Language and sexism

Learning a foreign language requires both time and dedication. Hence, achieving proficiency in the four language skills definitely necessitates the integration of culturally relevant materials that can enrich the learning process, particularly in developing speaking skills. This study examines an upperintermediate English as a foreign language textbook utilized at the Medical High School "Gostivari" in Gostivar. While the textbook serves as a crucial teaching resource, its content also significantly shapes the students' learning experiences by addressing topics that contribute to both their academic and personal growth, preparing them for future success. The textbook's analysis mainly concerns activities related to cultural themes, particularly those related to American culture, thus highlighting the importance of examining how these activities facilitate the development of speaking skills. A qualitative research approach was adopted to analyze the textbook's content and evaluate its cultural relevance. The study reveals that the textbook incorporates a diverse array of culture-related activities, aimed at enhancing students' speaking abilities. These activities not only promote cultural understanding but also provide opportunities for students to practice and refine their spoken language skills in meaningful contexts. The incorporated cultural content can boost student engagement since it introduces relevant and thought-provoking scenarios that encourage active participation in speaking activities.

In the present paper I discuss the forms of language sexism which appear in English and Greek placing emphasis on professional nominal forms. More specifically, the focus of the paper is on (a) speakers' attitudes regarding the status of sexism in the society and its reflection on language and (b) the differences between languages with different forms of gender morphological marking, i.e. English and Greek, respectively. I will argue that sexism is a gradient notion, it is more evident in languages with gender discrimination and it seems to be a topic that needs to be incorporated on language teaching.

Italijanskom diskursnom markeru insomma se u teorijskim razmatranjima pripisuje nekoliko pragmatičkih funkcija, pre svega ispunjavanje diskursa, ali i modulacija i demarkacija. Međutim, poput ostalih markera, insomma može obavljati i druge funkcije, kako na interakcionom (prekidanje), tako i metatekstualnom planu (reformulacija). Stoga je cilj rada da se istraži širi dijapazon upotreba ove markerske forme u razgovornom jeziku, odnosno da se kroz primere iz korpusa BADIP izdvoje i opišu njene karakteristične primene u jezičkoj realnosti. Očekujemo da ćemo u kvalitativnoj analizi ove visokoučestale diskursne jedinice naići na poteškoće u preciziranju njenih specifičnih funkcija u pojedinim kontekstima, s obzirom na složenost jedne takve interpretacije, koja uzima u obzir višestruke kontekstualne parametre (namere učesnika, uloge, odnose), kao i sintagmatsku i paradigmatsku polifunkcionalnost samog markera.
Rezultati korpusne analize potvrđuju multifunkcionalnost kao opšte distinktivno obeležje markera i ukazuju na učestalu mogućnost da se formi insomma u datom kontekstu pripiše više podudarnih, međusobno teže razlučivih funkcija. Krajnji cilj analize jeste da se, kroz sagledavanje specifičnosti upotrebe insomma u svakodnevnom diskursu, ponudi kompletan funkcionalni opis ovog markera, te pomogne iscrtavanje preciznijih funkcionalnih obeležja celokupne kategorije kako bi se doprinelo ne samo njenoj klasifikaciji u lingvističkoj teoriji, već i didaktičkoj praksi.

From the early years of our lives, gender has a great effect on shaping our individual and social identity and determines our (socio)linguistic behavior (Τσοκαλίδου, 2001). At the same time, it is a significant factor of linguistic differentiation and inequality (Κανάκης, 2022). This paper examines whether language attitudes towards the dialect spoken in Crete, the biggest island in Greece, and its use in everyday life and professional areas are affected and/or are determined by the gender of the speakers of the dialect. For the qualitative approach of our research, we conducted 16 semi-structured interviews with dialectal speakers of Cretan origin. The findings of the research indicate that gender is a determining factor for the shape of linguistic attitudes and linguistic behaviors since most male speakers display negative attitudes towards women's dialectophony, although they are the ones who use the dialect more. Inevitably, linguistic inequality regarding the use of dialect extends to professional domains.

From the early years of our lives, gender has a great effect on shaping our individual and social identity and determines our (socio)linguistic behavior (Τσοκαλίδου, 2001). At the same time, it is a significant factor of linguistic differentiation and inequality (Κανάκης, 2022). This paper examines whether language attitudes towards the dialect spoken in Crete, the biggest island in Greece, and its use in everyday life and professional areas are affected and/or are determined by the gender of the speakers of the dialect. For the qualitative approach of our research, we conducted 16 semi-structured interviews with dialectal speakers of Cretan origin. The findings of the research indicate that gender is a determining factor for the shape of linguistic attitudes and linguistic behaviors since most male speakers display negative attitudes towards women's dialectophony, although they are the ones who use the dialect more. Inevitably, linguistic inequality regarding the use of dialect extends to professional domains.

The aim of this research was to measure the impact of students` interest-based materials on vocabulary skills development through a twotailed quasi-experiment. Contemporary classrooms with digital natives seeking 21st-century skills require many significant changes in the instructional process. Being put in a democratic, student-centered environment, students have to be granted the opportunity to personalize their learning process. The issue of adjusting and tailoring materials to learners` needs, demands, and interests is widely considered daunting for teachers all over the world. The presented article highlights the importance of designing contextualized materials and adjusting materials to learners` interests and needs to achieve desired learning outcomes. The statistical data were gathered using a two-tailed quasi-experimental design in two control and two experimental groups through pre, while, and post-tests, and analyzed by paired samples tests. The study revealed that vocabu...

In today's world, a rising phenomenon of divorces and the erosion of family values prompt a critical examination of romantic relationships. Despite starting on a promising note, couples often find themselves at odds, prompting questions about the factors contributing to their initial attraction and later conflicts. This article delves into the secrets of successful marriages, exploring the roles imposed by societal norms. It also emphasizes the significance of self-care, well-being, and establishing boundaries within a relationship. Certain women challenge these norms and discover their unique paths to happiness. The article further investigates why some men perceive strong women as threats. The research reveals that it calls for examining the impact of societal conditioning and the need for constructive change to foster harmonious relationships.

E-commerce business organizations aim at achieving the goals and the mission effectively and efficiently so as to satisfy the diverse interests of the stakeholders. MCC is an ICT concept that enables the organizations to enhance the performance when serving the important stakeholders, who include customers, staff, managers, shareholders, and industry regulators. MCC involves the integration of the mobile devices to enable the sharing of the cloud infrastructure. The integration is done via a network and between the computer devices that operate remotely. The Internet is the most common network that enables the mobile devices to utilize the data and information stored in a cloud database. E-commerce businesses prefer the cloud infrastructure because it has a large data storage capacity and high processing speeds. Also, the cloud service providers invest substantial financial, human, and technological resources in ensuring the security of the effective management of the data resources. The main benefit of MCC is that it reduces the businesses expenses. For example, it enables the companies to offer products and services in the international market via the e-commerce infrastructure. Amazon.com is an example of a Multinational Corporation that is successful in offering high-quality services and products to customers in different countries using the website and the mobile app applications that are supported by the cloud infrastructure.

This paper is about teachers’ attitudes. We understand ‘attitudes’ as an evaluative reaction, based on opinions and beliefs one might have. Our objective is to share some data of a qualitative research we conducted with some high school teachers of English, in Brazil. Therefore, we used two instruments of data collection: a questionnaire and an interview. It is an interdisciplinary study, developed under the light of applied linguistics, because upon problematizing social issues related with language, we resorted to social psychology, discourse analysis and critical pedagogy to understand the data. This research is justified because there is still the need to investigate teachers’ attitudes, since there has been a great amount of researches on attitudes based mostly on learners, what points to a gap that still needs to be filled. The analysis pointed to some attitudes, such as toward the Self, the language, the methodology, the approach, the logistic factors and to the learners.

This study aims to investigate the impact of Artificial intelligencedriven solutions on school leaders' proficiencies. Leaders have the responsibility of making decisions in educational institutions as well as carrying out routine tasks daily. Artificial intelligence-assisted applications have noteworthy contributions to the field of educational management. The scope of this study is limited to selected features; data analytics, chatbot, and e-survey. The basic design of this study started with analyzing literature in this domain. This was followed by designing a system consisting of four models: building a dashboard, predicting students' results, creating a chatbot for responding to parents' queries and creating an e-survey for measuring staff satisfaction. The participants of this study consist of 35 school leaders, whereas the sample was one group that was exposed to special treatment. A pre/post-test was conducted to examine the impact of the treatment, in addition to an observation card that was used to measure the treatment's impact on the technical domains. The researchers used SPSS to analyze the study's results.

This study aimed to examine the effect of producing a Blended learning environment based on the programming of an educational robot to develop problem-solving skills in Science for intermediate school students in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The sample of the study consists of  (60) intermediate school students. A total of Four research questions and hypotheses were used in the study. A pre-post-test design was used to achieve the study's objectives in which special treatment was given to the experimental group, whereas no treatment was given to the control group. SPSS was used as a statistical tool to examine the present research results. The study's results proved the effectiveness of a Blended learning environment based on the programming of an educational robot in developing problem-solving skills in Science for intermediate school students in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, as the experimental group showed a better performance in the post-test than the control group. Moreover, the correlation test results indicated a significant positive relationship between the Blended learning environment based on the programming of educational robot performance and students' developing problem-solving skills in Science.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of Teacher Student Relationship (TSR) on Pakistani students' motivation and academic performance in a Chinese as a Second Language class. The sample of the study consists of 80 Chinese-language elementary school students. A total of three research questions and hypotheses were used in the study. A pre-post-test design was used to achieve the objectives of the study in which special treatment was given to the experimental group, whereas no treatment was given to the control group. SPSS was used as a statistical tool to examine the results of the present research. The results of the study proved the effectiveness of TSR in improving students' motivation and academic achievement, as the experimental group showed a better performance in the post-test than the control group. Moreover, the correlation test results indicated a positive significant relation between the TSR, academic performance, and student motivation.

This study examines the use of the @ symbol in Greek social media discourse as a gender-inclusive writing practice. The main aims are to provide a first description of @'s use in Greek and analyze emergent patterns of its enregisterment as a socially indexical practice. Adopting a digital ethnographic approach, the study focuses on a feminist Facebook page where users anonymously share stories, often employing @ in their writing. The analysis suggests that @ mostly functions as a writing element that replaces gendered suffixes in written Greek forms, thereby eliminating grammatical gender representation and facilitating the use of non-sexist language. Within the community examined, using @ can index and enact a broadly conceived 'feminist' identity, which may function for social typification. Overall, the study illustrates how ongoing debates around gender-inclusive language may give rise to socially indexical paralinguistic conventions that can circumvent linguistic features like grammatical gender.

the experimental group showed a better performance in the post-test than the control group. Moreover, the correlation test results indicated a significant positive relationship between the Blended learning environment based on the programming of educational robot performance and students' developing problem-solving skills in Science.

Οι γυναίκες διαδραματίζουν έναν σημαντικό και πολυδιάστατο ρόλο ως διαχειρίστριες του περιβαλλοντικού και πολιτισμικού πλούτου, της παραδοσιακής γνώσης, των οικογενειακών παραδόσεων και της εν γένει κοινωνικής και οικονομικής ανάπτυξης των ορεινών περιοχών. Στην παρούσα εργασία γίνεται προσπάθεια ανάδειξης των προκλήσεων με τις οποίες έρχονται αντιμέτωπες οι γυναίκες στις ορεινές κοινωνίες, των ανισοτήτων που ενυπάρχουν, αλλά και των προσπαθειών ενδυνάμωσής τους μέσα από επιχειρηματικά σχήματα, πολιτικά και οικονομικά μέτρα στήριξης. Παρουσιάζονται παραδείγματα συλλογικών γυναικείων επιχειρηματικών εγχειρημάτων από την Π.Ε. Ξάνθης. Μέσω πρωτογενούς έρευνας αναζητούνται τα κίνητρα, οι δυσκολίες, τα οφέλη και οι προσδοκίες από την ενασχόληση με τέτοιου είδους συλλογικές πρωτοβουλίες.

Τόσο η ιταλική όσο και η ελληνική γλώσσα έχουν διαφορετικούς κανόνες αναφορικά με το γραμματικό γένος και επιπλέον, στην ιταλική γλώσσα υπάρχει απουσία ουδετέρου γένους. Ειδικότερα, το ελληνικό επίθετο αποτελείται από τρία γένη (αρσενικό, θηλυκό, ουδέτερο) ενώ το ιταλικό έχει μόνο δύο γένη (αρσενικό- θηλυκό), κάτι που ενδεχομένως να προκαλέσει σύγχυση κατά τη διάρκεια της απόδοσης από τη μία γλώσσα στην άλλη. Επίσης, ένας ιταλικός όρος αναμένεται να έχει παραπάνω από μία αποδόσεις στην ελληνική γλώσσα που θα έχουν και διαφορετικό γένος.

It is important to analyse textbooks in primary education from a gender perspective because textbooks, in addition to family and society, play an important role in the socialization of children. Thus, this study aims to analyse and review gender roles as well as the use of the English language as academic communication in selected primary education textbooks. Furthermore, 5 primary school teachers were also interviewed to know their perceptions of gender roles. Qualitative content analysis and data collection methods were used. The texts and illustrations of the textbooks were content analyses and it was found out that these selected textbooks were male-based in texts, illustrations, and language. The textbooks portray men in active roles mostly in Science related fields while women were depicted in conformity with the expected traditional Filipino culture of women; dependent, take care of the household, and passive. Findings from teacher interviews correspond to the findings from t...

This study examined how Nigerian Newspaper readership responded to discourses on healthy lifestyle for disease prevention. In line with this, five research questions were posed for investigation as follows: 1. To what extent do Nigerian Newspapers discuss healthy lifestyle for prevention of disease? 2. Who among the target audience are exposed to these messages? 3. How many of the readers are knowledgeable of the 'safe' habits necessary to maintain a healthy state? 4. What is the readers' disposition towards the health discourses in the Nigerian Newspapers? 5. To what extent do they take health action as suggested in Newspaper health discourses? The study involved triangulation. Newspaper discourses on healthy lifestyle were content analyzed to determine the extent of newspapers' discourses. The Survey data was collected from 386 civil servants drawn from three selected state secretariats in south east Nigeria. Results from analyzed data showed the presence of healthy lifestyle discourses in Nigerian newspapers in a significant manner. The data analyzed revealed that the civil servant respondents studied read the newspapers and were highly exposed to Newspaper discourses on the subject matter. The civil servants also demonstrated high knowledge of the safe habits necessary to maintain a healthy state. The respondents were also found to have good disposition towards the message but not all the civil servants took adequate action to maintain a healthy state.

This study determined the level of competencies between male and female students in drafting technology as a subject of Grade 8 in secondary schools in Leyte. It assessed the profile of the students along with their age, grade in drafting technology and family income. It also looked into their attitude and study and work habits towards drafting technology. Likewise, it looked into the level of competencies along the different areas such as: Freehand drawing, lettering, geometric construction, orthographic drawing, pictorial drawing, and commercial Arts. The descriptive survey research method was used in this study. It was conducted in selected public secondary learning institutions in Leyte, Philippines with 345 randomly chosen respondents. Structured questionnaires were administered to generate the needed primary data. Findings revealed that majority of the students were 14-15 years old with satisfactory rating. They belong to families below poverty threshold. Both male and female students were moderately favourable towards drafting technology and exhibited satisfactory study and work habits. Their level of drafting competency was satisfactory having similar levels of competences for both male and female respondents. Inadequate drafting facilities were the top problems met by the students. In conclusion, both male and female students possessed good competency level in drafting technology course, exhibited moderately favourable attitudes and satisfactory in their study and work habits towards drafting technology. The study recommends that students should improve their attitude and study habits. State of the art facilities have to be provided by the administration to upgrade students' knowledge and skills in drafting technology.

There are many forms of discrimination in our society. Why is more attention being paid to discrimination against women with awareness-raising debates, public demonstrations, and more? Women's discrimination against men is discrimination, too! To cope with this growing phenomenon, it is necessary to understand the roots from which it originates and is fed. Gender role stereotypes may be responsible for this (Ostuni, 2017). In this work, thanks to a survey carried out by ISTAT in 2019 (referred to 2018) on the male and female Italian population aged between 18 and 74 years old, it will be explained if and how our society is "trapped" in stereotypical beliefs. The results obtained show that Italy is divided into two parts and that in the northcentral regions stereotypes are less rooted than in the southern ones. The phenomenon is less widespread, for both sexes, both as they grow in age and when they have a higher educational degree. In this context, as far as family society, and the economy is concerned, the role of women aissubordinate to men, especially in the South. As stereotypes are responsible for different forms

this project is about a sculptural adornment… a sculptural adornment worth to be placed on the neck of Woman that shades her Goddess-hood…a wearable sculpture with its vigorous forms, reflecting all that life force of hers as a reminder of her powerful female body…a mirror to the mind, a medium for self-realisation through a nonverbal cue, the posture of power… this project is about a trope of shield… a shield that embraces the inner power of the female body, once detected by men and then sinked into the darkness…the darkness of silence, the darkness of violence, the darkness of being a prisoner of her own body, own rage and being projected as monstrous…a shield that cuts the silence of darkness and comes back to life on the Woman's neck… this project is about revising the old myth… revising the old myth of the snake-headed Medusa that has been repeated itself over centuries as a threat to the male gaze…revising the old myth and tell the true story in order to embrace the beauti...

The study sought to fill the existing gap on issues surrounding the implementation of Server virtualization technology, which have received relatively little attention.. The study investigated the implementation of server virtualization technology by companies listed in the Nairobi Securities Exchange. It employed a correlational research design and targeted the IT and Operations departments of listed companies on the NSE. The target population consisted of 120 persons, and the study used a census method. Primary data was collected through use of questionnaires. Data collected was sorted, coded and input into the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 21.0 for production of graphs, tables, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Correlation analysis revealed that environmental factors, technological factors, organizational factors and human factors had a positive and significant association with server virtualization implementation.

Τα στερεότυπα φύλου και οι συμπεριφορές που τα διαμορφώνουν επιδρούν αναμφίβολα, σε συνδυασμό και με άλλους παράγοντες, στη λήψη απόφασης για επιλογή σπουδών. Η απόφαση αυτή επηρεάζεται όχι τόσο από τη βιολογική διάσταση του φύλου, αλλά κυρίως από την κοινωνική του πτυχή. Πολλοί εξωγενείς παράγοντες, συμβάλλουν στη διατήρηση του φαινομένου των στερεοτύπων φύλου στις σύγχρονες κοινωνίες. Η παρούσα εργασία έχει σκοπό να διερευνήσει το βαθμό επίδρασης των στερεοτύπων φύλου στη λήψη απόφασης για σπουδές στη Δευτεροβάθμια Εκπαίδευση και τη διαχρονική εξέλιξη του φαινομένου κατά τα έτη 2008 – 2014. Για τον σκοπό αυτό αντλήθηκαν στοιχεία από τρεις σχετικές έρευνες σε γυμνάσια και λύκεια της Αττικής. Τα αποτελέσματα από τη σύγκριση των δεδομένων των τριών ερευνών επιβεβαιώνουν μερικώς την αρχική υπόθεση, δηλαδή ότι τα στερεότυπα φύλου επιδρούν στη λήψη απόφασης για σπουδές. Η αρμονική συνύπαρξη των δύο φύλων προϋποθέτει την ανάπτυξη της αυτογνωσίας και της κριτικής ικανότητας του ανθρώπου. ...

Over the years, the educational institutions have had fair share of unfortunate fire incidents. Although incidents of fire are rare and occasional, the chaotic and unplanned nature of responses when fire incidents occur show the extent of preparation staff and students have in dealing with these crises situations. In a computing environment within a university, even though the likelihood occurrence of fire originating from equipment such computers, cables and network devices is unpredictable, the impact on operations of a tertiary institution is greatly affected. When it occurs, it leads to loss of critical application systems which support teaching, learning and administration, damage to expensive equipment, loss of stored records and finally leading to life threatening consequences to occupants. The study employed quantitative method to evaluating impact of fire safety training. Data was obtained using survey questionnaire to gather responses from those who attended in the event hosted by Takoradi Technical University's Directorate of Information and Communication Technology(ICT) Services. Descriptive statistics was used in data analysis to give meaning to figures. Results revealed that the training program built the capacity of participants to respond to fire safety issues appropriately and knowledgeably. Based on the findings it was recommended fire safety training be organized frequently for members of the university community for them to be able respond appropriately to crises situations should it occur.

The purpose of this study is to explain difference in tolerance towards financial risk among entrepreneurs with different levels of financial literacy. Financial risk tolerance is the maximum amount of uncertainty an entrepreneur is willing to accept when making a financial decision. On the other hand, and according to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), financial literacy can be defined as a combination of awareness, knowledge, skill, attitude and behaviour necessary to make sound financial decisions and ultimately achieve individual financial wellbeing. Therefore, the aim of the study is to explain relationship between measured level of entrepreneurs' financial literacy and their assessed tolerance towards financial risk. This is a quantitative study, where we use a questionnaire to asses tolerance towards financial risk and to measure the level of financial literacy. Also, we use non-probability sampling methods where participants are recruited by e-mail. To gain better understanding of relationship between entrepreneurs' financial literacy and their assessed tolerance towards financial risk we use descriptive statistics, chi-square, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. The results of this study are expected to shed more light on understanding of relationship between entrepreneurs' overall financial literacy and their tolerance towards financial risk. Implications of this study suggest that entrepreneurs' tolerance towards financial risk may be driven more by their financial attitude and behaviour rather than their financial knowledge.

This study examined how Nigerian Newspaper readership responded to discourses on healthy lifestyle for disease prevention. In line with this, five research questions were posed for investigation as follows: 1. To what extent do Nigerian Newspapers discuss healthy lifestyle for prevention of disease? 2. Who among the target audience are exposed to these messages? 3. How many of the readers are knowledgeable of the 'safe' habits necessary to maintain a healthy state? 4. What is the readers' disposition towards the health discourses in the Nigerian Newspapers? 5. To what extent do they take health action as suggested in Newspaper health discourses? The study involved triangulation. Newspaper discourses on healthy lifestyle were content analyzed to determine the extent of newspapers' discourses. The Survey data was collected from 386 civil servants drawn from three selected state secretariats in south east Nigeria. Results from analyzed data showed the presence of healthy lifestyle discourses in Nigerian newspapers in a significant manner. The data analyzed revealed that the civil servant respondents studied read the newspapers and were highly exposed to Newspaper discourses on the subject matter. The civil servants also demonstrated high knowledge of the safe habits necessary to maintain a healthy state. The respondents were also found to have good disposition towards the message but not all the civil servants took adequate action to maintain a healthy state.

In this paper, we examine feminist perceptions on the experiences and portrayal of women in sex commerce including pornography, prostitution, trafficking in persons and the use of sexual images of women to promote products and entertainment. This paper is largely a conceptual discussion of related literature, and thus data was generated through desktop review of related literature and previous empirical studies on sex markets. We establish that feminist theorists are divided on the question of whether markets in sexually explicit materials and sexual services are generally harmful to women. As a result, some feminist scholars have explored and developed arguments for restricting sex markets, while others have investigated political movements that aim to advance the rights of sex workers.

The study investigated the "Role of Librarians in Child Abuse Sensitization in Obio/Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State''. Simple random sampling was used to select 32 librarians (16 males and 16 females) from four libraries in four tertiary institutions

In this paper, we examine feminist perceptions on the experiences and portrayal of women in sex commerce including pornography, prostitution, trafficking in persons and the use of sexual images of women to promote products and entertainment. This paper is largely a conceptual discussion of related literature, and thus data was generated through desktop review of related literature and previous empirical studies on sex markets. We establish that feminist theorists are divided on the question of whether markets in sexually explicit materials and sexual services are generally harmful to women. As a result, some feminist scholars have explored and developed arguments for restricting sex markets, while others have investigated political movements that aim to advance the rights of sex workers.

In this paper, we examine feminist perceptions on the experiences and portrayal of women in sex commerce including pornography, prostitution, trafficking in persons and the use of sexual images of women to promote products and entertainment. This paper is largely a conceptual discussion of related literature, and thus data was generated through desktop review of related literature and previous empirical studies on sex markets. We establish that feminist theorists are divided on the question of whether markets in sexually explicit materials and sexual services are generally harmful to women. As a result, some feminist scholars have explored and developed arguments for restricting sex markets, while others have investigated political movements that aim to advance the rights of sex workers.

In this paper, we examine feminist perceptions on the experiences and portrayal of women in sex commerce including pornography, prostitution, trafficking in persons and the use of sexual images of women to promote products and entertainment. This paper is largely a conceptual discussion of related literature, and thus data was generated through desktop review of related literature and previous empirical studies on sex markets. We establish that feminist theorists are divided on the question of whether markets in sexually explicit materials and sexual services are generally harmful to women. As a result, some feminist scholars have explored and developed arguments for restricting sex markets, while others have investigated political movements that aim to advance the rights of sex workers.

It is important to analyse textbooks in primary education from a gender perspective because textbooks, in addition to family and society, play an important role in the socialization of children. Thus, this study aims to analyse and review gender roles as well as the use of the English language as academic communication in selected primary education textbooks. Furthermore, 5 primary school teachers were also interviewed to know their perceptions of gender roles. Qualitative content analysis and data collection methods were used. The texts and illustrations of the textbooks were content analyses and it was found out that these selected textbooks were male-based in texts, illustrations, and language. The textbooks portray men in active roles mostly in Science related fields while women were depicted in conformity with the expected traditional Filipino culture of women; dependent, take care of the household, and passive. Findings from teacher interviews correspond to the findings from the textbook analysis. It shows that almost all teachers admitted that women/men are not treated equally but at the same time in some instances, they believed that roles or occupations that require physical strength and competence should be male-exclusive. When it comes to women's roles outside the home, the interviewed male teachers wanted these roles to be in conformity with the traditional Filipino culture where women stay in the house and take care of the babies, and do most of the household works. The interviewed female teachers react in opposition saying that the current Philippine societal set-up no longer requires women to stay at home perform traditional expected roles of women, stating that male teacher’s conclusion as to the roles of women outside the home indicates deeply rooted beliefs perpetuating the unequal treatment of girls and boys in Philippine families, schools, and society. The research comes to a number of conclusions and also recommends more research with a wider scope that includes interviews and analysis from an increased number of teachers, students, textbook reformers, and policymakers to get a wider picture of gender roles.

Περίληψη Στο παρόν άρθρο συζητιέται το θέμα του σεξισμού αλλά και το πως αυτός αποτυπώνεται στο επίπεδο της γλώσσας. Ιδιαίτερη αναφορά γίνεται στις μορφές που παίρνει ο σεξισμός στους επαγγελματικούς χώρους και όχι μόνο, το πώς αποτυπώνεται στα ΜΜΕ και την εκπαίδευση και ποιες είναι οι στάσεις των ομιλητριών/-ών απέναντί του. Στη συνέχεια, προχωρούμε σε μια πρώτη επεξεργασία των γλωσσικών στάσεων φυσικών ομιλητριών/-ών της Ελληνικής ως προς τον γλωσσικό σεξισμό. Τα δεδομένα αυτά είναι το προϊόν μιας εν εξελίξει έρευνας η οποία διεξάγεται από το Παιδαγωγικό Τμήμα Προσχολικής Εκπαίδευσης του Πανεπιστημίου Κρήτης και μελετά τις στάσεις διάφορων ομάδων ομιλητριών/-ών της Ελληνικής, μονόγλωσσων, αλλόγλωσσων, δίγλωσσων/ πολύγλωσσων, ενηλίκων, μαθητριών/-ών και σπουδαστριών/-ών όλων των βαθμίδων της εκπαίδευσης. Τέλος, συζητιούνται ακροθιγώς οι προεκτάσεις του γλωσσικού σεξισμού στην εκπαίδευση.

Apstrakt: U radu se kroz korpus sačinjen od četiri italijanske cinepanettone komedije ispituju seksističke konotacije vulgarno-opscenih termina koje muškarci koriste prilikom karakterizacije žena u negativnom kontekstu, ali i termina čija pragmatička funkcija nije uvreda već kompliment ili pohvala, te su stoga u seksističkim okvirima percipirani kao pozitivni. Uvredljivi termini biće klasifikovani i posmatrani u skladu sa podjelom na ''seksističke derogativne'' i ''seksističke objektivizirajuće'' termine, koja je predložena u studiji Social acceptability of sexist derogatory and sexist objectifying slurs across contexts iz 2015. godine, čiji su autori Fabio Fazoli (Fabio Fasoli), Andrea Karnagi (Andrea Carnaghi) i Marija Paola Paladino (Maria Paola Paladino). Pored seksističkih termina upućenih ženama kroz korpus će se konfrontirati muški i ženski odnos prema vulgarno-opscenim terminima kojima se označava seksualni čin. Analiza korpusa će, u skladu sa teorijskim osnovama feminističke lingvistike, pokazati da muškarci i žene koriste drugačije termine za opis seksualnog čina, kao i da ova jezička razlika može da se posmatra kao rezultat društveno nametnute podjele rodnih uloga.

Composizione: La Fotocomposizione -Torino Stampa: Stampatre s.r.l. -Torino Le fotocopie per uso personale del lettore possono essere effettuate nei limiti del 15% di ciascun volume/fascicolo di periodico dietro pagamento alla SIAE del compenso previsto dall'art. 68, commi 4 e 5, della legge 22 aprile 1941, n. 633. Le fotocopie effettuate per finalità di carattere professionale, economico o commerciale o comunque per uso diverso da quello personale possono essere effettuate a seguito di specifica autorizzazione rilasciata da CLEARedi, Centro Licenze e Autorizzazioni per le Riproduzioni Editoriali, Corso di Porta Romana 108, 20122 Milano, e-mail [email protected] e sito web www.clearedi.org. Il volume è stato pubblicato con il contributo del Dipartimento di Giurisprudenza dell'Università degli Studi di Bergamo, in occasione del 50° anniversario della fondazione dell'Ateneo. INDICE pag. Premessa delle curatrici IX Introduzione COSTITUZIONE ITALIANA E UGUAGLIANZA DEI SESSI. IL PRINCIPIO ANTISUBORDINAZIONE DI GENERE

La lingua del padrone. Pratiche di dominio e strategie di resistenza, in  Stefania Lorenzini e Margherita Cardellini (a cura di), Discriminazioni tra genere e colore. Un’analisi critica per l’impegno interculturale e antirazzista, FrancoAngeli, 2018, pp. 101-111.

Having skimmed through recently published articles of Bahir Journal of Education (BJE), I inadvertently engrossed with a few imperfections that are incompatible with a currently in use publication manual of the American Psychological Association (APA) style. Notwithstanding strong efforts have been made to produce high-quality articles in terms of contents, methodological approaches and scientific credibility, the oversights of very technical details of specific APA style and formatting have been found. From professional points of views, these oversights might certainly affect the quality of the journal. The main objective of this paper is to uncover the frequent errors that overlooked within the articles since 2014, and thereby to conquer the errors using sixth edition publication manual of the APA and up-to-date manuscripts that are available at the http://apastyle.apa.org/. I presented a series of errors observed in seven randomly selected articles regarding the titles, abstracts, citations, methods, statistical presentations and lists of reference entries to take viable measures that tackle the errors virtually. Finally, based on the observed mismatches, I forwarded implications for the quick use of publication manual of APA that could support the authors, the reviewers and the examiners of the journal articles.

In this paper, we examine feminist perceptions on the experiences and portrayal of women in sex commerce including pornography, prostitution, trafficking in persons and the use of sexual images of women to promote products and entertainment. This paper is largely a conceptual discussion of related literature, and thus data was generated through desktop review of related literature and previous empirical studies on sex markets. We establish that feminist theorists are divided on the question of whether markets in sexually explicit materials and sexual services are generally harmful to women. As a result, some feminist scholars have explored and developed arguments for restricting sex markets, while others have investigated political movements that aim to advance the rights of sex workers.

The aim of the present paper is to examine the way in which sexism is represented, consolidated and reproduced through language in parliamentary discourse. It focuses on a particular event, the election of the President of the Hellenic Republic in December 2014 and February 2015, in which some female members of the parliament, who did not want to express their preference for the candidate president, said "parúsa" ("present" for women) instead of the prescribed by the Standing Orders of the Hellenic Parliament "parón" ("present" for men). The data derive from the official website of the Hellenic Parliament, where the minutes of the Plenary Sessions were searched out. Moreover, the videos from the votes were exploited, of which only the moments where women stated "parúsa" instead of "parón" were transcribed. Critical discourse analysis (see Wodak & Meyer 2001) is used as the research method, since this qualitative method can reveal the ideological aspects of the phenomenon under investigation. More specifically, the threefold model of Fairclough (1989), in which the connection of the linguistic usage (micro-level) with the social context (macro-level) can be achieved via interaction (meso-level). Furthermore, some concepts from conversation analysis (see ten Have 1999), which are related to specific conversational structures, are taken into account. It is argued that the detected elements of the micro-level (generalizing use of masculine grammatical gender, other-repairs and overlaps) form the conflict between gender identities and between the government and the opposition (meso-level), which, consequently, is connected to the power relations (sexism and contrast between government and opposition) in our society (macro-level).

15 Motschenbacher, Heiko. 2006. "Women and men like different things"? Doing Gender als Strategie der Werbesprache ["Women and men like different things"? Doing gender as a strategy of advertising language]. Marburg: Tectum, 459 pp., EUR 29.00.

Pragmatic vagueness is a common language phenomenon in verbal communication; more exactly speaking, it is an important pragmatic strategy. Hedges, as the most typical representative and the most universal phenomenon of vagueness, are widely used in advertisement discourse, for the expression makes things fuzzy, indeterminate, and ambiguous. Based on functional grammar, it explores the interpersonal function of hedges in advertisement discourse through modality. It is hoped that the study may serve to prove that the use of hedges can make the advertisement revealing as well as convincing, and it can help to project advertisers' good image as well as establish good relationship between advertisers and consumers and thus it can realize the commercial aims of advertisers.