Linguistic Geography

A general model is proposed for language and dialect spreads and population movement in mountain societies. Languages (and societies) are ver- tically distributed and often discontinuous. Isoglosses and language spreads move downhill during warm periods and uphill during cold periods. Population movements go in the opposite direction. The ethnic scope and degree of mytho- logization of origin legends correlate well with chronology and vertical direc- tionality of movements, so that even highly mythologized legends are reliable evidence of movements. This model is demonstrated on the ethnolinguistic history of the Chechen and Ingush peoples of the central Caucasus. 1. Introduction. Mountains are as distinctive linguistically as they are geographically and biologically. When inhabited by settled farming and herding people, they harbor unusual diversity of language families and grammatical structures relative to nearby lowlands. The considerable ecological diversity of mountain landsca...

В данной статье представлена биография крупного учёного-диалектолога А. Ф. Войтенко, благодаря фундаментальным трудам которой («Словарь говоров Подмосковья», «Лингвистический атлас Московской области», «Московская диалектная лексика в ареальном аспекте», «Что двор, то говор»), по словам ведущего научного сотрудника Отдела диалектологии и лингвистической географии ИРЯ им. В. В. Виноградова РАН А. В. Тер-Аванесовой, «Подмосковье является наиболее изученной с точки зрения лексики и этнологии территорией России».

This article shows biography of talented dialectologist A. F. Voitenko, thanks to the works of which («Dictionary of dialects of the Moscow region», «Linguistic Atlas of Moscow region», «Moscow dialectal vocabulary in areal aspect», «To each homestead, it's dialect»), according to A. V. Ter-Avanesova, «the Moscow region is the most studied in terms of vocabulary and ethnology, the territory of Russia».

Словарь фиксирует лексическое и фразеологическое богатство русской народной речи XIX-XX веков. Каждое слово и значение представлены с семантико-грамматической, стилистической, экспрессивной, акцентологической, фразеологической, временной и территориальной (географической) характеристиками. В основу Словаря положены непосредственные наблюдения живой речи, произведения устного народного творчества, труды по этнографии и истории русской культуры. Особая задача издания связана с представлением культурно-исторического фона диалектных слов, что делает Словарь памятником русской народной культуры. Для языковедов, историков, фольклористов, этнографов и всех, кто любит и ценит родное слово.

German dialectology has had a central role in the conceptualization of political borders in language continua at least since Kremer's pioneering work (1979). In the early 1980s, Michael Clyne (1984, 1992, 1995) developed the concept of pluricentricity, which operates on the base of "linguistic centres" that, more often than not, can be equated with nations and their norm-providing and codification institutions. A decade or so later, Hermann Scheuringer (1996) proposed what he considered to be the counter concept of "pluriareality". While unheard and unknown in English linguistics, pluriareality is quite popular in German dialectology to this day, often at the expense of pluricentric approaches.

I maintain, as laid out in a recent talk, that pluricentricity is a theoretical concept, as it makes falsifiable predictions, while pluriareality is not (in Popper's sense). The latter is, in fact, a red-herring term that has set back considerably the discussion of regional (areal) variation in German dialectology.

Eurasia's exuberant linguistic diversity can best be seen through the lens of the 'core' Eurasian linguistic regions: the Steppe, the Caucasus, and the Himalaya-Pamir-Tian Shan mountain ranges. They also present citation examples of how geography affects the distribution and evolution of language families: spread-zones vs. residual zones.

Encyclopedia article for International Encyclopedia of Linguistic Anthropology

This paper focuses on one of the biggest desiderata in practical lexicography: the labelling of lexemes by region in the widest sense of the word. In a highly mobile world, regional labelling is bound to receive more attention, yet it is perhaps the least precise aspect of English dictionaries more generally. Largely comprised of two groups – of national terms, such as Americanisms or Briticisms, and of regional terms of a certain more local provenance, such as Southwestern Ontario or Scottish – regional labelling in English dictionaries suffers from both a theoretical neglect and a practical lack of adequate data that dictionary editors could easily use in their assessments of their terms' regional dimensions. This paper reports on the method developed for the forthcoming Second Edition of the Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles (DCHP-2). Using site-restricted web searches, in combination with a long-term web monitoring, the method rests on a normalization routine that produces "Frequency Indices" that are easily visualized. It will be shown that, counter to recent lexicographic best practices, web-scaled resources, which are generally preferred by computational linguists and lexicographers as clean yet large resources, are unfortunately not adequate for this task. For better or worse, the unfiltered, messy web, when used with fail-safe routines and some heuristic reasoning, is the best chance for attaining regional information on large numbers of items; items that would otherwise be marked in a highly subjective manner or not at all.

This is a preprint of a research report about ranking world languages by GDP. This ranking of languages by their importance may be useful in human sciences, business, education programs etc.
Please use the new version:
https://www.academia.edu/98849399

I aim in this chapter to provide a generalizing genetic and geolinguistic (arealtypological) analysis of Slavic dialects in the Balkan context and to offer synthetic conclusions at the present state of research. I will make statements on theory and terminology, research method and tasks, present my data and discuss divergent and convergent developments. All this will help me achieve a solid knowledge of how general mechanisms of genetic splitting and typological merging, borrowing and calquing, language shift, and language and ethnic separation interplayed to make Balkan Slavic a special language group.

If we find ourselves in any part of the world, the basic way of communication with other people is to know a language or group of languages and linguistic dialects, which are specific (characteristic) for particular area or territory. Without language and skills in communicating with other people, it's actually impossible to achieve a certain intention, progress or ability to understand different people and cultures around the world. Knowing the basics of a certain language can make life in a some area much easier and simpler in terms of work, education, socializing, everyday communication or other activities. Mistakes in communicating with people from different parts of the world can lead to misunderstandings, or in some cases loss of human life, as is clear from numerous examples over the past. Language and linguistic literacy are the primary goals of every educational system in the world, and the ways of pedagogical and practical application in geography are clearly expressed through linguistic geography (geolinguistics).

Self-reports in linguistic study, which were central to the dialect surveys of the twentieth century, have, by and large, been relegated to the sidelines by more advanced sociolinguistic techniques in recent years. This article probes into the validity of written self-report surveys in relation to the fieldwork method for Vancouver, British Columbia. Confirming Chambers's general findings of equivalence, it produces insights into the preferred length of written questionnaires and offers recommendations as to question type. The present article also compares the written questionnaire results to acoustically analyzed recorded data for yod-dropping and the low-back vowels before /r/, identifying linguistic items that correlate well with results from self-reports and those that fail to produce reliable results because of ongoing linguistic change or reindexicalization in the case of yod-dropping. Overall, written self-report surveys are found to be highly reliable data gathering tools if certain factors are kept in mind.

M. Stachowski and R. Woodhouse: The discussion of the origin of the Turkish city name İstanbul that began well over a century ago has divided scholars into two groups: those who accept the Greek phrase εἰς τὴν πόλιν (or similar) as the source of the name, vs. those who try to trace it back directly to Greek Κωνσταντινούπολις ~ Κωνσταντινόπολις. The writings of both parties are encumbered by poor Turcology, inaccurate attention to early records and an overly narrow view of medieval Anatolian Greek phonetics. More scrupulous examination of all three types of evidence has revealed a more interesting picture than has previously been suggested.

Explaining the principles and methods behind the new historical dictionary of Canadian English.

This text is a pre-publication version of the Introduction to the Second Edition of the Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles, www.dchp.ca/dchp2, to be released in open access on 17 March 2017. 2017 marks the 150th anniversary of Canadian Confederation; March 17th is the 57th anniversary of the passing of DCHP's founding editor, Charles J. Lovell.

Note: very minor changes in meaning counts are possible; the number of expressions is not yet available (SD, 1 Feb. 2017)

Словарь фиксирует лексическое и фразеологическое богатство русской народной речи XIX-XX веков. Каждое слово и значение представлены с семантико-грамматической, стилистической, экспрессивной, акцентологической, фразеологической, временной и территориальной (географической) характеристиками. В основу Словаря положены непосредственные наблюдения живой речи, произведения устного народного творчества, труды по этнографии и истории русской культуры. Особая задача издания связана с представлением культурно-исторического фона диалектных слов, что делает Словарь памятником русской народной культуры. Для языковедов, историков, фольклористов, этнографов и всех, кто любит и ценит родное слово.

Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} Acabó su felicidad Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} Aflojó el carretón Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} Ajustó el cabestro Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} Apretar cagalera Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} Arrumó el sombrero Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} Atesó la pata Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} Botó el sombrero Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} Botó la gorra Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} Cambió el verde por el pintón Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} Cayó el ala Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} Cayó seco Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} Cerrar cagalera Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} Cerrar el pico Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} Cerrar maletas Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} néstor fabián ruiz 118 Cerró cajas Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} Cerró el culo Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} Cerró el tubo Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} Colgó el chaleco Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} Colgó el forro Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} Colgó el hacha Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} Colgó la jáquima Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} Colgó la guitarra Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} Colgó las herramientas Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} Colgó los tarros Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} Dejó ese plato solo Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} Dejó los popochos para otro Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} Desapareció del mapa Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} Desapareció del mundo Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} Descansó en la paz del Señor Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} Descolgó el toldo Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} Desguindó el toldo Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} Desocupó el campo Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} Desocupó este amarradero Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} Dio los últimos suspiros Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} Echó la pata al hombro Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} Encogió la pata Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} Enderezó canilla Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} Entregar el archivo Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} Entregar el chaleco Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} Entregar el equipaje Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} Entregar el fuste Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} Entregar la guardia Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} Entregar los aniseros (envases de fique) Oración activa {V.Ppal+C.D} fórmulas fijas. 57 2.8.4. Etimología 2.8.4.1. Variantes del dominio panhispánico El pésame Variantes del dominio panhispánico Variantes Étimo El pésame De "pesar". Lat. "pensare" El sentido pésame De "pesar". Lat. "pensare" El duelo Lat. "dolus" La condolencia De "condolerse" Lat. "condolere" El pesar De "pesar". Lat. "pensare" Tabla 2.46. Etimología de las variantes para el concepto el pésame vigentes en el dominio panhispánico. 2.8.4.2. Variantes del español de América Ninguna variante se caracterizó como americanismo. 2.8.4.3. Variantes del español de Colombia El pésame Variantes del español de Colombia Variantes Étimo El sentimiento De "sentir". Lat. "sentire" Tabla 2.47. Etimología de las variantes para el concepto "el pésame" vigentes en el español de Colombia.

Лексіка гаворак Беларускага Прыпяцкага Палесся: атлас, слоўнік / Нацыянальная акадэмія навук Беларусі, Інстытут мовы і літаратуры імя Я. Коласа і Я. Купалы. [укладальнікі: Г. Ф. Вештарт, Клімчук Ф. Д., Кошчанка У. А., Лапуцкая І. І., Лучыц-Федарэц І. І.; рэдактары: Ф. Д. Клімчук, У. А. Кошчанка, І. І. Лапуцкая] - Мінск : Права і эканоміка, 2008. - 352 с.

Выданне "Лексіка гаворак Беларускага Прыпяцкага Палесся" складаецца з дзвюх звязаных паміж сабой раздзелаў (атласа і слоўніка), у якіх прадстаўлены некалькі груп палескай лексікі: "назвы дома і гаспадарчых збудаванняў", "земляробчая лексіка", "назвы ежы", "назвы адзення і абутку", "назвы посуду".

У слоўніку, які налічвае больш за 3500 слоўнікавых артыкулаў, прадстаўлены наступныя групы лексікі: "назвы дома і гаспадарчых збудаванняў", "земляробчая лексіка", "назвы ежы", "назвы адзення і абутку". Кожная група прадстаўлена асобным падраздзелам.

В сборнике опубликованы статьи и материалы участников проекта «Лексический атлас русских народных говоров». В работах освещен широкий круг вопросов исследования диалектной лексики, семантики, структуры отдельных тематических групп и словообразования. Значительную часть книги составляют статьи по диалектной фразеологии, синонимии, истории слов и ономастике. Освещаются также практические вопросы картографирования и некоторые теоретические проблемы лингвогеографии. Сборник вносит вклад в теорию и практику лингвогеографических исследований и представляет интерес для широкого круга исследователей русского языка.

В сборнике опубликованы статьи и материалы участников проекта «Лексический атлас русских народных говоров». В работах освещен широкий круг вопросов исследования диалектной лексики, семантики, структуры отдельных тематических групп и словообразования. Значительную часть книги составляют статьи по диалектной фразеологии, синонимии, истории слов и ономастике. Освещаются также практические вопросы картографирования и некоторые теоретические проблемы лингвогеографии. Сборник вносит вклад в теорию и практику лингвогеографических исследований и представляет интерес для широкого круга исследователей русского языка.

В сборнике опубликованы статьи и материалы участников проекта «Лексический атлас русских народных говоров». В работах освещен широкий круг вопросов исследования диалектной лексики, семантики, структуры отдельных тематических групп и словообразования. Значительную часть книги составляют статьи по диалектной фразеологии, синонимии, истории слов и ономастике. Освещаются также практические вопросы картографирования и некоторые теоретические проблемы лингвогеографии. Сборник вносит вклад в теорию и практику лингвогеографических исследований и представляет интерес для широкого круга исследователей русского языка.

The present paper focuses on the concepts of urban and linguistic space. It considers the city as a diamesic melting pot. Graffitism is seen as a communication channel that needs to be examined in order to better understand the urban language and its many forms.
Key words: graffiti, linguistics, diamesia

The notion of cultural aspects of language variation and change is a growing fi eld. However, collective works on the current stance within this domain are still scarce. The Mouton Atlas of Languages and Cultures embraces a substantial part of the Eurasian continent and equips the reader to better observe, reconstruct and understand the impact of culture and cultural changes on language diversity and linguistic developments. Along the way, a fascinating range of interdis-ciplinary issues, from database encoding conventions to etymologies and cultural anthropology, are discussed. Based on an extensive database assembled by Gerd Carling and her team in Lund, Sweden, the atlas presents typological and lexical data of more than 200 ancient and modern languages, any encoded for the very fi rst time. Alongside classic maps, the atlas features new visualizations, such as polygons and network diagrams, which smartly illustrate complex linguistic patterns of borro-wability, co-lexifi cation and semantic evolution and thereby provide entirely new perspectives.  Analyzing language spread and diversity in relation to environment, subsistence, and cultural contact  Smart visualizations of complex language patterns  Containing data from both ancient and modern languages

Pluricentric approaches to international varieties have been a mainstay in English dialectology since the 1980s, often implied rather than expressed. What is standard lore in many philologies is today seriously questioned in one philology. This paper assesses the pros and cons of the so-called "pluri-areal" perspective, which has in the past few years become increasingly prominent in German dialectology.

"Scientific Works of Dagestan Geographical Society" are devoted to the most urgent geographical problems of region. In the annuals the constant headings are allocated: common problems, regional ecology, social geography, economic geography, political geography, physical geography, biogeography, historical geography, cultural geography, medical geography, linguistic geography, geoinformation systems, discussions, short reports, bibliography, chronicle, anniversaries and memorials.

This introduction to the symposium approaches the themes of autonomy and homogeneity in Canadian English from a historical perspective. We trace the debates on these topics back to the late 19th century and relate them to changing public attitudes toward Canadian linguistic autonomy over time. We review the scholarly evidence on autonomy and homogeneity and outline the evolving interpretations of these themes from earlier research to that of the present day. While much linguistic research in the 1980s and 1990s approached linguistic change in Canadian English in terms of "Americanization", subsequent work has shown that a more nuanced interpretation is in order. We end with a brief review of the six papers in this symposium, in terms of our two themes: four deal with questions of homogeneity and heterogeneity, while two primarily address issues of linguistic autonomy and heteronomy. These papers reveal both common ground and diverging assessment of the data, which attests to a lively field of inquiry.

Julius Klaproth’s Asia Polyglotta (1823) and Adriano Balbi’s Atlas ethnographique du Globe (1826) were the first examples of so-called ‘language atlases’. This article investigates how these atlases presented language as an object of study, and how the study of language intersected with history, geography, ethnography, and other learned pursuits in Klaproth’s and Balbi’s research programmes. This gives us a new perspective on the shaping of linguistics as a discipline and the role of non-Indo-European languages in it.

Pre-publication announcement for
DCHP-2: The Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles, Second Edition, edited by Stefan Dollinger (chief editor) and Margery Fee (assoc. editor), with the assistance of Baillie Ford, Alexandra Gaylie and Gabrielle Lim. University of British Columbia & Gothenburg University. www.dchp.ca/dchp2

Il nucleo centrale del saggio prende in esame le osservazioni che Dante compie nel De vulgari eloquentia sulle vulgaris Ytalie variationes da lui individuate nella porzione centrale della Penisola, all’interno dei domini linguistici che oggi sono classificati come ‘area mediana’ e ‘area perimediana’.  La definizione areale moderna e quella ricavabile dai volgari antichi per questi due domini sono sovrapposte alla geografia linguistica dantesca definita nel trattato, mostrando nelle partizioni qui proposte i riflessi di dati linguistici effettivi. La straordinaria anticipazione dell’area linguistica perimediana si affianca nel De vulgari eloquentia ad altre brillanti intuizioni, dalla nozione di vulgare latium a quella del principio di variazione delle lingue nello spazio e nel tempo, evidenziate nei primi due paragrafi del lavoro. Il saggio si sofferma infine sull’analisi dell’exemplum di parlato proposto da Dante per la Marca Anconitana, evidenziandone la complessa tradizione e aggiungendo delle ipotesi interpretative a quelle proposte finora.

В статье представлен этимологический и лингвогеографический анализ слов пучка и умра, зафиксированных в русских говорах Прикамья и обозначающих различные зонтичные растения (Heracleum sibiricum L., Angelica archangelica L., Conium maculatum L. и др.) или дудчатый стебель зонтичных. Представлен опыт таксономической идентификации растений, которые обозначаются лексемами пучка и умра, их вариантами и производными. Прикамский диалектный материал нанесен на карту и сопоставлен со сходным севернорусским. Утверждается финно-угорское происхождение лексем (для слова умра этимология предлагается впервые).
[The paper proposes an etymological and geographical-distribution analysis of the words puchka and umra, recorded in Russian dialects in the Kama Region. They denote various Umbelliferae plants (Heracleum sibiricum L., Angelica archangelica L., Conium maculatum L., etc.) or the fistular stem of Umbelliferae plants. A tentative taxonomic identification of plants denoted by the lexemes puchka and umra or their variants/ derivatives is proposed. All Kama Region dialect data are mapped and compared with similar Northern Russian data. The Finno-Ugric origin of the lexemes is established, with an etymology of umra proposed for the first time.]

В выпуске опубликованы статьи и материалы участников проекта «Лексический атлас русских народных говоров». В работах освещен широкий круг исследований диалектной лексики, семантики, структуры отдельных тематических групп и словообразования. Значительную часть книги составляют статьи по диалектной фразеологии, синонимии, истории слов и ономастике. Освещаются практические вопросы картографирования и некоторые теоретические проблемы лингвогеографии. Выпуск вносит вклад в теорию и практику лингвогеографических исследований и представляет интерес для широкого круга исследователей русского языка. Печатается по решению Ученого совета ИЛИ РАН Ответственный редактор: С. А. Мызников

Rolled, bound or displayed on a computer screen, maps help us manage, recall, visualize and make sense of complexities in the world around us. As powerful analytical tools, maps are invaluable for decoding, cataloging and interpreting data collected in the field. Woodward and Lewis (1987: xvi) describe maps as "… graphic representations that facilitate a spatial understanding of things, concepts, conditions, processes, or even events in the human world". Like photographs and paintings, maps reveal spatial relationships that can be difficult to represent with words alone. As research tools, they offer capabilities for making comparisons or uncovering the internal structure of distributions. However, as simplifications of the world, maps are subject to constraints. As Montello (2002: 283) suggests, "Maps re-present the world by providing versions of truth for human minds to apprehend". Unlike photographs, which show all things within a field of view, maps are innately selective. The map creator's job is to choose objects to be symbolized and the arrangement of those elements in ways that support both purpose and function (see also Chapters 2 and 3 in this handbook).

В выпуске опубликованы статьи и материалы участников проекта «Лексический атлас русских народных говоров», а также рецензии на первый том «Растительный мир». В работах освещен широкий круг исследований диалектной лексики, семантики, структуры отдельных тематических групп и словообразования. Значительную часть книги составляют статьи по диалектной фразеологии, синонимии, истории слов и ономастике. Освещаются также практические вопросы картографирования и некоторые теоретические проблемы лингвогеографии. Выпуск вносит вклад в теорию и практику лингвогеографических исследований и представляет интерес для широкого круга исследователей русского языка. Печатается по решению Ученого совета ИЛИ РАН Ответственный редактор: С. А. Мызников

This thesis presents a variationist analysis of two linguistic variables among 72 speakers in three Suffolk communities. It is chiefly inspired by the Labovian sociolinguistic methodology, and the work of Trudgill (e.g. 1974, 1988) in another East Anglian locality, Norwich. It broadly speaking seeks to ascertain whether either of the linguistic variables show evidence of change in progress away from traditional East Anglian forms; and if so, whether this could represent dedialectalisation or levelling of the Suffolk dialect.

The results show that one of the variables has undergone change, while the other appears to be resisting it. The verbal -s variable, which refers to traditional East Anglian zero marking of third person singular present tense verb forms (e.g. he run, she go, c.f. Standard English he runs and she goes), shows evidence of being at a late stage of change. Across the three locations, younger speakers are almost categorical in their use of the Standard English-like -s marking of third singular subjects, while middle aged and older speakers use traditional East Anglian zero marked forms more often.

That said, older speakers still use standard -s marked forms around 73% of the time; suggesting that even for this group the change towards a Standard English-like present-tense verb system is well underway. The ‘David’ variable, the propensity for unstressed /ɪ/ to be realised as schwa in East Anglia, shows the opposite effect. The use of the traditional [ə] variant remains high among all three age groups, albeit with perhaps the slight beginnings of a movement towards [ɪ] among middle aged and younger speakers. Perhaps the most significant finding is that the initial (arbitrary) classification of each of the three locations from which data was collected as ‘urban’, ‘rural’ and ‘intermediate’ does not appear to sufficiently account for the variation uncovered. Instead, the factor of ‘place’ – the specific socio-political context unique to each of the communities – provides a more satisfactory explanation as to why Ipswich (the urban location) and Wickham Market (the rural location) should behave similarly to each other, while Woodbridge (the intermediate community with higher social status) is more innovative in showing greater and earlier movement away from traditional East Anglian features.

https://doi.org/10.1017/jlg.2021.1
This article provides a comparative overview of phonological and phonetic differences of Mukrī Kurdish dialects and their geographical distribution. Based on the examined data, four distinct dialects can be distinguished. In each dialect area, different phonological patterns are analyzed according to age, gender and social groups in order to establish cross-regional and cross-generational developments in relation to specific phonological distributions and shifts. The dialect regions that are examined in the present article include West Mukrī (representing an archaic form of Mukrī), Central Mukrī (representing a linguistically peripheral dialect), East Mukrī (representing mixed archaic and peripheral dialect features) and South Mukrī (sharing features of both Mukrī and Ardałānī). The study concludes that variation in the Mukrīyān region depends on phonological developments, which in turn are due to geographical and sociological factors. Moreover, contact-induced change and internal language development are also established as triggering factors distinguishing regional variants.

"Scientific Works of Dagestan Geographical Society" are devoted to the most urgent geographical problems of region. In the annuals the constant headings are allocated: common problems, regional ecology, landscape geography, economic geography, social and recreational geography, medical geography, biogeography, political geography, historical geography, cultural geography, ethnography, linguistic geography, geoinformation systems, discussions, short reports, bibliography, chronicle, anniversaries and memorials.

Focusing on the northern part of the East Asian region, the paper discusses the principles of positioning languages and ethnic groups in time and place.1 The main argument is that ethnic groups can be followed back in time only on the basis of the genetic lineages of their languages. In Northeast Asia, eight welldocumented lineages of languages can be established, including Sinitic, Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, Amuric, Koreanic, Japonic, and Ainuic. For each of these lineages, it is possible to postulate actual protoand prehistorical political, cultural, and territorial connections. The modern linguistic map of the region is a result of relatively recent expansions. These expansions have not necessarily involved large-scale human migrations. Rather, they are results of linguistic diffusion, the basic mechanism of which has been language shift. The impact of language shift is also visible in the synchronic areal and typological patterns exhibited by the languages of the region.

Arabic has been spoken as a mother tongue in Iran since pre-Islamic times, but a number of the Arabic dialect groups scattered across the country have not been documented. In this study, we provide a first account of Arabic on Iran’s southern coast, with a description of the dialect of Bandar Moqām in western Hormozgan Province. Using the Atlas of the Languages of Iran (ALI) linguistic data questionnaire as well as supplementary elicitation and oral texts, we have documented salient elements of its lexicon, phonology and morphosyntax. Our analysis confirms that Bandar Moqām Arabic fits into the wider Gulf Arabic dialect area, yet is internally heterogenous. On the one hand, it shares many features with the regionally dominant ‘Bedouin’ type Gulf Arabic koine, but it also aligns with distinctive structures—both retentions and innovations—in the more ancient ‘Sedentary’ Gulf dialects that originated in southern Arabia. Further, it exhibits a series of structures in common with Mesopotamian Arabic and its descendants that reached as far as Central Asia during the Arab conquest of greater Persia and are still spoken there today.

This special issue of the _Journal of Historical Linguistics_, titled “Understanding language genealogy: Alternatives to the tree model”, was created with the idea of opening a constructive debate around the issues raised by the Tree model. We (Kalyan and François) had previously published articles highlighting the shortcomings of the tree for representing language history, and promoting an approach – called Historical Glottometry – based on the Wave model (François 2014, 2017; Kalyan & François 2018). We invited two historical linguists, Guillaume Jacques and Johann-Mattis List, as discussants in our volume; their chapter “Save the trees: Why we need tree models in linguistic reconstruction” [doi:10.1075/jhl.17008.mat] argued in favour of the Tree model – and this is our final response.
In this response article, we review our apparently conflicting perspectives, but endeavour to find common ground between them – hence the title “when the waves meet the trees”. We show that our differences are partly due to distinct definitions of key concepts (subgroup, shared innovations…). We also show that the argument of “Incomplete lineage sorting”, which they use to defend the tree, could as well defend the wave model, since it can capture the key notion of intersecting innovations that is so prevalent in linkages, and so problematic in the traditional tree approach.
The final part of our response shows how Historical Glottometry (HG) provides a way to reconstruct the historical process of ‘linkage breaking’, whereby a dialect continuum breaks progressively into separate languages. All in all, our two approaches are fundamentally compatible – even though we find the Wave model, ultimately, to be more realistic.

This article presents the realisation and areal distribution of the African lax question prosody, a term we use to refer to a set of yes/no question markers occurring widely in Africa, either individually or in combination. Its typical realisations include a falling pitch contour, a sentence-final low vowel, vowel lengthening, and a breathy utterance termination produced by the gradual opening of the glottis. This prosodic feature is quite different from the well-known high-pitched or rising question prosody, common in Indo-European languages and elsewhere in the world and often considered to be a (near-) universal. Maps are presented showing that it is concentrated in the Sudanic belt of Africa, which extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Highlands of Ethiopia and Eritrea in the east, an area characterized by a number of other unusual features as well. Within this area, the lax prosody is found primarily in languages of the Niger-Congo phylum, especially in a central ''core'' area including the Gur, Kwa and Kru families in which nearly all languages have some form of lax prosody. It also occurs in several languages of the Nilo-Saharan phylum, in particular Central Sudanic languages, and in the Chadic family of the Afro-Asiatic phylum. #

English as spoken as a second language in India (IE) has developed different sound patterns from other varieties of English. While most descriptions of IE have focused on the English of speakers whose first languages belong to the Indo-Aryan or Dravidian families, in this study I examine the phonetic and phonological characteristics of the English produced by speakers of three Indian L1s from the Tibeto-Burman language family (Angami, Ao, and Mizo). In addition to describing aspects of Tibeto-Burman Indian English, a previously unreported Indian English variety, I also examine how and why this variety of English differs from General Indian English. The English of Tibeto-Burman L1 speakers seems to form a variety distinct from Indian English, most noticeably in terms of the lack of retroflexion of coronal consonants, the devoicing of word-final obstruents, the simplification of consonant clusters, the presence of post-vocalic [p], and the reduced set of vowel contrasts. Most of these can be traced to transfer from the L1 phonology, with the coda devoicing and cluster reductions reflecting simplification in terms of markedness, following developmental sequences found in second language acquisition. of the University of Florida for their help with the phonetics, Tony Hung and Bertus van Rooy for word lists and sentences for data collection, audiences at SECOL and the IAWE for their comments and suggestions, and the reviewers and editor of EWW for their careful reading of the paper. Any shortcomings that remain in this work are mine alone.