study reveals that majority of the retired persons were from to district Srinagar, while as minimum number of retired persons bel Shopian. It is indicated that majority retired males and maximum retired females are found as per their gender. Majority of retired males belong to district Srinagar, followed by district Baramulla and district Anantnag. Majority of retired persons are found in rural areas, while as maximum number of retired persons are found in urban population. Majority of rural population are found in Baramulla district, followed district Anantnag.

In the mid-1960s, a catchphrase in academic circles was, « Des chercheurs qui cherchent, on en trouve; mais des chercheurs qui trouvent, on en cherche », pointing out that many researchers were "Chindōgu researchers", that is to say researchers engaging in "useless" research, rather than coming up with actionable research findings. Along the same lines, this paper sets out to offer an analytical perspective on sociolinguistic research output and focus in sub-Saharan Africa and suggest a number of sociolinguistic research priorities.

Aim: The outbreak of the new coronavirus pandemic (SARS-CoV-2) was initiated in December 2019, and within couple of months it has turned out to be a global health emergency. Given the importance to assess the evolution and transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 and to forecast the next scenario of the pandemic in the future, mainly in countries with limited health care system, we estimated the reproductive number (R0) of SARS-CoV-2 in Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), India, and a possible scenario for this pandemic in the region. Subject and Methods: We estimated the reproductive number (R0) of SARS-CoV-2 in its rst outbreak stage in the North western region of Himalaya, India, and we also predicted new daily cases for the next 90 days using different R0, testing a plausible end of SARS-CoV-2 outbreak; Results: Our results showed a considerable increase in the number of cases, but with a tendency to asymptote. Anantnag, Bandipora, Baramulla, Shopian, and Srinagar districts showed more than 100 cases and Kulgam and Kathua districts showed strong growth of the number of cases from the beginning of May, without a tendency to normalization. The estimated R0 for J&K region was 1.041; but by decreasing 10, 25 and 50% the R0, we observed a great decrease in the daily number of new cases, specially by decreasing 50%; Conclusion: Here, we indicate positive effects of the preventive measures, as lockdown and social distance, taken in J&K region, showing a stabilization of the growth curves of new cases of SARS-CoV-2, which tends to a strong decrease over time as the R0 decreases.

Biological invasions are considered a massive threat to native biodiversity engulfing both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems worldwide while having cascading ecological and economic effects on the invaded regions. Kashmir Himalaya, an important constituent of the biodiversity hotspot, is heavily invaded by invasive alien plants. An inventory of species diversity of invasive plants and native insect herbivores was carried out in different terrestrial habitats of Kashmir Himalaya in the years 2018-19 and 2019-20. The results showed maximum value (3.39) of Shannon’s diversity index at district Kupwara with minimum value (2.967) at district Srinagar. Margalef Index attained maximum value (5.966) at district Bandipora and a minimum value (4.724) at district Srinagar. Our data revealed maximum value of evenness (0.732) in district Baramulla with minimum value (0.650) at district Pulwama. Similarly, district Baramulla of North Kashmir showed highest Simpson value (0.957) while district Sr...

Horticulture undoubtedly has flourished as a vibrant sub-sector of agriculture and incorporates a brilliant potential to expand its footprints in Jammu and Kashmir. The present study is concerned with the horticulture development in Kashmir Valley and focuses on the determents which influence the horticulture sector in the study area. The secondary sources of data have been brought into use to carry out this assessment. Horticulture forms the major chunk of the economy for the horticulturists of the study area, hence the analysis of its spatial variations in the efficiency and concentration has a tremendous scope. To determine the district wise differences in horticulture efficiency, Bhatia's method was applied where concentration was worked out through the Location Quotient Method. The output obtained showed a significant variation across the length and breadth of the study area. The results have revealed that efficiency of horticulture has varied from the maximum of 913.35 in Budgam to as low as 66.10 in Bandipora. Further, the concentration of horticulture was more or less uniformly distributed in the Kashmir Valley except for few districts of the central part of the study area.

This paper outlines the conceptual framework underpinning the development of cmpetency rating scales for adult literacy. It provides a rationale for a project that was conducted in Australia during International Literacy Year (1990) to develop appropriate ratings scales to assess adults' literacy and numeracy skills. The paper examines the construct of literacy, defining pragmatic, cultural, functional, survival, or marginal adult literacy and suggesting that there can be many types and levels of literacy. Types of literacy identified include reading, writing, numeracy, document processing, and combined skills. Three levels of literacy are proposed as useful: basic (minimum levels for gaining access to a culture); required (the skills necessary for a given social context, which may chauge over time); and an improvement level of literacy where an individua' Ls able to take control of his or her life. Since these levels and tys..s of literacy exist, there is r basis for developing a set of rating scales for them, according to the paper. The paper provides several suggested methods of developing competency rating scales and profiles, included the preferred process used in the Australian project in which the starting point was the behaviors exhibited by persons in establishing literacy. (31 references) (KC)

The present study is conducted to study the elderly women in Kashmir and to access the elderly women as per their Dwelling, work status, and age group. The study reveals that Majority of the elderly women belongs to district Srinagar followed by district Anantnag. Minimum number of elderly women belongs to district Shopian of Kashmir. In the age group of 70-79 years majority of the elderly women belongs to district Srinagar followed by Anantnag, Baramulla and Budgam while as in the age group of 80 years and above again majority belongs to Srinagar district. Well-being of elderly may affect by change in health status and personality.

The two -way bilingual education program in Port Chester, New York, in which both native English-speaking and limited-English-proficient native Spanish-speaking students are given instruction in both languages, is described and its outcomes evaluated. Data on the performance of language-minority and language-majority students, gathered from norm-referenced tests and student interviews over three years, are displayed in 11 tables and analyzed in the text. In general, the findings support the use of the two-way bilingual program design for its emphasis on language learning as a resource rather than as a 2roblem. Some less positive results in English language and mathematics development among native speakers are attributed to the complexity of implementing two curricula in one class. It is suggested that two-way bilingual programs, if properly monitored and supported, can recontextualize current second language education practices. (M5E) ************************************************...

The two-way bilingual education program in Port Chester, New York, in which both native English-speaking and limited-English-proficient native Spanish-speaking students are given instruction in both languages, is described and its outcomes evaluated. Data on the performance of language-minority and language-majority students, gathered from norm-referenced tests and student interviews over three years, are displayed in 11 tables and analyzed in the text. In general, the findings support the use of the two-way bilingual program design for its emphasis on language learning as a resource rather than as a 2roblem. Some less positive results in English language and mathematics development among native speakers are attributed to the complexity of implementing two curricula in one class. It is suggested that two-way bilingual programs, if properly monitored and supported, can recontextualize current second language education practices. (M5E)

A study assessed the performance of-language-minority and language-majority children in a twoway Spanish-English bilingual education program in Port Chester, New York. The program treats language learning as a resource for all students, with each group of children.toaching their native languages to the other. Second-and third-gride classes are combined. Data on students' Spanish and English reading and oral language skills, mathematics skills in both languages, and perceptions of the Classroom environment were gathered for three years. The results were miknd, demonstrating that students can definitely benefit from second language learning in the curriculum but that care should be taken to ensure that native language skills and progress not be compromised. Teacher performance emerged as a crucial_ variable in the program studied, and careful monitoring of student outcomes in relation to teacher performance is advised. Overall, despite some early problems with student perceptions of difficulty end friction, participant satisfaction was high. (MSE)

The study reports the findings of a survey undertaken to comprehend the factors that have enabled a group of around 350 Burushos to maintain their ethnic identity including their language after 125 years of their immigration to Kashmir in Jammu and Kashmir State of India. The group has been able to resist the assimilatory forces and has maintained itself as a distinct entity vis-a-vis the dominant Kashmiri host society. The study has drawn upon the empirical tool of ethnolinguistic vitality as a reflection of the group’s sustainability as a collective entity in terms of their ethnic as well as linguistic identity. The study also reveals the attitude of native Kashmiris towards the group as perceived by group members. This perceived attitude of the group members has been explained in terms of its bearing on the vitality and identity of the group. The study is based on 50 semi-structured questionnaires and four unstructured interviews. The questionnaire has been partly developed on th...

This paper deals with the study of Wind-Solar hybrid systems in the region of Jammu and Kashmir. Due to scarcity of available less renewable energy resource in J&K region, National Institute of Wind Energy, Chennai had installed different Wind monitoring station to measure the wind data at different location. The survey reveals that four districts LEH, KARGIL, POONCH and REASI are suitable for small windsolar hybrid systems. BIDDA (REASI) and CHUSHUL (LEH) are the two sites for small wind farm development due to highest wind speed (more than 7 m/s) and power density (more than 400 W/m 2) at 100m a.g.l.

Horticulture undoubtedly has flourished as a vibrant sub-sector of agriculture and incorporates a brilliant potential to expand its footprints in Jammu and Kashmir. The present study is concerned with the horticulture development in Kashmir Valley and focuses on the determents which influence the horticulture sector in the study area. The secondary sources of data have been brought into use to carry out this assessment. Horticulture forms the major chunk of the economy for the horticulturists of the study area, hence the analysis of its spatial variations in the efficiency and concentration has a tremendous scope. To determine the district wise differences in horticulture efficiency, Bhatia's method was applied where concentration was worked out through the Location Quotient Method. The output obtained showed a significant variation across the length and breadth of the study area. The results have revealed that efficiency of horticulture has varied from the maximum of 913.35 in Budgam to as low as 66.10 in Bandipora. Further, the concentration of horticulture was more or less uniformly distributed in the Kashmir Valley except for few districts of the central part of the study area.

In) this) study,) language) attitudes) of) the) Pahari) speakers) towards) Punjabi) language) in) district) Bhimber) were) investigated.) District) Bhimber) is) a) city) of) multidimensional) civilizations.)Here)two)groups)of)people)namely)Pahari)people)and)Punjabi)people)are) inhabitants.) Pahari) people) have) been) living) among) Punjabi) people) for) more) than) 65) years)now,)but)they)still)hold)a)distinct)identity.)However,)this)identity)appears)to)be)in) danger) because) of) the) changing) socio[linguistic) scenario) of) the) area.) Questionnaires) were)the)research)methods)employed)to)collect)the)data.)The)sample)comprised)of)Six) families)of)Pahari)people)from)Bhimber)city.)Descriptive)as)well)as)inferential)analyses) were)carried)out)to)measure)the)attitudes)of)the)population)of)this)study.)The)language) attitudes) were) examined) through) four) domains:) family,) friendship,) transaction) and) religion.) The) results) from) the) analysis) demonstrate) that) Pahari) people) have) positive) attitudes)towards)Punjabi)language)and)a)process)of)language)shift)is)taking)place)in)the) Bhimber)city.

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects the lungs. TB is one of the biggest public health challenges in the world especially in under-developing and developing countries.

This comprehensive publication contains data from the Common Core of Data, National Public Education Financial Survey, Fiscal Years 1990 through 2002 adjusted to 2002 dollars using the Consumer Price Index. Full dollar amounts and per pupil amounts are presented for ...

This publication, intended to serve as a general guideline, presents responses to 20 questions on the specific roles and responsibilities of individual teachers when they are involved in reporting child abuse "ad neglect. The Legal Services section of each Department of Social Services in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands received and responded to a questionnaire. Responses to 19 of the survey questions are presented by state and territory. The responses to the 20th question is presented in the form of a chart listing the statute covering child abuse and neglect for each jurisdiction. Because of the lack of legal uniformity among the responses, the additional 11 survey questions are answered with summary statements at the conclusion of the report. (NLF)

In) this) study,) language) attitudes) of) the) Pahari) speakers) towards) Punjabi) language) in) district) Bhimber) were) investigated.) District) Bhimber) is) a) city) of) multidimensional) civilizations.)Here)two)groups)of)people)namely)Pahari)people)and)Punjabi)people)are) inhabitants.) Pahari) people) have) been) living) among) Punjabi) people) for) more) than) 65) years)now,)but)they)still)hold)a)distinct)identity.)However,)this)identity)appears)to)be)in) danger) because) of) the) changing) socio[linguistic) scenario) of) the) area.) Questionnaires) were)the)research)methods)employed)to)collect)the)data.)The)sample)comprised)of)Six) families)of)Pahari)people)from)Bhimber)city.)Descriptive)as)well)as)inferential)analyses) were)carried)out)to)measure)the)attitudes)of)the)population)of)this)study.)The)language) attitudes) were) examined) through) four) domains:) family,) friendship,) transaction) and) religion.) The) results) from) the) analysis) demonstrate) that) Pahari) people) have) positive) attitudes)towards)Punjabi)language)and)a)process)of)language)shift)is)taking)place)in)the) Bhimber)city.

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects the lungs. TB is one of the biggest public health challenges in the world especially in under-developing and developing countries.

Biological invasions are considered a massive threat to native biodiversity engulfing both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems worldwide while having cascading ecological and economic effects on the invaded regions. Kashmir Himalaya, an important constituent of the biodiversity hotspot, is heavily invaded by invasive alien plants. An inventory of species diversity of invasive plants and native insect herbivores was carried out in different terrestrial habitats of Kashmir Himalaya in the years 2018-19 and 2019-20. The results showed maximum value (3.39) of Shannon’s diversity index at district Kupwara with minimum value (2.967) at district Srinagar. Margalef Index attained maximum value (5.966) at district Bandipora and a minimum value (4.724) at district Srinagar. Our data revealed maximum value of evenness (0.732) in district Baramulla with minimum value (0.650) at district Pulwama. Similarly, district Baramulla of North Kashmir showed highest Simpson value (0.957) while district Sr...

Sarazi is referred to as lingua franca of Saraz region, but as a first language it is primarily associated with the both the communities besides the people speaking Kashmir too. Most Muslims are speakers of Sarazi, Kashmiri; other languages spoken in Saraz are Gojri or Watali.  According to Grierson (1919) the word “Siraj”, means „Kingdom of Shiva‟ which may also be known as any wild, far-off mountainous kingdom who used to rule in Saraz. It has several grammatical features and is having lexical similarities with Bhaderwahi, Bhalesi, Kashmiri and other western pahari dialects.  KEY-WORDS: Sarazi, Bhalesi, Doda, Western Pahari, Grierson

Bhaderwahi language is spoken in the Doda District of Jammu and kashmir which is yet another language of western pahari group classified by G A Grierson.It is spoken by atleast 120000 people of Bhaderwah and its native villages. Bhaderwahi is a pahari language and has its own grammer and folklore. It is yet to get recognition  and status. KEYWORDS: Bhaderwahi , Bhalesi, Grierson, folklore, Western  Pahari.

The two -way bilingual education program in Port Chester, New York, in which both native English-speaking and limited-English-proficient native Spanish-speaking students are given instruction in both languages, is described and its outcomes evaluated. Data on the performance of language-minority and language-majority students, gathered from norm-referenced tests and student interviews over three years, are displayed in 11 tables and analyzed in the text. In general, the findings support the use of the two-way bilingual program design for its emphasis on language learning as a resource rather than as a 2roblem. Some less positive results in English language and mathematics development among native speakers are attributed to the complexity of implementing two curricula in one class. It is suggested that two-way bilingual programs, if properly monitored and supported, can recontextualize current second language education practices. (M5E) ************************************************...

Kashmir Valley is known as paradise on earth with its natural beauty. Schedule tribe is a population group mostly dominated on hilly and mountainous regions of Valley. They are economically poor, socially backward, but culturally sound. The economic poverty among schedule tribes of Kashmir is more than the general population of region. Their housing, sanitation, electricity, health care facilities are very low sub-standard than other sections of population. The literacy rate among schedule tribes of Kashmir is also very low. This paper is based on secondary sources of data and tries to analysis the magnitude of socio-economic access of different parameters. (Showkat Anwar Bhat. Socio-economic conditions of schedule tribes of kashmir. World Rural Observ 2013;5(4):7-13). ISSN: 1944-6543 (Print); ISSN: 1944-6551 (Online). http://www.sciencepub.net/rural . 2

Occupational classification has been a subject of many experiments. From the definition of a worker to their attribution to a particular category of occupation. Multiple attempts have been made in understanding and explaining the same. The present paper attempts to take the case of female workforce and delves into the subject of categorizing their prevalence across the Kashmir valley (geographic unit), which by and large corresponds to Kashmir Division (administrative unit) in a comprehensible manner. The researcher adopts the Standard deviation method to do so. Using the standard deviations observed for each occupational category, the researcher proposes a rank table visualizing the target area employing a standard deviation-based occupational coding. Based on the rank table it is observed that amongst the female workforce the primary sector is dominant in Ganderbal and Kulgam districts, secondary sector in Shopian, Pulwama and Kulgam, tertiary sector in Srinagar and Budgam and the...

Biological invasions are considered a massive threat to native biodiversity engulfing both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems worldwide while having cascading ecological and economic effects on the invaded regions. Kashmir Himalaya, an important constituent of the biodiversity hotspot, is heavily invaded by invasive alien plants. An inventory of species diversity of invasive plants and native insect herbivores was carried out in different terrestrial habitats of Kashmir Himalaya in the years 2018-19 and 2019-20. The results showed maximum value (3.39) of Shannon’s diversity index at district Kupwara with minimum value (2.967) at district Srinagar. Margalef Index attained maximum value (5.966) at district Bandipora and a minimum value (4.724) at district Srinagar. Our data revealed maximum value of evenness (0.732) in district Baramulla with minimum value (0.650) at district Pulwama. Similarly, district Baramulla of North Kashmir showed highest Simpson value (0.957) while district Sr...

Background: The tuberculosis is one the most life-threatening poverty associate diseases affecting one-third of the world population. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the trends of tuberculosis infection, and general health conditions of orphan children in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK), Pakistan. Methods: Total 1708 children have enrolled in this a longitudinal study and were screened for tuberculosis through sputum smear and PCR tests. Body Mass Index (BMI), exposure to tuberculosis risk factors was also analyzed for all participants. Results: In 2011, the prevalence of tuberculosis was 3.41%, 1.36%, which was among male and 2.05% among female children. In 2015, we found 1.95% positive tuberculosis cases including 1.12% females and 0.83% males. A significant overall decline in tuberculosis infection was found in four years, p < 0.01. The mean BMI value for male and female children was 21.70 (SD±0.68) and 17.53 (SD±0.72), respectively. Conclusion: In conclusion, ...

The outbreak of the new coronavirus pandemic (SARS-CoV-2) was initiated in December 2019, and within a couple of months it became a global health emergency. Given the importance to assess the evolution and transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 and to forecast the next scenario of the pandemic, mainly in countries with limited healthcare systems, we estimated the reproductive number (R0) of SARS-CoV-2 in Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), India, and a possible scenario for this pandemic in the region. We estimated the reproductive number (R0) of SARS-CoV-2 in its first outbreak stage in the northwestern region of Himalaya, India, and we also predicted new daily cases for the next 90 days using different R0, testing a plausible end of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. Our results showed a considerable increase in the number of cases, but with a tendency to asymptote. Anantnag, Bandipora, Baramulla, Shopian, and Srinagar districts showed more than 100 cases and Kulgam and Kathua districts showed strong growth o...

Of the bilinguals in the United States, 22 million are Spanish-English speakers. Spanish-English bilinguals have been producing literature in Spanish, in English, and gradually in mixtures of both languages from the earliest days of contact in the U.S. This paper explores manifestations and meanings of Spanish-English bilingualism in Latino literature and the sense of otherness that it expresses and that derives from it. The paper states that literary codeswitching in U.S. Latino literature-that is, the use of more than one language in a text-are choices the writer makes and that many instances are due to the need to reflect the immigrant experience. And it further states that Hispanic literature has produced the most varied and consistently codeswitched literature in the United States, although Chicanos, Puerto Ricans, and Cuban Americans all vary in the extent of their literary codeswitching. The main part of the paper considers diverse examples of literary codeswitching in Latino literature. According to the paper, there are many references to cultural separateness as a consequence of linguistic otherness in Latino literature. As a final point, the paper turns to the question of readership and codeswitching, and ventures a division of U.S. Latino literature into two main groups: a smaller one which would include non-Spanish-English bilinguals; and a larger one which would include English monolinguals. It calls for the elimination of the monolingual illusion of the Anglo-American canon. Contains a 28-item bibliography. (NKA) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document.

This paper addresses the scientific and social interests in the comparative analysis of the international importance of language. In order to classify the different approaches to this analysis according to the criteria on which they are based, the following typology is proposed: the perception of importance, the estimation of importance, and the calculation of complex indexes. Secondly, the study provides an update to the international language index and its indicators for the year 2020. Finally, the results are analyzed and compared with those of the previous indexes. The analysis provides a picture of the plural and polycentric constellation of international languages including Spanish and Portuguese, defined by their areas of influence and spread.

The present research intends to investigate the linguistic identity construction of Shina speakers in different contexts. The objective of the study is to study the pure Shina identity and to see how language use varies according to context. An ethnographic study was conducted to find out how Shina speakers construct their linguistic identities in different contexts. The sample for this research was purposive which included multilingual Shina speakers and the data was collected through interviews. The data was analyzed using Markedness Model by Myers- Scotton (1993). The findings of the study revealed that multilingual Shina speakers construct their linguistic identity in their interaction through code- switching and code mixing. It was found that a pure Shina identity is constructed at home and in close circles whereas a hybrid identity is constructed at the work place and formal context.

The present study was undertaken in the Faculty of Forestry, SKUAST-K and Shalimar during the year 2010-2011. To appraise its status and distribution, a project entitled “Status and distribution of Boxelder (Acer negundo L.) in Kashmir valley” was undertaken. A detailed survey regarding the species revealed that among the Acer species, the Acer negundo is an exotic one from North America and is confined to the lower planes of Valley mainly in gardens and parks as an ornamental and avenue plantation tree. As per the study conducted regarding the tree species, it has been found that the concentration of the species is high in the Srinager district due to presence of large number of gardens and parks. The survey revealed that old existing trees were located in the Bakshi Stadium. The species being recently introduced in the valley in 1970’s by Floriculture and Landscaping Department, J&K at protected sites of Bakshi Stadium, Botanical Garden (Cheshmashahi), University of Kashmir etc. a...

Walnut (Juglans regia) is one of the most essential nutritive and economic nut crops. Genetic diversity analysis of 96 walnut genotypes from Kashmir was done using 13 RAPD and 19 ISSR markers. RAPD diversity analysis revealed 27.78% polymorphism while as ISSR analysis showed 93.05% of polymorphic bands. Jaccards similarity coefficient ranged from 0.78 to 1 with an average of 0.91 for RAPD and 0.22 to 0.85 with an average of 0.58 for ISSR markers and 0.59 to 0.92 with an average of 0.74 for combined data. Cluster analysis using UPGMA by RAPD and ISSR markers obviously revealed distinct diversity between genotypes. The dendrogram constructed from the combination of RAPD and ISSR markers categorized the 96 genotypes into one major cluster and five minor clusters. Effective number of alleles (Ne), Nei's gene diversity (H) and Shannon's Information index (I) of 96 samples were 1.12, 0.08 and 0.12 respectively for RAPD data and 1.48, 0.29 and 0.44 for ISSR data respectively. Positive correlation (r=0.11) was observed between RAPD and ISSR markers using the Mantel test and thus supporting the validity of the dendrogram. The high number of alleles and a broad range of genetic diversity were observed among all the genotypes, accounting them as potential candidates for selective breeding for particular traits and expanding the genetic base. Based on our results, RAPD and ISSR analysis can be used for the characterization and categorizing of walnut genotypes and indicate that Jammu and Kashmir has a significant genetic diversity pool and rich genetic variance of walnuts.