Language interferences

A modification of the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test for determination of rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies performed on microplates was standardized and validated. For testing of sera from individuals vaccinated against rabies, this test showed satisfactory accuracy, 100% specificity, intra-test variability of 14%, inter-test variability of 21%, and linearity in the range up to about 60 IU/ml. Moreover, the obtained results were meaningful from the standpoint of adequate rabies prophylaxis.

Today's questions concerning the role of soil organic matter (SOM) in soil fertility, ecosystem functioning and global change can only be addressed through knowledge of the controls on SOM stabilization and their interactions. Pyrolysis molecular beam mass spectrometry (py-MBMS) provides a powerful and rapid means of assessing the biochemical composition of SOM. However, characterization of SOM composition alone is insuYcient to predict its dynamic behavior. Chemical fractionation is frequently used to isolate more homogeneous SOM components, but the composition of fractions is frequently unknown. We characterized biochemical SOM composition in two previously studied soils from the USA, under contrasting land uses: cultivated agriculture and native vegetation. Bulk soils, as well as chemically isolated SOM fractions (humic acid, humin and non-acid hydrolysable), were analyzed using py-MBMS. Principal components analysis (PCA) showed distinct diVerences in the SOM composition of isolated fractions. Py-MBMS spectra and PCA loadings were dominated by low molecular weight fragments associated with peptides and other N-containing compounds. The py-MBMS spectra were similar for native whole-soil samples under diVerent vegetation, while cultivation increased heterogeneity. An approach based on previously published data on marker signals also suggests the importance of peptides in distinguishing samples. While the approach described here represents signiWcant progress in the characterization of changing SOM composition, a truly quantitative analysis will only be achieved using multiple internal standards and by correcting for inorganic interference during py-MBMS analysis. Overall, we have provided proof of principle that py-MBMS can be a powerful tool to understand the controls on SOM dynamics, and further method development is underway.

In this study, we introduce a novel migration and inversion framework inspired by path integral formulations in wave physics. Drawing on principles from our companion paper, A Path Integral Formulation of Wave Optics: From Spatial Interference to Temporal Effects (Singh, 2025), we demonstrate the application of path summation concepts to seismic imaging. Our focus is on environments with complex subsurface heterogeneities, including velocity lenses, where traditional ray-based methods struggle. We evaluate migration results across two frequency regimes (25 Hz and 40 Hz), and perform an inversion using a unique phase-based misfit function, optimized in a five-parameter lens model. Our results indicate improved resolution, stability, and interpretability of subsurface features.

[На Academia.edu в файле не отражаются курсивы, они есть в оригинальном pdf (при скачивании), а также в электронной публикации на сайте журнала: https://journals.openedition.org/res/5993 ]

Аннотация: В статье рассматривается языковая интерференция в “Деревне” (1846) Д. Григоровича. Повесть писателя была одним из первых реалистических произведений, посвященных репрезентации народа в русской литературе. Хорошо известно, что, создавая описания народного быта, Григорович снабдил текст многочисленными просторечными элементами. Однако не так известно, что для писателя французский язык был родным, и это обстоятельство не в меньшей степени определило язык “Деревни”. Пристальный анализ текста позволяет прийти к выводам, что русскоязычное произведение Григоровича испытывает существенное влияние французского языка, которое прослеживается на разных лингвистических уровнях. В статье языковая интерференция в “Деревне” иллюстрируется серией показательных примеров. Лингвистические особенности повести Григоровича во многом определили ее последующую репутацию.

Abstract: The article deals with the language interference in «The Village» (1846) by D. Grigorovich. This story was one of the first realistic works devoted to the representation of the people in Russian literature. It is well known that, creating descriptions of the folk life, Grigorovich supplied the text with numerous low colloquial elements. However, it is not so well known that French was his native language, and this circumstance determined the language of «The Village» to no lesser extent. A close analysis of the text allows us to conclude that the Russian-language work of Grigorovich is significantly influenced by the French language, which can be traced at different linguistic levels. In the article, language interference in «The Village» is illustrated by a series of demonstrative examples. The linguistic features of Grigorovich’s story largely determined its subsequent reputation.

The Tempest Project-Addressing challenges in deepwater Gulf of Mexico depth imaging through geologic models and numerical simulation P erforming depth imaging is an essential part of deepwater Gulf of Mexico (GOM) exploration. Over the years, depth-imaging technology has provided the most reliable seismic images below salt and has been implemented in the workfl ows of the prospect generation process. But how accurate are these images? Since model building for depth imaging is partially an interpretative process, and depth imaging involves resolving seismic propagation through complicated geologic features, it is easy for the resulting prestack depth-migrated images to include imaging and positioning errors. Much deepwater GOM exploration focuses on targets beneath the regional allochthonous salt. Due to the complex structural geometries associated with salt tectonics and the geophysical characteristics of salt, the acquired seismic data sets universally include areas of very poor si...

Today's questions concerning the role of soil organic matter (SOM) in soil fertility, ecosystem functioning and global change can only be addressed through knowledge of the controls on SOM stabilization and their interactions. Pyrolysis molecular beam mass spectrometry (py-MBMS) provides a powerful and rapid means of assessing the biochemical composition of SOM. However, characterization of SOM composition alone is insuYcient to predict its dynamic behavior. Chemical fractionation is frequently used to isolate more homogeneous SOM components, but the composition of fractions is frequently unknown. We characterized biochemical SOM composition in two previously studied soils from the USA, under contrasting land uses: cultivated agriculture and native vegetation. Bulk soils, as well as chemically isolated SOM fractions (humic acid, humin and non-acid hydrolysable), were analyzed using py-MBMS. Principal components analysis (PCA) showed distinct diVerences in the SOM composition of isolated fractions. Py-MBMS spectra and PCA loadings were dominated by low molecular weight fragments associated with peptides and other N-containing compounds. The py-MBMS spectra were similar for native whole-soil samples under diVerent vegetation, while cultivation increased heterogeneity. An approach based on previously published data on marker signals also suggests the importance of peptides in distinguishing samples. While the approach described here represents signiWcant progress in the characterization of changing SOM composition, a truly quantitative analysis will only be achieved using multiple internal standards and by correcting for inorganic interference during py-MBMS analysis. Overall, we have provided proof of principle that py-MBMS can be a powerful tool to understand the controls on SOM dynamics, and further method development is underway.

Abstract

Cross-linguistic influence refers to the impact that a person’s native language (L1) can have on the learning and use of a second language (L2). Language transfer is a key concept in cross-linguistic influence. Cross-linguistic influence is crucial for educators, learners, and researchers alike. This research aims to find out the kinds of L1 (Bangla) influence university students have on L2 (English). It also aims to explore the influences on English syntax. Contrastive analysis theory was applied for this study. Quantitative method was used to collect data, using Google form, and paragraph writing. Respondents were selected using convenience sampling technique. Sample size in total was 110. The collected data were analyzed through statistical tools, which are Google survey form, and paragraph writing. Findings of the study point out a major L1 influence on L2, with fewer expressing confusion in sentence structure. Varied proficiency levels are revealed, notably in articles, prepositions, and verb conjugation errors influenced by Bangla.

Keywords– Cross Linguistic Influence, First Language (L1), Second Language (L2), Syntax

neutre », ou à leur caractère révolutionnaire dans d'autres champs que la linguistique, et au sein desquels ces autaires 2 n'oseraient pas s'aventurer. Cet évitement ou cette méconnaissance de la découverte scientifique dans la recherche linguistique sur le français inclusif tient peut-être également à l'autorité de la démarche structuraliste, qui étudie la langue en s'attachant aux formes plutôt qu'à leur contenu. Notre positionnement théorique choisit d'appréhender la langue par les formes sans négliger de placer dès le départ de notre réflexion un état des lieux de cette pensée révolutionnaire, pour comprendre le fait social à l'oeuvre dans le fait linguistique. Dans un second temps, nous présentons l'ensemble de nos observables dits « de genre neutre » à travers des attestations puisées dans les usages réels. Car si, en histoire, les révolutions sont des « évolutions qui entraînent un bouleversement dans l'ordre social, moral et économique » (cnrtl.fr/définition/révolution) ce sont également, en physique, un « mouvement », et plus précisément une « courbe fermée autour d'un axe ou d'un point, réel ou fictif, dont le point de retour coïncide avec le point de départ. » (ibid.). Ce mouvement qui revient sur lui-même, nous pouvons l'observer dans la réactivation des unités de genre neutre douze siècles après leur attestation en ancien et moyen français

Cette contribution ambitionne de fournir une nouvelle description des termes spécialisés préalablement extraits d'un corpus présenté dans une étude antérieure rédigée en tamazight. Son objectif principal est d'analyser la terminologie spécialisée présente dans les épreuves de la langue amazighe du baccalauréat algérien sur la période de 2008 à 2021, en considérant les sujets rédigés dans deux variétés linguistiques : le kabyle et le chaouia. Les buts sous-jacents consistent à décrire une partie de la terminologie spécialisée implantée dans l'enseignement du tamazight à travers les épreuves du baccalauréat, ainsi qu'à examiner la problématique de la variation dans l'utilisation de cette terminologie en comparant les termes employés dans les sujets kabyles et chaouis. Préalablement à ces analyses, nous avons introduit succinctement la terminologie en tant que discipline scientifique relativement récente, dans laquelle s'inscrit notre étude, puis proposé un inventaire des lexiques spécialisés liés à l'enseignement du tamazight.

Bài nghiên cứu này có mục đích để phân tích vấn đề phát âm thanh điệu tiếng Thái của người Việt Nam ba vùng miền. Giao thoa ngôn ngữ chính là nguyên nhân có ảnh hưởng đến vấn đề phát âm thanh điệu tiếng Thái của người Việt Nam ba vùng miền. Còn nhân tố về phương ngữ có ảnh hưởng đến vấn đề phát âm thanh điệu tiếng Thái khác nhau của người Việt Nam mỗi vùng miền. Thanh thô /3/ là một thanh duy nhất gây khó khăn về phát âm cho người Việt Nam ba vùng miền vì đặc trưng của nó không xuất hiện trong hệ thống thanh điệu tiếng Việt. Thanh tri /4/ gây khó khăn về phát âm nhiều nhất riêng cho người miền Bắc Việt Nam. Trong khi thanh tri /4/ và thanh chặt-tạ-va /5/ gây khó khăn về phát âm cho người miền Trung Việt Nam. Còn thanh xả-măn /1/ và thanh ệk /2/ gây khó khăn riêng cho người miền Nam Việt Nam. Kết quả nghiên cứu này có thể giúp cải thiện việc giảng dạy tiếng Thái nói chung, cách phát âm thanh điệu tiếng Thái nói riêng cho người Việt Nam cả ba vùng miền.

This paper examines the Indonesian or Javanese interferences in ELLT. The objective is to investigate types and subtypes of Indonesian or Javanese interferences which arise at State Islamic Institute and PGRI Teacher Training and Education Institute of Tulungagung, East Java, Indonesia, which types and subtypes of them arise most frequently, and to explain why they arise. It was conducted by using a descriptive qualitative analysis in a case study to 265 students and 10 lecturers at the two higher institutions. The research instruments used in the research are fourteen durative textscontaining interferences in lecturers-students interaction-, questionnaires, interviews, and discussions with some experts in related researches. It revealed that (1) grammatical errors happened most frequently (145 times) and 10 subtypes occurred because of very influential knowledge of L1and L2 into ELLT but the unawareness in using knowledge of L1and L2 to support the spontaneous situation also contributed; (2) 6 subtypes of semantics occurred because of the speakers' low competence of socio pragmatics; and (3) 5 subtypes of phonology happened because of the different phonological systems of L1, L2, L3, Javanese accent and Indonesian word choices

Research on the removal of Fe and Mn interference by solvent extraction on the determination of Co and Cu in pyrolusite using atomic absorption spectrometry with an airacetylene flame have been investigated. Dissolution of pyrolusite sample was done by wet destruction method with solution of aqua regia and HF in the ratio of 3:4 (v/v). Interference studies were carried out for the absorbance of Co and Cu with the addition of iron and manganese in the concentration range 100-1000 ug/mL for iron and 100-5000 ug/mL for manganese measured at the wavelength 240.7 nm and slit width 0.2 nm for Co and wavelength 324.7 nm and slit width 0.7 nm for Cu. The results showed that Fe at concentrations of 100-1000 ug/mL and Mn at the concentrations of 1005000 ug/mL could interfere the absorbance of Co and Cu, i.e. increase the absorbance of Co and decrease the absorbance of Cu. The interference of Fe can be overcome by solvent extraction with methyl isobutyl ketone in 7 M HCl medium. The interference of Mn can be overcome by masking with 0.10 M EDTA, then Co and Cu were extracted into chloroform by complexing them with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate at pH 2. The content of Fe and Mn in the pyrolusite measured by AAS were 67.35±0.61 mg/g and 545.00±6.25 mg/g, respectively. The content of Co and Cu before extraction were 773.33±25.17 ug/g and 2166.67±101.04 ug/g, respectively and after extraction were 487.18±11.10 ug/g and 2733.33±80.36 ug/g, respectively. These results have high precision with relative standard deviation (RSD) value of each elements less than 5%.

Il s'agit de décrire les spécificités linguistiques d'une ville côtière tunisienne, Sfax. Ouverte sur la Méditerranée, elle représente paradoxalement un espace linguistique dont les spécificités tranchent, malgré l'évolution des moyens de communication, avec le reste du dialectal standard tunisien. Au-delà des spécificités linguistiques se profilent des dimensions culturelles. Mots-clés : dialecte, parler, spécificité linguistique, dimension culturelle, unité phraséologique, idiomaticité. Resumen En este artículo se describen las especificidades lingüísticas de una ciudad costera tunecina, Sfax. Abierta al Mediterráneo, representa paradójicamente un espacio lingüístico cuyas especificidades se distinguen claramente, pese a la evolución de los medios de comunicación, con el resto de los dialectos estándares tunecinos. Más allá de las especificidades lingüísticas, se perfilan dimensiones culturales.

We study the signal-to-interference ratio (SINR) percolation model for a stationary Cox point process in two or higher dimensions, in case of a bounded and integrable path-loss function. We show that if this function has compact support or if the stationary intensity measure evaluated at a unit box has some exponential moments, then the SINR graph has an infinite connected component in case the spatial density of points is large enough and the interferences are sufficiently reduced (without vanishing). This holds under suitable stabilization and connectivity assumptions on the intensity measure. We also provide estimates on the critical interference cancellation factor.

The determination of As and Se in biological samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry is well known to be degraded by spectral interferences. The resolution of quadrupole mass analysers is insufficient to resolve As+ and Se+ ions from polyatomic species such as ArCl +, ArAr+ and SO:. A study of this problem in human serum also revealed substantial non-spectral interferences on these elements occurring in the presence of organic compounds. It is shown that both problems can easily be overcome by a combination of chemical modification (addition of 4% ethanol1 with nebulizer flow-rate gas adjustment. Under these conditions the use of standard additions for calibration allowed As and Se to be determined accurately in samples of biological origin. The method developed was applied to human serum and urine and for both As and Se excellent agreement with certified values was obtained.

Cette thèse a pour ambition d’apporter une contribution à l’étude du somali, en s’intéressant à une variété qui n’a pratiquement jamais été étudiée jusqu’à ce jour, à savoir le somali à Djibouti, et notamment la variété parlée par les jeunes Djiboutiens scolarisés en contact étroit avec le français. De création récente, Djibouti est un pays pluriethnique et plurilingue, caractérisé par la cohabitation de diverses communautés ethnolinguistiques. Parmi les langues en présence, on relève l’afar, le somali et l’arabe, langues reliées génétiquement au phylum afro-asiatique et le français, langue indo-européenne et première langue officielle du pays (à côté de l’arabe) ainsi que langues étrangères comme l’anglais et celles parlées dans les pays voisins (Ethiopie) tels que l’oromo, ou l’amharique. Cette thèse présente dans un premier temps l’histoire de Djibouti à partir de la conquête française, la répartition de la population en fonction des principales communautés ethno-linguistiques et...

RIASSUNTO I rischi di inferenze ingannevoli e di una produzione linguistica di scarsa precisione da parte di studenti stranieri di italiano che conoscono una o più lingue romanze non sono stati ancora sufficientemente considerati nella prospettiva dell'intercomprensione romanza. Sulla base di testi scritti da studenti madrelingua cechi si osserva in quali modi si può manifestare questo tipo di interferenza e quali possano essere le possibili soluzioni da applicare. PAROLE CHIAVE: intercomprensione romanza, interferenza linguistica, third language acquisition, italiano per stranieri, consapevolezza metalinguistica ABSTRACT The risks of deceptive inferences and of inaccurate language production by foreign learners of Italian who know one or more Romance languages have not yet been sufficiently considered from the perspective of intercomprehension. Based on texts written by students with Czech as their mother tongue, in this article I will analyze in which ways this type of interference can emerge and propose some solutions to be applied.

Complex is the phenomenon of linguistic interference since it relates to the contact of languages. Its complexity is because it is a phenomenon that affects all levels of language organization including phonetic, grammatical, lexical and cultural. We first presented the methodology of the work, the location of the survey and the major features of the sample under study. In a second step, we proceeded to identify the different mistakes made and then we categorized and analyzed them. Finally, we have shown that interference is one of the obstacles to teach French.

Cette étude examine comment les choix linguistiques dans les cimetières alsaciens reflètent la situation sociolinguistique de la région et le changement de langue du germanique (allemand et alsacien) au français. Dans ce paysage linguistique (Landry & Bourhis 1997), les inscriptions des épitaphes ont un rôle fonctionnel puisqu'elles comportent des informations personnelles sur les défunts (nom, dates, etc.), et aussi un rôle symbolique, de par le choix de langue qui pouvait être transgressif. En effet, en Alsace, région ayant basculé plusieurs fois entre France et Allemagne, le choix du français ou de l'allemand était censé suivre la langue du pouvoir. Mais ceci n'est pas toujours le cas. Ainsi, le choix du français pendant une période allemande pourra indiquer une prise de position identitaire en faveur de la France. Le choix de l'allemand, par contre, peut être considéré comme étant plutôt la conséquence de la tradition germanique de la région. De plus, noms et prénoms sont eux aussi marqués par les appartenances nationales. Aujourd'hui, le déclin des variétés germaniques est reflété par le choix général du français, l'allemand devenant exception.

Indukovano spregnuta plazma sa masenom spektrometrijom (ICP-MS) u poslednjih nekoliko decenija predstavlja nezamenljivu tehniku u analizi geoloških uzoraka. Ovom tehnikom može se odrediti veliki broj elemenata u tragovima, kao što su plemeniti metali i elementi retkih zemalja. Međutim, tehnika je ograničena spektralnim i nespektralnim smetanjama, koje mogu da utiču na rezultate analize. Cilj rada bio je da se nespektralne smetnje umanje metodom razblaženja uzorka (1000-10000). Uzorak koji sadrži zlatonosne minerale je podvrgnut digestiji u carskoj vodi, a određivanje je vršeno na NexION 1000 PerkinElmer ICP-MS instrumentu. Rezultati su pokazali da su razlike u koncentracijama zlata i srebra u standardnom i He modu neznatne pri razblaženju od 10000, što govori o tome da je efekat matriksa umanjen primenom većeg razblaženja. Rezultati XRD analize pokazuju da su u ispitanim uzorcima veoma zastupljeni sulfidni minerali pirit (FeS 2) i kovelin (CuS), pa se digestijom ovih uzoraka carskom vodom dobijaju rastvori koji sadrže gvožđe i bakar kao najzastupljenije komponente matriksa.

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a non-destructive technique used to assess the subsurface and locate any buried objects such as subterranean utilities. It emits electromagnetic radiations and detects the reflected signals from underground objects. Nevertheless, many GPR acquisition factors cannot easily be accounted for in evaluating the performance of the GPR system. To ensure more correct and accurate detection of the GPR signals reflected by a buried cylindrical object in a homogenous medium, sensitivity analysis of GPR data is proposed in this work. The numerical simulator gprMax, which is based on finite-difference time-domain, is used to generate GPR data. The data analysis results showed that the GPR measurement accuracy is more sensitive to the incident signal waveform than the other parameters. Thus, one of the major characteristics of GPR that can affect its accuracy is the incident waveform.

Deskriptori: DNA ~ip; Analiza genskog izra`aja; Genom; Regulacija genskog izra`aja; Genomska hibridizacija; Genske mre`e Sa`etak. Analiza genskog izra`aja s pomo}u sitnopolja visokopropusna je metoda u kojoj je mno{tvo molekula DNA razli~ite duljine pri~vr{}eno za ~vrstu podlogu u to~no odre|enim to~kama i s pomo}u njih se otkriva prisutnost odgovaraju}ih ozna~enih molekula RNA koje se izoliraju iz ispitivanih biolo{kih uzoraka. Temeljni princip na kojem po~iva sitnopolje jest sparivanje komplementarnih nukleotida (A-T i C-G), {to dovodi do stvaranja nukleinskih kiselina s dvostrukom uzvojnicom. Razlike u genskom izra`aju izme|u dvije skupine uzoraka otkrivaju se i kvantificiraju usporedbom vrijednosti intenziteta signala to~aka na skupinama plo~ica na kojima se ispitivani uzorci hibridiziraju. Za sistematsku analizu rezultata dobivenih mjerenjem genskog izra`aja na sitnopolju rabi se analiza grupa i analiza obilje`ja te analiza mre`a i putova. Usporedbom izra`aja svih gena u razli~itim stanicama iste jedinke ili u istim stanicama razli~itih jedinki mo`e se dobiti uvid u mehanizme odgovorne za razvoj nekog stanja ili bolesti.

SA@ETAK • U pogonima za mehani~ku obradu drva skupljani su uzorci drvne pra{ine iz zraka u radnom okru`ju radi odre|ivanja korekcijskog faktora ure|aja za kontinuirano mjerenje masene koncentracije lebde}ih drvnih estica fotometrijom. Prema normi NIOSH 0600 i NIOSH priru~niku analiti~kih metoda o fotometrijskome mjerenju, korekcijski je faktor potrebno odrediti prije mjerenja za svaku vrstu pra{ine posebno, i to kao omjer masene kon-centracije~estica odre|ene gravimetrijskom metodom i masene koncentracije odre|ene fotometrijom. Korekcijski faktor treba odrediti zbog utjecaja fizikalnih svojstava~estica razli~itog materijala (vrste, veli~ine i oblika~estice te njezina indeksa refleksije) na u~inkovitost fotometrije. Istra`ivanje je provedeno s ciljem ispitivanja mogu}nosti primjene fotometrijske metode za odre|ivanje masene koncentracije inhalabilne drvne pra{ine u zraku. Uzorkovanje je provedeno pri obradi sirove i suhe bukovine, sirove i suhe hrastovine, sirove jelovine i iverice. Rezultati mjerenja fotometrijom u signifikantnoj su korelaciji s mjernim rezultatima dobivenim gravimetrijskom metodom (R 2 =0,88), {to je temeljni uvjet za mogu}nost upotrebe fotometrije pri mjerenju masene koncentracije drvnih~estica u zraku. Rezultati istra`ivanja upozorili su na nu`nost odre|ivanja korekcijskog faktora za mjerenje masene koncentracije drvne pra{ine pri obradi razli~itih vrsta drva i drvnih materijala, ali i istih vrsta drva s raz-li~itim sadr`ajem vode. Za uzorke uzete pri obradi jelovine dobiveno je najbolje slaganje rezultata gravimetrijske i fotometrijske metode (k sr =1), a najve}i korekcijski faktor treba primijeniti pri odre|ivanju izlo`enosti radnika drvnoj pra{ini suhe hrastovine (k sr =4,4) i iverice (k sr =4,5). S propisanim grani~nim vrijednostima izlo`enosti radnika drvnoj pra{ini usporedive su samo gravimetrijski odre|ene masene koncentracije iz osam sati skupljanog uzorka. S obzirom na kancerogenost bukovine i hrastovine i njihovu veliku zastupljenost u doma}oj drvnoprera|iva~koj industriji, fotometrijska metoda odre|ivanja masene koncentracije drvnih~estica, osim za odre|ivanje kratkotrajne izlo`enosti mo`e poslu`iti, i kao vrlo korisna metoda u analizi vremenskog profila izlo`enosti na radnim mjestima tijekom radnog dana. Osim toga, fotometrijska metoda

Introduction: For the last few decades, electrolyte determinations in plasma or serum are carried out by reliable potentiometric methods. In recent years, a marked technical evolution has taken place, where the clinical analysis of common analytes (e.g. electrolytes) is partly moving from centralised clinical core laboratories to near-patient point-of-care testing. Methods: As the measuring principle used by point-of-care testing markedly differs from the one used in core laboratories, sodium results are not always interchangeable in critically ill patients due to the different sensitivity of the analytical methods for the electrolyte exclusion effect. Results: This effect mainly occurs in patients with decreased plasma protein values. The observed differences in generated test results might significantly affect the judgment and the treatment of electrolyte disturbances. As technical solutions are not likely to occur in the near future, clinicians and laboratorians should be well aware of this growing problem. Mathematical correction of the sodium results for plasma protein concentration may resolve the problem to a certain extent. Discussion: Although electrolyte determinations are generally very reliable, analytical interferences can occur for sodium rarely, mainly due to contamination by surfactants, benzalkonium in particular. For potassium, the major problem is hemolysis. To a lesser extent, leukocyte lysis and thrombocytopenia may also interfere. For chloride determination, the selectivity of the electrodes used is not ideal. Occasionally, false positive signals can be observed in presence of interfering ions (e.g. bromide).

This paper concerns the protection of electro-optic and electromagnetic sensors embedded into a metallic cavity equipped with a window made of a non-electrically conducting material and optically transparent over the visible light and/or infra-red spectrum. In the presence of high intensity radiated fields, the cavity must be appropriately shielded to protect those sensors, this protection being detrimental to EM sensors sensitivity in their absence. We propose here an automatic and quasiinstantaneous activation of an electromagnetic shield printed on the window glass through the detection of the impinging electromagnetic field. The presented solution is based on thin micrometric mesh-metal film deposited on a glass substrate surrounded by a parallel arrangement of p-in diodes polarized by the EM field source itself. An experimental validation is performed using a reverberation chamber to generate the electromagnetic field stress while performing a shielding effectiveness measurement using the nested reverberation chamber test setup.

Ion Selective Electrodes (ISEs) are used to measure some of the most critical analytes on clinical laboratory and point-of-care analysers. These analytes which include Na + , K + , Cl − , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and Li + are used for rapid patient care decisions. Although the electrodes are very selective, they are not free of interferences. It is important for laboratories to have an understanding of the type and extent of interferences in order to avoid incorrect clinical decisions and treatment.

Poor or low data quality usually has an adverse effect on the quantitative usage of (4D) seismic data for accurate analysis. Repeatability of 4D Seismic or time-lapse survey is considered as a vital tool for effective, potent, and impressive monitoring of productivity of reservoirs. Inconsistencies and disagreement of ‘time-lapse’ data will greatly affect the accuracy and outcome of research when comparing two or more seismic surveys having low repeatability. Correlation is a statistic procedure that measures the linear relation between all points of two variables. Error due to acquisition and processing must be checked for before interpretation in order to minimize exploration failure and the number of dry holes drilled. The seismic data available for this study comprises of 779 crosslines and 494 inlines. The 4D seismic data consisting of the base Seismic shot in 1998 before production and the monitor Seismic shot in 2010 at different stages of hydrocarbon production were cross co...

Background In vitro haemolysis is a common occurrence in clinical laboratories and causes a spurious increase in potassium. In the past, haemolysis was sought by visual inspection but is now commonly detected by automated measurement of the haemolytic index (HI). This study compared detection of haemolysis in adult and neonatal samples by inspection and measurement of HI and verified that a single equation is appropriate to correct for the increase in potassium in both haemolysed samples. Methods Laboratory staff inspected samples for haemolysis and their observations were compared with the measured HI. The potassium concentrations and haemolytic indices of 613 adult and 523 neonatal samples were correlated to derive equations to compensate for the increase in potassium with increase in HI. These were found not to differ significantly and a single equation for use in both populations was derived. Results The presence of icterus was found to decrease ability to detect haemolysis on i...

The efficiency of the universal emulsion ED-1 for radiological, chemical and biological decontamination in the radiological decontamination of old and new metal surfaces contaminated with fission products and uranium isotopes was examined. Examinations were performed in real conditions of application. The mechanism of radiogical, chemical and biological decontamination using the examined emulsion system was considered. The emulsion was shown to be highly efficient in decontaminating new metal surfaces and damaged metal surfaces contaminated with uranium isotopes. The residual surface contamination was below the permitted levels. It is possible to improve less efficient decontamination of old metal surfaces contaminated with Cs-137 and I-131 with repeated decontamination.

Il s’agit de montrer dans cet article que la réduplication est loin d’être un phénomène marginal. Elle se trouve à la croisée des disciplines linguistiques. Elle est en rapport avec l’idéophonie. Elle peut être considérée comme un procédé de formation lexicale tout comme la dérivation et la composition. Sur le plan syntaxique, la réduplication dépasse les parties du discours pour s’appliquer à des énoncés autonomes. La dimension sémantique n’est plus à démontrer tellement les charges sémantiques produites de ce phénomène sont multiples. Pour vérifier ces aspects, nous procèderons à la description de différents types de réduplication dans le parler tunisien.

Il s'agit de montrer dans cet article que la réduplication est loin d'être un phénomène marginal. Elle se trouve à la croisée des disciplines linguistiques. Elle est en rapport avec l'idéophonie. Elle peut être considérée comme un procédé de formation lexicale tout comme la dérivation et la composition. Sur le plan syntaxique, la réduplication dépasse les parties du discours pour s'appliquer à des énoncés autonomes. La dimension sémantique n'est plus à démontrer tellement les charges sémantiques produites de ce phénomène sont multiples. Pour vérifier ces aspects, nous procèderons à la description de différents types de réduplication dans le parler tunisien. Mots clé : réduplication, polylexicalité, articulation, interjection, prédicat. Resumen En este artículo se pondrá de manifiesto que la reduplicación dista mucho de ser un fenómeno marginal. Se encuentra en la encrucijada de distintas disciplinas lingüísticas. Está relacionada con la ideofonía. Se la puede considerar como un procedimiento de formación léxica al igual que la derivación y la composición. En el plano sintáctico, la reduplicación va más allá de las categorías gramaticales para aplicarse a enunciados autónomos. Ya no procede demostrar su dimensión semántica habida cuenta de la multiplicidad de los contenidos semánticos de ese fenómeno. Para comprobarlo, procederemos a la descripción de distintos tipos de reduplicación en el habla tunecina.

In the construction of electronic nose devices, two groups of measurement setups could be distinguished when we take into account the design of electronic nose chambers. The simpler one consists of placing the sensors directly in the environment of the measured gas, which has an important advantage, in that the composition of the gas is not changed as the gas is not diluted. However, that has an important drawback in that it is difficult to clean sensors between measurement cycles. The second, more advanced construction, contains a pneumatic system transporting the gas inside a specially designed sensor chamber. A new design of an electronic nose gas sensor chamber is proposed, which consists of a sensor chamber with a sliding chamber shutter, equipped with a simple pneumatic system for cleaning the air. The proposal combines the advantages of both approaches to the sensor chamber designs. The sensors can be effectively cleared by the flow of clean air, while the measurements are pe...

Le genre neutre en français, expression d'enjeux du XXI e siècle Avertissement Cette communication expérimente des formes linguistiques qui relèvent du « genre neutre », classe grammaticale que nous avons conceptualisée dans notre Grammaire du français inclusif (désormais GFI) en 2018. Chaque première occurrence au genre neutre fait l'objet d'une note de bas de page pour l'expliciter aux lectaires 1 .

The major extracellular electrolytes, sodium, and potassium are often requested together and form a large percentage of the requested tests in routine clinical chemistry laboratories. Two types of devices that use direct and indirect ion-selective electrode (ISE) methods are used in hospitals for electrolyte measurements: blood gas analyzers (BGA), which use direct ISE technology, and the indirect ISE method, which is often used in a central-laboratory autoanalyzer (AA). We aimed to summarize the current scientific knowledge based on whether the electrolyte test results, using Na and K test results obtained with BGA and an AA, can be used interchangeably. We searched Medline (PubMed), Google Scholar, and Web of Science up to 31 st March 2018. In addition, references of the included studies were also examined. Fourteen studies with a risk of bias were included in the analysis. Limits of agreement differences were variable among BGA and AA sodium and potassium test results in clinical practice. The results of both BGA and AA measures should not be used interchangeably under the assumption that they are equivalent to each other.

Cet article fait partie du dossier thématique ci-dessous publié dans la revue OGST, Vol. 67, n°2, pp. 187-372 et téléchargeable ici D o s s i e r DOSSIER Edited by/Sous la direction de : F. Roggero Monitoring of CO 2 Sequestration and Hydrocarbon Production Monitoring pour le stockage du CO 2 et la production des hydrocarbures

Dans le présent article, notre travail mettra la lumière sur l'un des aspects problématiques de l'apprentissage des langues au Maroc : des interférences qui marquent l'apprentissage de la langue amazighe à l'école marocaine. Un tel travail, renforcé d'une série d'observations en classe et de rencontres avec les professeurs de la matière dans trois délégations d'enseignement au Maroc (Meknès 1 , Ifrane 2 et Midelt 3), essayera d'esquisser les diverses stratégies de l'implantation de cette langue dans le secteur scolaire, avant même d'étudier les différentes erreurs d'interférence commises par certains apprenants (notamment les arabophones) en classe d'amazighe et d'en proposer les solutions.

The need for smart and sustainable communication systems has led to the development of mobile communication networks. In turn, the vast functionalities of the global system of mobile communication (GSM) have resulted in a growing number of subscribers. As the number of users increases, the need for efficient and effective planning of the "limited" frequency spectrum of the GSM is inevitable, particularly in densely-populated areas. As such, there are ongoing discussions about frequency (channel) allocation methods to resolve the challenges of channel allocation, which is a complete NP (Nondeterministic Polynomial time) problem. In this paper, we propose an algorithm for channel allocation which takes into account soft constraints (co-channel interference and adjacent channel interference). By using the Manhattan distance concept, this study shows that the formulation of the algorithm is correct and in line with results in the literature. Hence, the Manhattan distance concept may be useful in other scheduling and optimization problems. Furthermore, this unique concept makes it possible to develop a more sustainable telecommunication system with ease of connectivity among users, even when several subscribers are on a common frequency.

Nesse trabalho empregou-se o método da análise de superfície de reposta para otimizar a resposta catalítica do Mo(VI) na reação de oxidação de íons iodeto pela água oxigenada, obtidas pelo método do tempo fixo. A absorbância da reação não catalítica e da ação catalítica do Mo(VI), o delta, foram modeladas. Isso foi feito de forma detalhada para ilustrar a importância da avaliação cuidadosa dos resultados, o que nem sempre é destacado devido ao rigor matemático necessário e à dificuldade dos usuários das técnicas multivariadas em lidar com essa linguagem. O exemplo apresentado neste trabalho mostra que apenas a análise de variância (ANOVA) não é um critério suficiente para a seleção de um modelo, que pode descrever um determinado conjunto de dados, sendo imprescindível que a análise do gráfico dos resíduos também seja feita, mantendo-se uma visão crítica dos resultados obtidos. Os vinte e quatro ensaios do planejamento fatorial inicialmente empregados no modelamento (doze na ausência...

Dans le présent article, notre travail mettra la lumière sur l'un des aspects problématiques de l'apprentissage des langues au Maroc : des interférences qui marquent l'apprentissage de la langue amazighe à l'école marocaine. Un tel travail, renforcé d'une série d'observations en classe et de rencontres avec les professeurs de la matière dans trois délégations d'enseignement au Maroc (Meknès 1 , Ifrane 2 et Midelt 3), essayera d'esquisser les diverses stratégies de l'implantation de cette langue dans le secteur scolaire, avant même d'étudier les différentes erreurs d'interférence commises par certains apprenants (notamment les arabophones) en classe d'amazighe et d'en proposer les solutions.

Ukupno je ispitivano 65 uzoraka nosnih briseva prikupljenih od teladi i junadi sa klini~kim simptomima respiratorne infekcije na prisustvo gove|eg herpesvirusa 1 uporednom primenom molekularnih i standardnih metoda virusolo{ke dijagnostike. Kod inokulisanih }elijskih linija nije ustanovljena pojava citopatogenog efekta (CPE-) posle 24h, 48h i 72h od inokulacije ni posle dve uzastopne pasa`e uzoraka ispitivanog materijala kroz navedene }elijske linije. Primenom lan~ane reakcije polimeraze (PCR) uz kori{}enje prajmera za glikoprotein B i timidin-kinazu, utvr|eno je prisustvo nukleinske kiseline gove|eg herpesvirusa 1 u jednom uzorku nosnog brisa, dok je ispitivanjem navedenih uzoraka nosnih briseva goveda metodom Real-Time PCR prisustvo pomenutog virusa ustanovljeno kod tri uzorka.