Linguistic Variation

Este exercici estudia l’ús de les preposicions «a» i «en» amb sentit de determinació de lloc (localització o ubicació estàtica) en la novel·la «La idea de l’emigrant» d’Enric Valor, a fi de comprovar si se’n fa un ús coherent i sistemàtic o, per contra, hi ha variació o vacil·lació. A la llum de les dades i tenint en compte l’enfocament de diversos gramàtics i de la normativa actual, es reflexiona sobre el tractament normatiu de la preposició «en».

This exercise analyses the use of the prepositions a and en in Valencian with a sense of static location in the novel La idea de l’emigrant by Enric Valor, in order to determine whether their use is consistent and systematic or, on the contrary, there is variation or hesitation. In the light of the data and considering the approach of various grammarians and current regulations, the paper reflects on the linguistic norm of the preposition ‘en’.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is reshaping the global knowledge ecosystem by lowering language and resource barriers that have historically limited participation-especially for scholars writing outside English. Tools for writing assistance, translation, literature discovery, and live captioning/interpretation are narrowing the linguistic gap by reducing time, cost, and access frictions. Yet these gains do not resolve a deeper hierarchy: the Global North continues to control the institutions and benchmarks that define what counts as legitimate knowledge. Persisting biases in algorithmic training data, evaluation metrics, and indexing systems privilege Anglo-Western categories, while AI-detection policies and homogenizing stylistic pressures can penalize or flatten the voices of non-native English speakers. Evidence from applied domains (e.g., healthcare AI) further shows that uneven performance across populations translates into material inequities. This paper synthesizes these tensions: AI expands participation but leaves intact epistemic authority-who decides standards of rigor, visibility, and impact. We propose a dual agenda: (1) amplify AI's democratizing effects through multilingual workflows, community-led datasets, and culturally aware review practices; and (2) reform governance in publishing, indexing, and assessment to recognize diverse epistemologies on their own terms. Without institutional change, AI will remain a partial equalizer-broadening access to the conversation while the rules of the conversation stay largely the same.

This paper is a follow up to Bondaruk (2023a), where evidence is provided that in Polish the verb wystarczać/wystarczyć 'to suffice' is polysemous and it has three different interpretations, viz. (i) the idiosyncratic one-'to suffice', (ii) the existential one-'to be enough', and (iii) the possessive one-'to have enough'. In this paper, a syntactic analysis is provided for the three above-mentioned interpretations of wystarczać/wystarczyć 'to suffice', couched in the Minimalist Program of Chomsky (2000, 2008). In all the three cases, wystarczać/wystarczyć 'to suffice' is treated as a monadic unaccusative verb whose internal argument varies. In the structure with the idiosyncratic meaning, the internal argument of the verb wystarczać/wystarczyć 'to suffice' corresponds to a simple DP, in the verb's existential use the internal argument is realised as a PredP, and in the possessive structure it is a complex DP containing a PossP. The analysis presented in the paper bears on the structure of existential and possessive clauses with unaccusative verbs.

El presente artículo forma parte de la tesis de Licenciatura en Traducción realizada por las dos primeras autoras, cuyo trabajo se enmarca dentro del proyecto Fondecyt 11110211 El voseo en Chile. Un cambio lingüístico en desarrollo. Aspectos internos y externos de la variación, dirigido por Marcela Rivadeneira.

Este trabalho consiste na descricao da atual situacaodo pronome pessoal sujeito de primeira pessoa do singularna lingua nortuguesa, no discurso oral coloquial espontâneo.Sao expostos os numeros que indicam uma grande presencado pronome sujeito de PI na lingua oral, e analisados osdiversos fatores apontados, em gramaticas tradicionais e emtrabalhos variacionistas, como condicionadores da expressao dosujeito pronominal. Feita a analise desses fatores, mostra-se que a explicacao da quase obrigatoriedade do pronome sujeito, em linguaoral esnontânea, esta na evolucao do sistema verbal em direcaoa perda da flexao numero-pessoal.

Este trabalho investiga a Concordância Nominal de Número em textos escritos por indivíduos surdos, com o objetivo de verificar que fatores sociais ou linguísticos estão associados à Realização ou à Não Realização desse tipo de concordância. Serve de norte o quadro teórico-metodológico da sociolinguística variacionista. Foram analisadas 40 redações, de 40 indivíduos surdos, entre 15 e 35 anos de idade, estratificados em idade de aquisição da Libras, grau de oralização e leitura labial, e escolaridade. Os resultados apontam para a não correlação desses fatores com a Concordância, revelando, de outro lado, a existência de uma correlação de alguns fatores linguísticos (descritos no corpo do trabalho) com a Não Concordância.Palavras-chave: Bilinguismo de surdos; Concordância nominal de número; Variação linguística.

This research notes discusses English as a Lingua Franca (henceforth ELF) from a translanguaging perspective. In discussing ELF in "multilingual turn", Jenkins (2015) re-conceptualized ELF as English as a Multilingual Franca (EMF) (multilingual activity) and called for the need to explore a more nuanced understanding of multilingual nature in EMF from translanguaging perspectives. Translanguaging has been applied in various ways, yet, it is essential to acknowledge its critical emancipatory motivation and comprehensive conceptualization of human communication (i.e., each human being embraces respective repertoire including multiplicity of linguistic, semiotic, modal and sensual features). Thus, translanguaging transcends the dividing discussion within applied linguistics between scholars with interests in psychology-oriented cognitive theories and those in sociology-oriented theories/practice, and also divides between disciplines in human science (transdisciplinary potential)(e.g., Li, 2018). In my view, EMF in "multilingual turn" means English as not one of many (named) languages but as part of multiplicity of resources/features. In support, I will discuss how the multilingual activity already theorized in ELF can be further discussed by the notion of idiolect and through social semiotic views, and lastly to what extent translanguaging as a theory of language and human communication have implications for ELF and beyond. 概要：Jenkins (2015) は、「マルチリンガルターン」における ELF を EMF (マルチリンガルフラン カとしての英語

This study presents an analysis of vowel reduction in Bolognese. The vowels of Bolognese’s vowel inventory reduce to be [+ high] and [+ ATR], becoming either [i] for front vowels or [u] for back ones. The context in which this occurs is known as a derived environment, in which a vowel that can be stressed in another form of the respective word but is no longer stressed in the current form of the word is targeted for vowel reduction. In contrast, vowels that are never stressed in any form of the respective word are not targets for vowel reduction. The ranking of the necessary constraints to derive the correct surface form of the word explains how this observed reduction to the corresponding high-tense counterpart occurs. There is another observed vowel reduction pattern in Bolognese which only targets the vowels [ɛː], [aː], and [a] in which we see these vowels reduce either to [a] or simply to nothing. To account for this second reduction pattern, we adopt two separate phonologies each with their own ranking of the constraints. In comparing Bolognese words that demonstrate the second pattern to their Italian cognates there appears to be a correlation, where the vowels in Bolognese reduce, and in Italian an adjacent consonant to the target vowel will be lengthened. This suggests that there may be historical evidence in Bolognese for favoring the second reduction pattern over the first, though for modern speakers this choice seems to be arbitrary.

O perfect é uma categoria aspectual que, de acordo com Comrie (1976),
indica a relevância no presente de um evento passado, não fazendo
referência diretamente à situação. Em espanhol, uma das formas de
realização do perfect é através do Pretérito Perfecto Compuesto (PPC).
Entretanto, o padrão de informação aspectual (+) imperfectivo pode não
se manter em todas as variedades do espanhol. Rodríguez Louro (2010),
em estudo sobre a realização do perfect na variedade de Buenos Aires,
propõe que o uso do Pretérito Perfecto Compuesto (PPC) é favorecido
em contextos de passado experiencial e dois tipos são evidentes: o que
indica passado indefinido e o que codifica passado iterativo e habitual.
Já na variedade da Cidade do México, o PPC é usado para fazer referência
a situações que têm a possibilidade de continuar no futuro (cf. Company
Company, 2002; Akerberg, 2006; Rae, 2010). Neste capítulo, nosso
objetivo é comparar a realização morfológica do perfect em corpora de
duas variedades do espanhol: o espanhol da cidade de Buenos Aires e
o espanhol da cidade do México. Dados levantados nos permitem propor
que as duas variedades analisadas compartilham traços de produtividade
e uso da forma composta para a realização do perfect.

Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o comportamento linguístico do artigo definido em sintagmas nominais com antropônimo na Peregrinação, obra escrita no terceiro quarto do séc. XVI por Fernão Mendes Pinto. A análise se baseou no modelo tipológico-funcional givóniano e na sociolinguística variacionista laboviana. Foram testadas dezesseis variáveis linguísticas, das quais apenas onze se mostraram estatisticamente relevantes nos casos de variação: tradição do antropônimo, tipo de antropônimo, indicador de posição/função social, forma de tratamento, adjetivo, possessivo, qualificador, construção apresentativa, função sintática, coordenação e menção. Interpretou-se que a variação linguística relativa à presença de artigo definido em sintagmas nominais com antropônimo na Peregrinação decorre de uma competição entre diferentes pressões funcionais.

Tanto en el español de Medellín como en el de Santiago, las formas de tratamiento voseantes y tuteantes reflejan una estratificación sociolingüística influenciada por factores como el estatus social y el género. Para investigar qué rasgos sociales están asociados con estas variantes y determinar si estas asociaciones son consistentes en términos de procesamiento y relevancia en ambas ciudades, se llevó a cabo un experimento con 100 participantes de Medellín y 131 de Santiago, utilizando la técnica imitativa. Tras escuchar cuatro grabaciones, cada una con tres instancias de voseo o tuteo, los participantes evaluaron a los hablantes en diversas escalas de características sociales. El análisis estadístico de 5544 evaluaciones mostró que el tuteo obtiene puntuaciones más altas en recursos, educación, agradabilidad y simpatía, además de ser percibido como menos heteronormativo que el voseo. Sin embargo, se observaron diferencias significativas entre Medellín y Santiago en el procesamiento y la relevancia de estas características. Estos resultados sugieren que, al atribuir significado social a las variantes del habla, las personas consideran tanto el contexto general como el particular.

Recent accounts have argued, for a variety of unrelated languages, that more than one case assigner or more than one syntactic licensing operation is needed for certain types of nominals (Brattico 2011, Matushansky 2012, Vainikka and Brattico 2014, Forbes 2020, Oxford 2019, Irimia in press, a.o.). Here we discuss structural aspects of differential objects in a set of genetically unrelated languages from Romance, Indo-Aryan,Tupí-Guarani, and southwestern Basque, examining their interaction with other object licensing strategies. We propose that the licensing of certain types of differential objects, including those signalled with oblique morphology (oblique DOM), involve the presence of an additional functional projection beyond the regular Case assigner valuing [uCase]. This additional licenser acts in conjunction with the initial Case assigner/licenser on nominals which contain an additional discourse-linking ((person) feature (related to grammaticalized animacy and specificity), beyond [uCase]. One consequence is that in some of the languages discussed here the initial [Case] strategy, which might result in object agreement, can surface concomitantly with oblique DOM.

While animacy is considered to be one of the decisive factors for Differential Object Marking (DOM) in Spanish, many authors have capitalized on the fact that inanimate objects also can be marked to a certain degree . However, there is still little empirical evidence for many of the claims put forward by these authors. This paper presents an experimental elicitation paradigm which operationalizes and tests a series of claims from the literature, providing quantitative production data on six relevant syntactic configurations: canonical transitive sentences, socalled reversible-symmetrical predicates, complement small clauses, accusative-with-infinitive structures, secondary predication with tener, and ditransitive sentences. The experiment was conducted in parallel in Madrid, Montevideo, Lima, and Mexico City, in order to verify claims regarding regional differences of DOM as well. The results show that regional differences are detectable for some constructions but play a minor role overall. Inanimates in canonical transitive sentences and reversible-symmetrical predicates show more variation than would be expected according to the literature, whereas the remaining constructions behave rather categorically. This paper argues that these findings have consequences for the different competing accounts of Spanish DOM and need to be incorporated accordingly. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics is a peer-reviewed open access journal published by the Open Library of Humanities.

Sociophonetic competence-a component of sociolinguistic and, thus, communicative competence-has been explored in both learner production and perception. Still, little is known about the relationship between learners' ability to account for sociophonetic variability in the input and their likelihood to produce such variation in output. The present study explores 21 learners' preference for a specific sociophonetic variant on an aural preference task and the same learners' patterns of production of the variant in semispontaneous speech. The sociolinguistic variable considered is Spanish intervocalic /d/, variably realized as approximant [ð] or deleted based on numerous (extra)linguistic factors, including the speaker's gender, the vowel that precedes /d/, and the grammatical category and lexical frequency of the word containing /d/. Results reveal that preference for and production of a deleted variant increased with learner proficiency. Moreover, regardless of proficiency, learners generally selected deleted /d/ more than they produced it, suggesting that sociophonetic awareness precedes reliable production. Learners' production of a deleted variant was influenced by the preceding vowel, the grammatical category of the word containing /d/, and the word's lexical frequency, and sensitivity to these predictors was especially observed as proficiency increased. Learners produced the deleted variant more after /o/, in adjectives and nouns, and in frequent words.

The current paper offers a critical reflection on the role of the social dimension of the second language (L2) development of sociolinguistic competence. We center our discussion of L2 sociolinguistic competence on variationist approaches to second language acquisition (SLA) and the study of variable structures. We first introduce the framework of variationist SLA and offer a brief overview of some of the social, and more broadly extralinguistic, factors that have been investigated in this line of inquiry. We then discuss the three waves of variationist sociolinguistics and various social factors that have been examined in other socially oriented approaches to SLA. By reflecting on these bodies of research, our goal is to identify how the insights from this work (i.e., research couched in the second and third waves of variationist sociolinguistics and in other socially oriented approaches to SLA) could be extended to the study of L2 sociolinguistic competence. We argue that greater attention to the social nature of language in variationist SLA is needed in order to more fully understand the L2 development of variable structures.

A key process during acquisition is restructuring, such as the assignment of new functions to forms with a prior function or the integration of new forms/functions, which can all result in nonlinear development (Bardovi-Harlig, 2017; Ellis & Wulff, 2020). Critically, restructuring also contributes to the notion of multicompetence and subtle morphosyntactic changes for multicompetent language users (Cook, 2020), especially when considering the same language users over multiple data collections (given the dynamic nature of multicompetence) and when considering learner grammars in their own right (rather than compared to those of native speakers; Cook, 1997). This study analyzes 18 intermediate-level learners of Spanish through an oral personal prompt production task over three elicitation periods. Restructuring demonstrated in the reduction in use of an emerging form (i.e., the morphological future) reveals a principled restriction on the form according to temporal distance, consistent with the increased second-language sensitivity to independent linguistic variables documented for numerous structures (e.g., Gudmestad & Geeslin, 2013; Kanwit, 2017). Thus, we consider the notions of U-shaped development and restructuring not only in their typical linkages to overall rates of use but also to the effects of independent (extra) linguistic factors. We aim to demonstrate that restructuring occurs across overall rates of use and the roles of independent predictors, that these changes are revealed over time, and that a study that does not allow for necessary observation over time might miss the opportunity to document such acquisition in progress, potentially underreporting important elements of language users' evolving multicompetence.

This article examines the automatic identification of Web registers, that is, text varieties such as news articles and reviews. Most studies have focused on corpora restricted to include only preselected classes with well-defined characteristics. These corpora feature only a subset of documents found on the unrestricted open Web, for which register identification has been particularly difficult because the range of linguistic variation on the Web is known to be substantial. As part of this study, we present the first open release of the Corpus of Online Registers of English (CORE), which is drawn from the unrestricted open Web and, currently, is the largest collection of manually annotated Web registers. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the CORE registers can be automatically identified with competitive results, with the best performance being an F1-score of 68% with the deep learning model BERT. The best performance was achieved using two modeling strategies. The first one involved...

This paper develops register sub-corpora for the Web-crawled Finnish Internet Parsebank. Currently, all the documents belonging to different registers, such as news and user manuals, have an equal status in this corpus. Detecting the text register would be useful for both NLP and linguistics (Giesbrecht and Evert, 2009) (Webber, 2009) (Sinclair, 1996) (Egbert et al., 2015). We assemble the subcorpora by first naively deducing four register classes from the Parsebank document URLs and then developing a classifier based on these, to detect registers also for the rest of the documents. The results show that the naive method of deducing the register is efficient and that the classification can be done sufficiently reliably. The analysis of the prediction errors however indicates that texts sharing similar communicative purposes but belonging to different registers, such as news and blogs informing the reader, share similar linguistic characteristics. This attests of the well-known diffi...

As more written language data become available, the interest in written language mixing / codeswitching (LM/CS) is increasing (Sebba, Mahootian & Jonsson 2012; Sebba 2013). LM/CS in non-naturalistic (e.g., literary) texts raises issues related to gauging (1) the authenticity and representativity of a textual corpus, and deciding (2) whether categories/mechanisms of spoken LM/CS apply to written LM/CS.1 We focus on Guarani-Spanish LM/CS (Jopara) as represented in the Paraguayan novel Ramona Quebranto (RQ). We apply the framework of Muysken (1997; 2000; 2013), developed as a taxonomy of spoken LM/CS. Our contribution extends its applicability to written LM/CS. We show that Jopara has a mix of insertional and backflagging strategies, with infrequent alternations.

This study analyzes the Hebrew biliteral root ‫ב-ל‬ (BL) as a model of the multifaceted symbolic framework of Semitic letters. By tracing its development from tactile experiences of wear and dissolution into a network of semantic fields-ranging from aging and swallowing to rivers, negation, and cosmic space-we show how each letter, ‫ב‬ or ‫,ל‬ operates symbolically in multiple semantic environments. This model expands the classical acrophonic understanding into a symbolic grammar where letters like ‫ב‬ (Bet: body, house, land) and ‫ל‬ (Lamed: extension, protrusion, direction) adapt fluidly depending on context. The expansion of ‫ב-ל‬ into triliteral roots, through the addition of glides or structural consonants, illustrates how cognitive and sensory metaphors are encoded at the letter level and develop dynamically. The result supports a one-to-many root model, grounded in phenomenology, letter symbolism, and historical language behavior.

This study discussed rhetorical features of Iranian applied linguistics research articles (RAs) in English. The main focus of this research is on the examination of the patterns of communicative purposes or “moves” and their subsequent elements or “steps” of different sections of these articles. The researchers randomly chose 30 research articles from four Iranian journals of applied linguistics published within five recent years (2008-2012). The analysis includes the examination of communicative purposes of the texts following Pho’s (2008b) model of move analysis in applied linguistics research articles. For the ease of comparison, this corpus was compared with Pho’s (2008b) corpus of study. The results showed that the macro rhetorical structure of the Iranian research articles is relatively similar to that of non-Iranian RAs with some minor differences. However the communicative purposes in different sections in the two groups of RAs (Iranian and non-Iranian) are relatively differ...

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This paper investigates teachers' perceptions on linguistic variations in bi/multilingual learners' (MLs) writing to evaluate the (in)effectiveness of Multilingual Large Language Models (MLLMs), which are artificial intelligence (AI) models that generate texts in multiple languages. Due to their inherent linguistic biases, these models often struggle to interpret MLs' linguistic variations. To address this gap, we elicit teacher feedback on prevalent linguistic variations in MLs' writing and assess how Meta Llama 3.1, a state-of-the-art MLLM, responds to these variations. Using translanguaging as a lens-the fluid use of multiple languages to convey meaning across social contexts-we propose a new approach to evaluate MLLMs in multilingual learning contexts. With the increasing prevalence of AI in K12 classrooms, this paper advocates for the inclusion of bi/multilingual educators to better align the use of AI with progressive pedagogies such as translanguaging.

En esta investigación se presentan los principales resultados del estudio de la distribución dialectal de los auxiliares de las construcciones multiverbales de verbos finitos coordinados (CMVFC) en ocho áreas dialectales del español: mexicana y centroamericana, caribeña, andina, chilena, rioplatense y del Chaco, andaluza, canaria y castellana (Moreno Fernández 2000). Se incluye el análisis de la distribución dialectal de dichas construcciones con ocho opciones de auxiliares organizadas en dos paradigmas: verbos de aprehensión (agarrar, coger, pillar y tomar) y verbos de movimiento (ir, llegar, saltar y venir), y se exponen los principales patrones de similitudes y diferencias de su uso. Los datos de este análisis se toman desde dos bases de datos, la del Corpus del Español del Siglo XXI (CORPES XXI) y la del Proyecto para el Estudio Sociolingüístico del Español de España y América (PRESEEA). Entre los hallazgos más relevantes del estudio destaca el hecho de que, tanto en su distribu...

Media Arabic is a linguistically independent genre of Modern Standard Arabic. There are a number of explanatory reasons accounting for a characterized, integrally structured media Arabic form. Much within our scientific grasp is the overall combination of lexico-grammatical traits, constituting a major part of the internal textual ecology. Within our reach, again, there is parsimonious literature hardly informing, or predicting, what situationally and linguistically a media Arabic text is. The vast body of research is intuition-governed and prescriptive. This paper is a concise exposition of a work endeavoring to fill out such a gap in research. It summarizes the findings of a large-scale project in Arabic corpus linguistics that empirically investigates media Arabic genre from a functional lexico-grammatical perspective, by using Multi-Dimensional framework. The model uncovers the parameters of variation in media Arabic and explores underlying co-occurring functions. In documenting MSA textual similarities and differences among ten written media subgenres: Politics, Economics, Society, Sports, Science, Culture & Arts, Technology, Women, Health & Medicine, and Religion, Exploratory Factor Analysis was run and resolved within a six-factorial structure, the raw output to be subsequently interpreted as six-dimensional basis for the variable use of Arabic across the ten subgenres.

This study aims to determine if the phrasal verbs used in English in the TV series Bewitched have the same interpretation of meanings in the translation to Portuguese in the subtitles. The research follows the model of Vinay and Darbelnet (1989) with focus on part of their theories called “oblique translation”. The study is an exploratory research and the episodes of Bewitched series selected were from the first and the last season, aiming at comparing the original scripts with phrasal verbs with the translation in the subtitles to Portuguese. The software AntConc was used to locate phrasal verbs through scripts; the software Notepad++ was used to compare the English and Portuguese versions; and the Excel software enabled the researcher to account for the data found. The results are shown in accordance with Vinay and Darbelnet's theory since they emphasize the transmission of a message to whoever is watching through the possible linguistic means each language presents over liter...

A obra Variações linguísticas em línguas românicas: explorações contemporâneas / Variations linguistiques en langues romanes : Explorations contemporaines reúne pesquisas sobre fenômenos fonológicos, morfossintáticos, lexicais e pragmáticos em variedades do espanhol, português (do Brasil e da África), além de comparações entre o italiano e o português, e questões de ensino do português e do francês. Cada capítulo oferece contribuições valiosas para o entendimento dos processos de variação linguística em diferentes contextos das línguas românicas ao redor do mundo.

In the present review paper by members of the collaborative research center "Register: Language Users' Knowledge of Situational-Functional Variation" (CRC ), we assess the pervasiveness of register phenomena across di erent time periods, languages, modalities, and cultures. We define "register" as recurring variation in language use depending on the function of language and on the social situation. Informed by rich data, we aim to better understand and model the knowledge involved in situation-and function-based use of language register. In order to achieve this goal, we are using complementary methods and measures. In the review, we start by clarifying the concept of "register", by reviewing the state of the art, and by setting out our methods and modeling goals. Against this background, we discuss three key challenges, Frontiers in Psychology frontiersin.org Pescuma et al. . /fpsyg. . two at the methodological level and one at the theoretical level: ( ) To better uncover registers in text and spoken corpora, we propose changes to established analytical approaches. ( ) To tease apart between-subject variability from the linguistic variability at issue (intra-individual situationbased register variability), we use within-subject designs and the modeling of individuals' social, language, and educational background. ( ) We highlight a gap in cognitive modeling, viz. modeling the mental representations of register (processing), and present our first attempts at filling this gap. We argue that the targeted use of multiple complementary methods and measures supports investigating the pervasiveness of register phenomena and yields comprehensive insights into the cross-methodological robustness of registerrelated language variability. These comprehensive insights in turn provide a solid foundation for associated cognitive modeling. KEYWORDS language register, situational context, behavioral methods, corpus methods, register markers, language variation This also incorporates the intra-textual linguistic context, such as surrounding sentences, etc. in a given text.

An interesting property of French wh-questions is the presence of several syntactic variants. This study discusses a quantitative analysis of whadjunct and wh-object questions, drawing on gradient acceptability judgments as well as frequency of occurrence in spontaneous speech. Both types of evidence are collected with the same set of speakers in order to allow direct comparisons. The results show interesting mismatches between acceptability and frequency. First, the preferred variants differ: Speakers make use of the wh-in-situ variant (the most frequent form), the variant with the particle est-ce que and the whSV form, but not the whVS, SVwhO and wh-cleft variants. However, the judgment data show that all of these variants are acceptable (with formal variants being more acceptable than colloquial ones). Second, the contrasts between whadjunct and wh-object questions are clear-cut in spontaneous speech, while they are mild in acceptability. In particular, we see that the particle est-ce que is only used with the wh-object que, although wh-adjunct with est-ce que is also considered equally acceptable. Thirdly, fine-grained corpus analyses distinguishing between different categories of wh-adjuncts and wh-objects highlight a differential behavior among wh-words: wh-reason-adjuncts are essentially precluded with the wh-in-situ order. Furthermore, the particle est-ce que is limited to the inanimate wh-object que ('what'), i. e. it is not used with the animate wh-object qui ('whom'). The mismatches between acceptability and frequency prove to be less pronounced in fine-grained analyses. With regard to the larger methodological picture, we see the interesting potential that lies in combined studies drawing on acceptability as well as frequency. In particular, acceptability judgments -which traditionally have a bad standing in sociolinguistics -can help to reveal normative effects and play a crucial role in the circumscription of the full envelope of variation. The two most important sources of evidence in grammar research are acceptability judgments and corpus data. They are closely associated with specific theoreti-1 The criterion of learnability replaces a grammaticality threshold previously proposed in but now dismissed by the authors.

The aim of this paper is to focus on the so-called no man's land where sociolinguistics and grammatical theory interact. It is argued that E-language as a social and I-language as a psychological construct do not exist independently, but influence each other. In other words, syntactic variation and change are driven by social factors but constrained by the nature of possible grammars. The interaction between the social meanings of linguistic forms on the one hand and grammar on the other brings about complex and multi-layered relationships between the individual and the group's or societal grammar. This paper emphasizes how individuals are restricted by grammar but, at the same time, able to overcome these restrictions in specific situated contexts through interactions. This combined approach enables us to predict why some structures are more resistant or vulnerable to syntactic variation and change than others and the route(s) individuals may take to overcome syntactic "restrictions". In this process of interdependent relations between the I-and E-languages, the interpretation and evaluation of linguistic forms through interaction is of crucial importance in the realization of so-called "impossible" or "unrealized" constructions.

As has been extensively exemplified in the ELF literature, users of English as a lingua franca are capable of using language to communicate in contextually appropriate ways even though in so doing they may not conform to the norms of Standard English or the usage of native speakers, which are generally taken to provide the benchmarks of competence in the language. This raises the question of what kind of construct competence is and how far it accounts for the ability to communicate. And if 'incompetent' users manage to be capable communicators, then what is the nature of this capability? If it refers to some kind of knowledge other than competence, what kind is it, and how is this knowledge acted upon in the actual pragmatic process of communication? Addressing these questions leads to the recognition that communication in general is achieved by the exercise of a general lingual capability that, unlike the concept of competence, is not a matter of conformity to the actual en...

Parth Bhatt et Emmanuel Nikiema Université de Toronto * Une version préliminaire de cette étude a été présentée à l'Atelier sur les traits tenu à l'Université Western Ontario en décembre 1998 et au 9 e Colloque international des études créoles à Aix-en-Provence en juin 1999. Nous remercions l'assistance, dont les questions et commentaires nous ont permis de préciser la problématique des voyelles nasales, et les évaluateurs de la Revue québécoise de linguistique pour avoir contribué à l'amélioration de la version écrite. Les éventuelles erreurs et omissions sont nôtres. Les données présentées ici ont été recueillies lors d'une enquête sur le terrain à Sainte-Lucie en août 1998. Nos remerciements vont au personnel du Folk Research Center, qui a facilité notre recherche documentaire, à Cindy et Paul Crosbie, ainsi qu'à Jeff Allen pour nous avoir présenté ses travaux et offert gracieusement des données qu'il a lui-même recueillies à Sainte-Lucie. Finalement, nous disons merci à nos informateurs pour nous avoir permis d'en savoir un peu plus sur leur langue.

In this paper, I investigate the qualitative evaluations of both Spanish-dominant Mexican and U.S.-born bilingual participants toward Mexican and U.S. Spanish, assessing the influence of lived experiences on how they perceive both varieties. More specifically, I employ the theoretical framework of biographical indexicality (Sharma, 2021) to explain how personal biography influences the way we hear the world. I conclude that the groups use Spanish for distinct contextual and stylistic purposes, and given these biographical differences, the varieties of Spanish come to adopt different social meanings for each group. For Mexicans who speak almost exclusively in Spanish, and for whom Spanish is the language of power, prestige, and social advancement, the language is more likely to be associated with status and institutional hierarchies, while, for U.S.-born speakers who use Spanish at home and English in most other contexts, Spanish is considered a language of interpersonal relationships with high value placed on communicative competence rather than academic perfection. I conclude that the participants’ contextualized use of Spanish (and their exposure to the ideologies embedded in those contexts) conditions the indexical social meanings linked to Spanish varieties. As they perceive and produce different types of Spanish, they recursively reflect and constitute the social world around them, relying on a lifetime of experiences to navigate existing and to create new social meanings specific to their sociolinguistic environments.

Todo hablante es básicamente multilectal. Entre las comunidades de habla monolingües y multilingües hay una similitud de principio. La sociolingüÍstica actual reconoce los repertorios lingüisticos de las comunidades de habla bilingües, como un ejemplo de los repertorios que caracterizan todas las comunidades de habla diversifi.cadas fun- cionalmente. Dado que la diferenciación sociolingüística, en general, puede ser más fácilmente reconocible en los repertorios bilingües que en los monolingües, el estudio del multilingüismo puede contri- buir a Ia clarificación y solución de los problemas básicos, teóricos y metodológicos, con los que se enfrenta la üngüística contemporánea. Por otra parte, las divergencias lingüísticas y el cambio lingüístico han sido estudiados durante mucho tiempo como disciplinas separa- das, a saber, dialectología y lingüística histórica. La sociolingüística, investigando la dinámica del cambio lingüístico en progreso, ha aña- dido una tercera coordenada: las relaciones sistemáticas entre los datos cuantitativos de las variantes lingüísticas y las variaciones fun- cionales y sociales. La lingüística diacrónica atribuyó aI bilingüismo, como factor externo, el papel de «primer motor» de las transforma- ciones sufridas por el diasistema lingüístico, y ha entrevisto la tras- cendencia de la contribución sociolingüística del multilingüismo, para superar la propia limitación interna con respecto a los cornplejos

As Yunnanese people immigrated in Thailand many years ago, nobody knows their language and where they are. This research aims to study Yunnanese dialect phonology and distribution in Thailand. The phonology of Yunnanese dialect data have been analyzed by phonemic approach and tones have been analyzed by computer software program PRAAT. Yunnanese language areas are presented on the map. This research found that Yunnanese in Thailand has five subdialects: Yunnanese phonology from Muang Hai of Xishuagbanna Autonomous Region of Tai Ethnic Group, Yunnanese phonology from Kunming, Yunnanese phonology from Longling, Yunnanese phonology from Simao, and the cities in the northern part of Yunnan, which are classified into two groups. The consonants, vowels and tones are difference both their number and characteristic depending on their origin places. At the present time, Yunnanese people settle down in four provinces: Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Mae Hong Son and Bangkok in Thailand.

Esta pesquisa apresenta análises sobre avaliação linguistica no português europeu madeirense, através de corpora (entrevistas sociolinguísticas selecionadas a partir da amostra Funchal do CORPORAPOT e Corpus Sociolinguístico do Funchal (CSF)) e de questionários no âmbito de trabalhos de investigação realizados por Andrade (2014), Rodrigues (2018) e Nunes (2019). Foram selecionadas para um exame mais detalhado, duas variáveis sociolinguísticas, objeto de estudos anteriores focados na produção linguística: a realização anafórica de OD (variantes não padrão - ele, lhe e realização nula - e variante padrão, com clítico o) e as construções existenciais (variante não padrão - com ter - e variante padrão - com haver). O objetivo central é contribuir para o conhecimento mais aprofundado da sociedade insular, amplamente heterogênea do ponto de vista sociodemográfico e linguístico. Pretende-se, ainda, refletir sobre a possível influência dos significados sociais dos usos linguísticos e d...

This article is about the symbolic representation of the wilderness motif in a selection of rabbinic travel tales, taking into consideration its representation in earlier Jewish writings. The article includes a selection of rabbinic travel narratives found in b. Baba Batra that concern the desert journeys of the remarkable rabbinic protagonist Rabba bar Bar Ḥanna. The hero of the stories is presented as viewing the giant dead bodies of the biblical tribes in the wilderness, Mount Sinai, and Korah and his people, all according to the sequence of biblical events in the books of Moses. Wilderness plays an integral role in these stories. While there is little interest in this motif in Palestinian rabbinic literature, wilderness plays a distinct role in the eschatological process according to the rabbinic theological speculations known from the Babylonian Talmud. According to the selected travel narratives, which all focus on the wilderness, several objects from the biblical past, as well as some items from the dawn of creation, which are designated to play an important role in the eschatological process, are stored there.

Este trabalho investiga a Concordância Nominal de Número em textos escritos por indivíduos surdos, com o objetivo de verificar que fatores sociais ou linguísticos estão associados à Realização ou à Não Realização desse tipo de concordância. Serve de norte o quadro teórico-metodológico da sociolinguística variacionista. Foram analisadas 40 redações, de 40 indivíduos surdos, entre 15 e 35 anos de idade, estratificados em idade de aquisição da Libras, grau de oralização e leitura labial, e escolaridade. Os resultados apontam para a não correlação desses fatores com a Concordância, revelando, de outro lado, a existência de uma correlação de alguns fatores linguísticos (descritos no corpo do trabalho) com a Não Concordância.

The paper analyses several classes of pronouns in the Soikkola dialect of the Ingrian language, namely interrogative/relative, indefinite, and negative pronouns. These classes of pronouns belong to one of the most underdescribed parts of Ingrian morphology, so the main goal of the paper is descriptive. Special focus is placed on the analysis of variation within pronoun classes. While variation in interrogative/ relative pronouns mostly concerns minor aspects of their formation, indefinite and negative pronouns show many competing variants. In the case of indefinite pronouns, this variation arises from indefinite suffixes with different origins and functions. Negative pronouns have another source of variation: the morphophonological processes that can occur when a pronominal stem is concatenated with the negative particle kaa/kää. In all these classes of pronouns, we usually observe idiolectal and free variation, while contextual and register variation occurs less frequently.

This work presents original results from a new experimental approach to Differential Object Marking (DOM) using customized Acceptability Judgment Tasks (AJTs) in varieties of Spanish (Iberian, Mexican, Peruvian, and River Plate) and Portuguese (Brazilian, European), together with data from Catalan varieties obtained with the same methodology, Differential object Marking in Romance: The third wave, 279-314. Berlin & Boston: de Gruyter). We show that AJTs can be used to produce a fine-grained picture of similarities and contrasts in the variation of Ibero-Romance DOM along well-established prominence scales, such as the Extended Animacy Hierarchy. We also test a series of predictions from the literature for each variety. Although we find clear evidence for scalar effects, we question the explanatory potential of a finite set of categories on prominence scales, and we argue that in order to explain DOM in the varieties under investigation, the nature of such scales needs to be better understood.

Die ETH-Bibliothek ist Anbieterin der digitalisierten Zeitschriften. Sie besitzt keine Urheberrechte an den Inhalten der Zeitschriften. Die Rechte liegen in der Regel bei den Herausgebern. Die auf der Plattform e-periodica veröffentlichten Dokumente stehen für nicht-kommerzielle Zwecke in Lehre und Forschung sowie für die private Nutzung frei zur Verfügung. Einzelne Dateien oder Ausdrucke aus diesem Angebot können zusammen mit diesen Nutzungsbedingungen und den korrekten Herkunftsbezeichnungen weitergegeben werden. Das Veröffentlichen von Bildern in Print-und Online-Publikationen ist nur mit vorheriger Genehmigung der Rechteinhaber erlaubt. Die systematische Speicherung von Teilen des elektronischen Angebots auf anderen Servern bedarf ebenfalls des schriftlichen Einverständnisses der Rechteinhaber. Alle Angaben erfolgen ohne Gewähr für Vollständigkeit oder Richtigkeit. Es wird keine Haftung übernommen für Schäden durch die Verwendung von Informationen aus diesem Online-Angebot oder durch das Fehlen von Informationen. Dies gilt auch für Inhalte Dritter, die über dieses Angebot zugänglich sind. Ein Dienst der ETH-Bibliothek ETH Zürich, Rämistrasse 101, 8092 Zürich, Schweiz, www.library.ethz.ch ANALYSE DIALECTOMÉTRIQUE DES STRUCTURES DE PROFONDEUR DE L'ALF 7 parce que le travail de typisation (de taxation, codage, etc.) exige la mise à disposition des planches de l'ALF en tant que feuilles détachées. Ces préparatifs n'ont d'ailleurs été appliqués qu'aux 1421 cartes de la série A de l'ALF. Par la suite, nous avons fait imprimer, sur les 1421 planches dégagées de l'ALF, un réseau multicolore de 18 «parcours d'épreuve» pour assurer ainsi le transfert contrôlé des données de l'ALF sur des listes appropriées. Le travail de transfertqui comprend la taxation (typisation, codage, etc.) à proprement parler et l'enfournement consécutif des données taxées dans l'ordinateura été confié à une équipe de jeunes romanistes préalablement formée. Il va de soi que le travail de taxation s'est déroulé suivant des consignes aussi précises que possible pour assurer ainsi l'homogénéité des travaux taxatoires de nos jeunes collaborateurs'3). Du côté informatique enfin, il fallait trouver un collaborateur ultracompétent à qui confier la confection d'un logiciel capable d'assurer la saisie, le contrôle et le stockage des données-ALF taxées d'un côté, et d'effectuer tous les calculs dialectométriques ainsi que leur visualisation consécutive selon les standards cartographiques les plus récents de l'autre. Heureusement ce collaborateur idéal s'est présenté en la personne de M. Edgar Haimerl qui, entre 1990 et 1997, avait déjà réalisé l'informatisation complète de notre atlas linguistique ladin ALD-I. E. Haimerl a par la suite initié un jeune romaniste salzbourgeois d'origine polonaise -M. Slawomir Sobotaaux secrets de la cartographie assistée par ordinateur. Le programme mis au point par E. Haimerl et à l'aide duquel toutes les cartes de cet article ont été préparées, s'appelle «Visual Dialectometry» (VDM) alors que le logiciel cartographique utilisé par S. Sobota pour la confection définitive des cartes est un produit industriel dénommé «Map Info». Que MM. Haimerl et Sobota reçoivent ici l'expression de ma reconnaissance sincère et profonde! Les lecteurs intéressés pourront d'ailleurs consulter notre site internet bilingue (allemand-anglais) où ils trouveront une description détaillée de la démarche dialectométrique en général et des différentes étapes de la dialectométrisation de l'ALF en particulier. (3) À cet égard nous tenons à remercier chaleureusement Barbara Aigner, Irmgard Dautermann, Hildegund Eder, Susanne Oleinek et Annette Schatzmann (toutes de Salzbourg) pour leur collaboration compétente, efficace et tenace. Nous incluons dans notre gratitude Mme Lily Ditz-Fuhrich (Salzbourg) qui, une fois de plus, a bien voulu assurer le contrôle stylistique de notre texte français. 8 HANS GOEBL 4. Brève description de la chaîne dialectométrique mise en oeuvre Précisons d'entrée de jeu que la dialectométrisation de l'ALF a été faite exactement suivant les normes et méthodes dialectométriques établies par nous il y a plus de vingt ans. C'est pourquoi les lecteurs de la «Revue de linguistique romane» se reporteront utilement à nos contributions respectives de 1981, 1983 et 1987. L'ensemble des méthodes dialectométriques actuellement disponibles est agencé selon le modèle d'une chaîne dont la figure 1 montre les différents maillons.

Objetivamos  com  esta  pesquisa  analisar  a  variedade  dialetal  de  Roraima  sob  a  ótica  dos  próprios  residentes  da  região.  Para  isso,  este  estudo  coletou  algumas  postagens  da  página  de  Instagram  South  BV  City,  em  que  se  manifestam  evidências  societais,  que  são  pistas  linguísticas  apontadas  pelos  seguidores  como  caracterizadoras  do  falar  roraimense,  bem  como  suas  reações  subjetivas sobre a existência (ou não) de um sotaque da região. Evidências societais é um conceito proposto por Garret, Coupland e Williams (2003), que significa os metadiscursos realizados por não especialistas  acerca  de  usos  linguísticos.  Os  resultados  mostram  que  (1)  os  roraimenses  possuem  sotaque e isso fica saliente quando os referidos moradores entram em contato com outras variedades dialetais; (2) em vários comentários, o dialeto de Roraima é apontado como derivado de outro dialeto ou da mistura entre outras variedades, o que converge para a história e constituição populacional de Roraima; e (3) os usuários avaliam que o falar roraimense se aproxima muito dos falares nordestino e nortista, e se distancia muito dos falares do Sul e do Sudeste.

This article brings informal standardization processes to the forefront and examines their role in the emergence of new, orally oriented standard languages (“neo-standard languages”) alongside already codified standard languages. It discusses phenomena such as demotization, regionalization, and restandardization, which contribute to a reorientation of linguistic norms. The text emphasizes the dialectical relationship between informal and formal standardization and analyzes how new norm concepts evolve through social and media-driven change. At its core is the idea of a reconfiguration of linguistic standardness in Late Modernity.