Non-Metric Variation

Alman Arkeoloji Enstitüsü'nün (DAI) Kısaltmalar Dizini'nde 'OLBA' şeklinde yer almaktadır. OLBA dergisi hakemlidir ve Mayıs ayında olmak üzere, yılda bir kez basılmaktadır. Published each year in May. KAAM'ın izni olmadan OLBA'nın hiçbir bölümü kopya edilemez. Alıntı yapılması durumunda dipnot ile referans gösterilmelidir. 'RESEARCH CENTER OF CILICIAN ARCHAEOLOGY' JOURNAL 'OLBA' Scope Olba is printed once a year in May. Deadline for sending papers is November of each year. The Journal 'Olba', being published since 1998 by the 'Research Center of Cilician Archeology' of the Mersin University (Turkey), includes original studies done on antropology, prehistory, protohistory, classical archaeology, classical philology (and ancient languages and cultures), ancient history, numismatics and early christian archeology of Asia Minor, the Mediterranean region and the Near East.

Sled dogs are among the most iconic animals of the North, and their efforts in pulling sleds facilitated trade and subsistence practices that sustained many Indigenous groups for thousands of years. Unfortunately, the history of dog sledding is difficult to trace in archaeology. The identification of dog sledding in the past has been mostly addressed through the association of dog skeletal remains with material parts of sleds and harnessing equipment. However, there is currently no method for identifying sled-pulling activity directly from canid remains. This article introduces a new visual scoring manual for entheseal changes to address this gap in knowledge. Entheseal changes are morphological variations to entheses, which are muscle, tendon, and ligament attachment sites on bone. They have been used to reconstruct past activity in humans and, more recently, reindeer and equid remains, but never in canids. This method was developed for thirteen entheses on the forelimb and hindlimb using 74 working sled dogs, non-working pet dogs, and wild canids. Visual scores were compared to examine the effect of activity on entheseal changes, but also confounding biological factors such as age, sex, and body size. Observer error tests were also conducted to determine the method's precision and repeatability. The results show that sled dogs have significantly higher scores than non-working canids, especially for seven attachments. This suggests that entheses are morphologically sensitive to habitual sled-pulling, though some attachments are better indicators of working activity than others. Overall, these findings demonstrate that the method can differentiate sled dogs from pet dogs and wild canids and is a useful tool for identifying sled-pulling activity in archaeological canid remains. Furthermore, this method will help to better understand the history and development of humandog relationships in the North.

The ability to make behavioural inferences from skeletal remains is critical to understanding the lifestyles and activities of past human populations and extinct animals. Muscle attachment site (enthesis) morphology has long been assumed to reflect muscle strength and activity during life, but little evidence exists to directly link activity patterns with muscle development and the morphology of their attachments to the skeleton. This research used a primate sample (Pongo pygmaeus abelii, Macaca fuscata, and Macaca sylvanus) and an experimental mouse model (Mus musculus, CD-1 wild-type female outbred) to test how locomotor and postural behaviours influence the development of the forelimb muscles, bone growth rate, bone remodelling, crosssectional geometry, and the gross morphology of their humeral attachment sites. A total of twenty-two muscles attaching to the humerus from the three species of primates were analysed. No consistent patterns between muscle architecture and entheseal morphology were found, although considering the underlying cortical bone of an attachment site seemed more informative of the associated muscle. Results demonstrate how variable muscle and bone can be even when considering factors such as age, sex, species, body mass, and locomotion. iii Over an eleven-week period, data was collected on the activity levels in one control group and two experimental activity groups (running, climbing) of female mice. The three muscles attaching to the deltoid crest (spinodeltoideus, acromiodeltoideus and superficial pectoralis) were examined. Results show that both activity type and level increased bone growth rates, remodelling and muscle architecture, including differences in potential muscular excursion (fibre length) and potential force production (physiological cross-sectional area). However, despite significant influences on muscle and bone development, activity had no observable effect on enthesis size or morphology. The results of this study suggest that the gross morphology of entheses is less reliable than the internal bone structure for making inferences about an individual's past behaviour. Further knowledge of the functional significance and development of entheseal morphology is needed if one is to accurately reconstruct behaviour based solely on skeletal and fossil remains. I am indebted to Drs. David Green, Shannon McFarlin, and Brian Richmond for kindly providing the mouse sample, along with their guidance and expertise for the hard tissue analyses. For their mentorship, friendship, and collaboration I am tremendously grateful. I am also very thankful to Drs. Bernard Wood and Chet Sherwood for their support and guidance during my stay in Washington DC. I was very lucky to have met a wonderful group of graduate students, postdocs, and researchers at GW who have given me their support, time, and extremely fond memories. I thank all of the "CASHP" gang I have met, especially Amy Bauernfeind, Cheryl Stimpson, Janine Chalk, Erin Marie Williams, Kevin Hatala, and Andrew Du. You are amazing and made my stay in the U.S. so much fun. The data presented in Chapters 5 and 6 would not be possible without the help, time, and collections given to me by many individuals and institutions. Thanks are due to Dr. Timothy Bromage for taking time to explain many of the microscopic concepts that I used to analyse the mouse sample. Also, I would like to thank Drs. Andrea Taylor and Mark Teaford who have opened their home and lab for me while my many visits to Duke University for sarcomere analysis. Andrea has been endlessly helping me with my thesis throughout the years, and I look forward to more collaboration with her. Thanks are due to Stephanie Holowka who volunteered her time at the Hospital for Sick Children to CT scan the primate sample. Despite her busy schedule, Stephanie always found extra time to have me come in with all of the bones and always had a big smile and great stories to share. A special thank you goes to the museums and their collection managers who granted me access to their skeletal remains and kindly coordinated my visits: Eileen Westwig (American Museum of Natural History), Linda Gordon (National Museum of Natural History), Judy Chupasko (Museum Comparative Zoology), and Susan Woodward (Royal Ontario Museum). I would also like to express my gratitude to Rob Javonillo vii and Judy Chupasko for opening their homes during my data collection in Washington and in Boston respectively. I am greatly in debt to Graham Crawshaw and Dyann Powley from the Toronto Zoo for donating to the lab their primates. They were always open to have me come work in their facilities, and have helped me immensely with all of the details that come with the research of primate tissue. Finally, I would like to thank all the members of the Archaeology Centre at the University of Toronto, the Hard Tissue Research Laboratory at the George Washington University, and the Soft Tissue Laboratory at Duke University for graciously providing access to their labs and equipments. The analyses of this dissertation would not have been possible without your help, time, and dedication. A huge thank you also goes to all my family

The ability to make behavioural inferences from skeletal remains is critical to understanding the lifestyles and activities of past human populations and extinct animals. Muscle attachment site (enthesis) morphology has long been assumed to reflect muscle strength and activity during life, but little evidence exists to directly link activity patterns with muscle development and the morphology of their attachments to the skeleton. This research used a primate sample (Pongo pygmaeus abelii, Macaca fuscata, and Macaca sylvanus) and an experimental mouse model (Mus musculus, CD-1 wild-type female outbred) to test how locomotor and postural behaviours influence the development of the forelimb muscles, bone growth rate, bone remodelling, crosssectional geometry, and the gross morphology of their humeral attachment sites. A total of twenty-two muscles attaching to the humerus from the three species of primates were analysed. No consistent patterns between muscle architecture and entheseal ...

RESUMEN: Se estudi6 la estructura de la poblaci6n prehist6rica del sector septentrional del noroeste argentino mediante el empleo de caracteres no-mCtricos del crjneo. La muestra est5 constituida por 673 individuos pertenecientes a las regiones de Puna (I 11), Quebrada de Humahuaca (269), Selvas Occidentales (50) y Valliserrana (243). Se observaron 33 caracteres y se aplic6 un diseiio tipo factorial "i" por "j" para tablas de contingencia. Mediante la p r u e b a~2 se analiz6 la distri-buci6n de la muestrapor sexo, edad, deformation artificial y regi6n. La estructura de la poblaci6n se estudi6 empleando analisis de correspondencia, medida media de divergencia estandarizada (sMMD) y analisis de agrupamiento. Se comprobo que seis rasgos estin asociados con deformacicin, cinco con sexo, siete con

A team of archaeologists discovered numerous human remains during three seasons of excavations and architectural analysis at Capela de Nossa Senhora da Victoria (Our Lady of Victory Chapel) in Rio Maior, Portugal between 1987 and 1989. The earliest excavation in 1987-88 occurred both inside of the standing chapel and outside along the south wall. These initial excavations, directed by Oliveira, Martins, and Pereira, uncovered the foundations of a medieval manor house and a few bones identified as human remains (Oliveira et al. , 1989). As Figure 1 illustrates, in 1989 more extensive excavations in front of the Chapel uncovered a small cemetery containing at least seven burials and an ossuary (Oliveira et al. , 1990). This report focuses on the osteological analysis of skeletal remains recovered from the excavations at Capela de Nossa Senhora da Victoria. Both during the fieldwork and in the years following the Chapel excavations, the skeletal collection was vandalized, unfortunately...

Objectives: Ancestry and sex estimation using craniometric indices is an important aspect of skeletal identification process, as it limits the number of antemortem records used to compare with a postmortem profile and establish a positive identification. These indices are also affected by secular or temporal changes. So the aim of the study to explore the usefulness of indices for sex and ancestry estimation in North Indian population and effect of secular changes on these indices. Materials and methods: In present study two temporally different skull samples of the North Indian population have been taken and eighteen craniometric indices were calculated on the basis of 17 craniofacial measurements for both sexes to examine the temporal changes and their use in ancestry and sexual differenciation. Contemporary sample comprised of 158 skulls (110 male; 48 females) and subrecent 325 skulls (206 males and 119 females) with an age range of 20-68 years. Results: Craniofacial measurements showed significantly higher values in contemporary males and females. In males highly significant secular/temporal changes were observed in orbital index and transverse frontal index and to a lesser extent in foraman magnum and gnathic index. In females, highly significant differences were observed in cranial, vertical, auriculo vertical and longitudinal craniofacial index. Discussion: There is a lot of variability in Indian and non Indian populations so these indices can be used for ancestry estimation but not for sex discrimination due to poor classification rate. Moreover, the causes of these temporal variations with other issues have also been discussed.

El os trigonum es un osículo que normalmente aparece durante la infancia y normalmente se fusiona a la parte posterior del astrágalo alrededor de la edad de 8-11 años. En ocasiones, puede haber una interrupción en el proceso de fusión usualmente por microtraumatismos. Una actividad intensiva del tobillo puede causar este grado de trauma necesario para interrumpir el proceso de desarrollo del astrágalo. Por lo tanto, este rasgo no-métrico puede proporcionar información importante sobre la infancia de poblaciones del pasado. Los astrágalos bien conservados de la cueva funeraria de Punta Azul y el yacimiento funerario de La Guancha-El Agujero, ambos localizados en las islas Canarias, han permitido estudiar el os trigonum para indagar más en la infancia de poblaciones de aborígenes canarios. La muestra de este estudio consistió en 149 astrágalos procedentes del yacimiento de Punta Azul (El Hierro) y 51 astrágalos de La Guancha-El Agujero (Gran Canaria), de entre los cuales se descartaron aquellos que presentaban daños postmortem. Los resultados evidencian que hay diferencias significativas de os trigonum entre las muestras estudiadas y las frecuencias son considerablemente altas comparadas con otros estudios similares. Se interpreta que la alta presencia del rasgo en las dos muestras estudiadas indica que los niños y niñas de las comunidades prehispánicas eran sujetos activos para la sociedad desempeñando, en menor o mayor medida, determinadas actividades socioeconómicas que requerían cierta sobrecarga física.

Aim: The aim of our study is to evaluate of anatomical localization of infraorbital foramen, canal and sulcus by using cone beam computed tomography. Material and Method: In this descriptive study, cone beam computed tomography images of 125 patients were retrospectively analyzed. Infraorbital canal and sulcus's anatomic variation are determined. Results: The average length of infraorbital canal was 11.73 ± 1.90 mm, infraorbital sulcus was 16.15±2.90 mm, the angle between two of them was 154.3 ± 8.57° and the angle between the horizontal plane and the direction of the channel was 41.02 ± 7.60°. Conclusion: This study suggests that cone beam computed tomography may lead the way for prevention of damage to neurovascular structures during maxillofacial surgery by determining the distance of surgically important anatomical landmarks, local anesthesia practices and other invasive procedures. Key Words: Cone beam computed tomography, infraorbital canal, infraorbital sulcus vererek posterior dişlere yönelir. Daha sonra inferior orbital fissurdan orbitaya girer ve infraorbital sinir adını alır. Ġnfraorbital sinir, infraorbital sulkus (ĠOS) ve infraorbital kanaldan (ĠOK) geçer ve infraorbital foramen ile kafatasına açılır. Ġnfraorbital sinir ĠOK'dan geçerken premolar ve birinci molar dişleri innerve

Âî âðåìÿ ïðîâåäåíèÿ äèôôåðåíöèàëüíîé äèàãíîñòèêè èñïîëüçîâàëñÿ ìåòîä êîìïüþòåðíîé òîìîãðàôèè. Èññëåäîâàíèå ïðîâåäåíî íà 128-ñðåçîâîì êîìïüþòåðíîì òîìîãðàôå «Somatom Definition» (Siemens) ñ äâóìÿ ðåíòãåíîâñêèìè òðóáêàìè. Ðåçóëüòàòû.  ðåçóëüòàòå èçó÷åíèÿ ïåðôîðàöèé, óäàëîñü óñòàíîâèòü, ÷òî äåôåêòû ÿâëÿþòñÿ òðåïàíàöèîííûìè îòâåðñòèÿìè, ñîâåðøåííûìè ñïîñîáîì ñâåðëåíèÿ. Îòñóòñòâèå ñëåäîâ çàaeèâëåíèÿ óêàçûâàåò íà ïðåäñìåðòíûé èëè ïîñìåðòíûé õàðàêòåð îïåðàöèé. Àíàëèç íàó÷íûõ ðàáîò, ïîñâÿùåííûõ èçó÷åíèþ ïðîáëåì è ïðè÷èí ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ïîñìåðòíûõ òðåïàíàöèé ó äðåâíèõ íàðîäîâ Åâðàçèè, ïîçâîëèë óñòàíîâèòü, ÷òî ïî õàðàêòåðó îñóùåñòâëåíèÿ òðåïàíàöèÿ ÷åðåïà èç ìîãèëüíèêà Âåðáîâñêèé I, íàõîäèò àíàëîãèè â ñðåäíå è ïîçäíåñàðìàòñêèõ ïîãðåáåíèÿõ Íèaeíåãî Ïîâîëaeüÿ, à òàêaeå â ïàìÿòíèêàõ Çàïàäíîãî è Öåíòðàëüíîãî Êàçàõñòàíà V-III ââ. äî í.ý. Îáñóaeäåíèå. Èñòîêè ïðîèñõîaeäåíèÿ îáû÷àÿ ïîñìåðòíîé òðåïàíàöèè ñëåäóåò èñêàòü ó äðåâíèõ íàðîäîâ Öåíòðàëüíîé è Ñðåäíåé Àçèè, ïðîaeèâàâøèõ íà ýòîé òåððèòîðèè, íà÷èíàÿ ñ VIII è ïî I ââ. äî í.ý.. Îïåðàöèè íà ÷åðåïå aeåíùèíû èç ìîãèëüíèêà Âåðáîâñêèé èìåþò ðèòóàëüíî-ñèìâîëè÷åñêîå çíà÷åíèå. Îäíàêî â ðàìêàõ êàêîãî ðèòóàëà èëè òðàäèöèè áûëè îñóùåñòâëåíû äàííûå èñêóññòâåííûå ìàíèïóëÿöèè ñ ÷åðåïîì ÷åëîâåêà, óñòàíîâèòü äîñòàòî÷íî ñëîaeíî. Ýòî ìîaeåò áûòü è ïîäãîòîâèòåëüíàÿ ïðîöåäóðà ïðè ìóìèôèêàöèè òðóïà èëè åãî áàëüçàìèðîâàíèè èëè ïîäãîòîâêà òðóïà ê ïîãðåáåíèþ èëè äëèòåëüíîìó õðàíåíèþ; ðèòóàëüíîå ðàçãðàáëåíèå è âðåäèòåëüñòâî ñ öåëüþ «çàïèðàíèÿ» íåóãîäíîãî ïîêîéíèêà è ò.ä.

Se evalúan las relaciones entre San Pedro de Atacama (SPA, 400-1535 d.C.) y la Puna de Jujuy(PJ, 1029-1497 d.C.) por su posible influencia en la estructura genética de ambas poblaciones. Las distribuciones de frecuencias basadas en rasgos fenotípicos presentan una zona intermedia integrada por individuos de una y otra subregión. El 8% de los individuos de SPA fue asignado en PJ con niveles altos de probabilidad (͞p=0,69), principalmente desde sitios de los períodos Medio y Tardío (Quitor 6, Coyo Oriental, Quitor 5, Quitor 1 y Yaye), y el 32% de PJ (͞p=0,74),en su mayoría de los sitios de Doncellas y Agua Caliente, fue asignado a los períodos Temprano,Medio y Tardío de SPA. Las evidencias obtenidas a partir del estadístico Fst sugieren el efecto de eventos migratorios de rango medio y amplio influyendo en el equilibrio entre la deriva genética y la migración. Los resultados son consistentes con las relaciones establecidas por la arqueología.The relationships between San Pedro de Atac...

The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of wormian bones (WBs) in different head shapes of Nepalese skulls along with their distribution at various sites. This study was conducted on 70 Nepalese skulls obtained from the Department of Anatomy, Nepal Medical College, and the Institute of Medicine from September 2017 to January 2018. The skulls were examined for the presence and topographic distribution of WBs. The occurrence of WBs at various sites was correlated among different head shapes. The incidence of skulls showing WBs was 88.57%. The WBs were observed at the lambdoid (61.43%), parietomastoid (41.43%), occipitomastoid (27.14%), pterion (25.71%), asterion (24.29%), lambda (11.43%), sagittal (7.14%) and coronal sutures (4.28%). The dominant head type was dolichocephalic (44.29%) and the least dominant was brachycephalic (10%). The maximum number of WBs was shown on brachycephalic (mean 8.86 ± 7.13) then hyperdolichocephalic (mean 8.33 ± 9.15), mesaticephalic (mean 5.10 ± 4.45) and dolichocephalic heads (mean 4.16 ± 5.30). Brachycephalic heads frequently exhibited WBs at the pterion (57.14%) and at different sutures: lambdoid (71.42%), parietomastoid (57.14%), sagittal (28.57%) and squamous (14.28%). Hyperdolichocephalic heads displayed more lambda (33.33%) and coronal (8.33%) WBs. Similarly, dolichocephalic and mesaticephalic heads showed WBs at the occipitomastoid (35.48%) and asterion (30%), respectively. Inca bones were only identified in three dolichocephalic skulls. Neurosurgeons, radiologists and orthopedists should be careful when doing clinical and surgical procedures on different head shapes of the Nepalese population.

This work proposes a methodology for documenting metric patterns of variation and trait correlation in Late Period (ca. CE 900-1500) projectile points from the Puna and pre-Puna of Salta, Argentina. In so doing, our main goal is to explain the patterns observed in terms of mechanisms of cultural evolution and selection over the design of the artefacts. We applied this methodology to assemblages of concave-based triangular projectile points from four archaeological sites whose chronologies are well established. As a result, we were able to document low degrees of variation, as well as high, positive, significant, Pearson co-variation and partial correlation coefficients between metrical traits. These results suggest a process of correlational selection that preserved an artefact design with a structure of highly integrated traits that maximised the edge-area in relation to the haft, turning these projectile points into very lethal weapons, even for potential use in interpersonal viol...

Introduction: Environmental factors such as socio-economic and nutrients factor can affect the dimensions and proportions of the body. Nutritional intake has a long-term effect on physical growth and can be assessed through body mass index up to age. Children with a nutritional disorder are characterised with low body mass index. This study was aimed to analyse the relationship of protein deficiency and low body mass index on the head shape and facial type of 6-7 years old children. Methods: The research type was descriptive correlative, and the research was conducted towards 16 subjects with low body mass index. Protein deficiency was assessed from food intake for 3 x 24 hours through food recall method and interview. The measurement of the cephalic and facial index was carried out to find out the head shape and face type, and then to correlate with protein deficiency and body mass index. Data was analysed using the chi-square test with the significance (p-value)<0.05. Results: ...

In this paper, we analyze shell and stone beads recovered from the San Matias Gulf, Rio Negro coast (Argentina), using qualitative and quantitative methods. To this end, metric and geometric morphometric (elliptic Fourier analysis) techniques were combined, thereby achieving a more detailed description of design variability. The results show some differences in the shape and size related to raw materials used in these items manufacture. Finally, the causes of observed differences are discussed, with special focus on the weight of the mechanical and physical properties of raw materials used in the preparation of such ornamental objects.

Age-at-death, sex, and stature estimation from adult human skeletal remains lie at the core of bioarchaeological and forensic anthropological research. Several methods have been proposed for such estimations, with almost all of them being developed using modern documented skeletal collections. Therefore, unavoidably bioarchaeology largely adopts relevant methodologies from forensic anthropology. Applying these osteological age-at-death, sex, and stature estimation methods to archaeological skeletal remains relies on the inherently flawed assumption that biological processes are homogenous across time and space. This paper offers a brief review of some of the key methods bioarchaeology has adopted from forensic anthropology, stressing the limitations of blindly using methods developed based on contemporary assemblages on archaeological ones, but also on systematic efforts that have been made to address these limitations.

Age-at-death, sex, and stature estimation from adult human skeletal remains lie at the core of bioarchaeological and forensic anthropological research. Several methods have been proposed for such estimations, with almost all of them being developed using modern documented skeletal collections. Therefore, unavoidably bioarchaeology largely adopts relevant methodologies from forensic anthropology. Applying these osteological age-at-death, sex, and stature estimation methods to archaeological skeletal remains relies on the inherently flawed assumption that biological processes are homogenous across time and space. This paper offers a brief review of some of the key methods bioarchaeology has adopted from forensic anthropology, stressing the limitations of blindly using methods developed based on contemporary assemblages on archaeological ones, but also on systematic efforts that have been made to address these limitations.

Ìàòåðèàëû è ìåòîäû. Ãåíîôîíäû îõîòíèêîâ-îëåíåâîäîâ-òîôàëàð (N=45, 3 ïîïóëÿöèè) è òîäaeèíöåâ (N=90, 3 ïîïóëÿöèè)-èçó÷åíû ïî îáøèðíîé ïàíåëè 63 SNP è 17 STR-ìàðêåðîâ Y-õðîìîñîìû â êîíòåêñòå íàðîäîâ Ñèáèðè è Öåíòðàëüíîé Àçèè.  âûáîðêè âêëþ÷åíû òîëüêî íåðîäñòâåííûå ìåaeäó ñîáîé òîôàëàðû è òîäaeèíöû, âñå ïðåäêè êîòîðûõ íà ïðîòÿaeåíèè íå ìåíåå òðåõ ïîêîëåíèé îòíîñèëè ñåáÿ ê äàííîìó ýòíîñó. Ïî ÷àñòîòàì ãàïëîãðóïï (SNP-ìàðêåðû) ñîçäàíû ãåíåòè÷åñêèå ïîðòðåòû, ãðàôèê ìíîãîìåðíîãî øêàëèðîâàíèÿ è êàðòû ãåíåòè÷åñêèõ ðàññòîÿíèé, îöåíåíû êîððåëÿöèè ìåaeäó ìàòðèöàìè ãåíåòè÷åñêèõ, ëèíãâèñòè÷åñêèõ è ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèõ ðàññòîÿíèé; ïî STR-ãàïëîòèïàì ìàaeîðíûõ ãàïëîãðóïï ïîñòðîåíû ôèëîãåíåòè÷åñêèå ñåòè. Ðåçóëüòàòû. Îáùèìè äëÿ ãåíîôîíäîâ òîôàëàð è òîäaeèíöåâ îêàçàëèñü ñåâåðîåâðàçèéñêèå ãàïëîãðóïïû N3a5a è N-L666: îíè ïðåîáëàäàþò ó òîôàëàð è ñîñòàâëÿþò áîëåå ÷åòâåðòè ãåíîôîíäà òîäaeèíöåâ. Ðàçëè÷èÿ ìåaeäó èçó÷åííûìè ãåíîôîíäàìè îïðåäåëÿþòñÿ ïðåîáëàäàíèåì â ãåíîôîíäå òîäaeèíöåâ ãàïëîãðóïïû Q-M242 è åå îòñóòñòâèåì ó òîôàëàð. Íà êàðòå ãåíåòè÷åñêèõ ðàññòîÿíèé îò òîôàëàð âûñîêèå ÷àñòîòû N3a5a è N-L666 â èõ ãåíîôîíäå çàäàþò îáëàñòè èõ óìåðåííîãî ñõîäñòâà ñ ãåíîôîíäàìè Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè è Çàáàéêàëüÿ. Íà êàðòå ãåíåòè÷åñêèõ ðàññòîÿíèé îò òîäaeèíöåâ ïðåîáëàäàíèå ó íèõ ãàïëîãðóïïû Q-M242 îïðåäåëÿåò èõ áëèçêîå ñõîäñòâî ñ ãåíîôîíäàìè ïîïóëÿöèé Ñðåäíåé Ñèáèðè, äëÿ êîòîðûõ õàðàêòåðíû ìàêñèìàëüíûå äëÿ Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè ÷àñòîòû Q-M242. Êîððåëÿöèîííûé àíàëèç ìàòðèö ãåíåòè÷åñêèõ, ëèíãâèñòè÷åñêèõ è ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèõ ðàññòîÿíèé âûÿâèë áîëåå ìîùíîå ñõîäñòâî ãåíåòèêè è ëèíãâèñòèêè (r=0.80) ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ãåîãðàôèåé (r=0.63). Ãðàôèê ìíîãîìåðíîãî øêàëèðîâàíèÿ ôèêñèðóåò áëèçîñòü ãåíîôîíäîâ òîôàëàð è òîäaeèíöåâ ê ïîïóëÿöèÿì Þaeíîé Ñèáèðè. Ôèëîãåíåòè÷åñêàÿ ñåòü ãàïëîãðóïïû N3a5a óêàçûâàåò íà äëèòåëüíóþ îáùóþ ãåíåòè÷åñêóþ èñòîðèþ òîôàëàð è âñåõ ãðóïï òóâèíöåâ, à íà áîëåå ïîçäíèõ ýòàïàõ-îáùóþ èñòîðèþ òîôàëàð è òîäaeèíöåâ. Çàêëþ÷åíèå.  ãåíîôîíäàõ òîôàëàð è òîäaeèíöåâ ñîõðàíèëèñü äðåâíèå ãåíåòè÷åñêèå ïëàñòû, ìàðêèðóåìûå ãàïëîãðóïïàìè N3a5a è N-L666, ðîäíÿùèå èõ ñ ñîâðåìåííûìè ñàìîäèéöàìè è íàñåëåíèåì Çàáàéêàëüÿ. Ãàïëîãðóïïà Q-M242 îòðàaeàåò åùå áîëåå äðåâíèé ïàëåîñèáèðñêèé ãåíåòè÷åñêèé ïëàñò, ñáëèaeàþùèé èõ ñ ñàìîäèéöàìè è êåòàìè. Âûäâèíóòà ãèïîòåçà, ÷òî ïðåäêîâûå ãåíîôîíäû òîäaeèíöåâ è òîôàëàð îáëàäàëè óìåðåííîé ÷àñòîòîé ïàëåîñèáèðñêîé Q-M242, à ñîâðåìåííûå ðàçëè÷èÿ ìåaeäó èõ ãåíîôîíäàìè ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñëåäñòâèåì ìîùíîãî äðåéôà ãåíîâ è äëèòåëüíîé èçîëÿöèè òîôàëàð îò òîäaeèíöåâ.

Ìàòåðèàëû è ìåòîäû. Ãåíîôîíäû îõîòíèêîâ-îëåíåâîäîâ-òîôàëàð (N=45, 3 ïîïóëÿöèè) è òîäaeèíöåâ (N=90, 3 ïîïóëÿöèè)-èçó÷åíû ïî îáøèðíîé ïàíåëè 63 SNP è 17 STR-ìàðêåðîâ Y-õðîìîñîìû â êîíòåêñòå íàðîäîâ Ñèáèðè è Öåíòðàëüíîé Àçèè.  âûáîðêè âêëþ÷åíû òîëüêî íåðîäñòâåííûå ìåaeäó ñîáîé òîôàëàðû è òîäaeèíöû, âñå ïðåäêè êîòîðûõ íà ïðîòÿaeåíèè íå ìåíåå òðåõ ïîêîëåíèé îòíîñèëè ñåáÿ ê äàííîìó ýòíîñó. Ïî ÷àñòîòàì ãàïëîãðóïï (SNP-ìàðêåðû) ñîçäàíû ãåíåòè÷åñêèå ïîðòðåòû, ãðàôèê ìíîãîìåðíîãî øêàëèðîâàíèÿ è êàðòû ãåíåòè÷åñêèõ ðàññòîÿíèé, îöåíåíû êîððåëÿöèè ìåaeäó ìàòðèöàìè ãåíåòè÷åñêèõ, ëèíãâèñòè÷åñêèõ è ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèõ ðàññòîÿíèé; ïî STR-ãàïëîòèïàì ìàaeîðíûõ ãàïëîãðóïï ïîñòðîåíû ôèëîãåíåòè÷åñêèå ñåòè. Ðåçóëüòàòû. Îáùèìè äëÿ ãåíîôîíäîâ òîôàëàð è òîäaeèíöåâ îêàçàëèñü ñåâåðîåâðàçèéñêèå ãàïëîãðóïïû N3a5a è N-L666: îíè ïðåîáëàäàþò ó òîôàëàð è ñîñòàâëÿþò áîëåå ÷åòâåðòè ãåíîôîíäà òîäaeèíöåâ. Ðàçëè÷èÿ ìåaeäó èçó÷åííûìè ãåíîôîíäàìè îïðåäåëÿþòñÿ ïðåîáëàäàíèåì â ãåíîôîíäå òîäaeèíöåâ ãàïëîãðóïïû Q-M242 è åå îòñóòñòâèåì ó òîôàëàð. Íà êàðòå ãåíåòè÷åñêèõ ðàññòîÿíèé îò òîôàëàð âûñîêèå ÷àñòîòû N3a5a è N-L666 â èõ ãåíîôîíäå çàäàþò îáëàñòè èõ óìåðåííîãî ñõîäñòâà ñ ãåíîôîíäàìè Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè è Çàáàéêàëüÿ. Íà êàðòå ãåíåòè÷åñêèõ ðàññòîÿíèé îò òîäaeèíöåâ ïðåîáëàäàíèå ó íèõ ãàïëîãðóïïû Q-M242 îïðåäåëÿåò èõ áëèçêîå ñõîäñòâî ñ ãåíîôîíäàìè ïîïóëÿöèé Ñðåäíåé Ñèáèðè, äëÿ êîòîðûõ õàðàêòåðíû ìàêñèìàëüíûå äëÿ Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè ÷àñòîòû Q-M242. Êîððåëÿöèîííûé àíàëèç ìàòðèö ãåíåòè÷åñêèõ, ëèíãâèñòè÷åñêèõ è ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèõ ðàññòîÿíèé âûÿâèë áîëåå ìîùíîå ñõîäñòâî ãåíåòèêè è ëèíãâèñòèêè (r=0.80) ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ãåîãðàôèåé (r=0.63). Ãðàôèê ìíîãîìåðíîãî øêàëèðîâàíèÿ ôèêñèðóåò áëèçîñòü ãåíîôîíäîâ òîôàëàð è òîäaeèíöåâ ê ïîïóëÿöèÿì Þaeíîé Ñèáèðè. Ôèëîãåíåòè÷åñêàÿ ñåòü ãàïëîãðóïïû N3a5a óêàçûâàåò íà äëèòåëüíóþ îáùóþ ãåíåòè÷åñêóþ èñòîðèþ òîôàëàð è âñåõ ãðóïï òóâèíöåâ, à íà áîëåå ïîçäíèõ ýòàïàõ-îáùóþ èñòîðèþ òîôàëàð è òîäaeèíöåâ. Çàêëþ÷åíèå.  ãåíîôîíäàõ òîôàëàð è òîäaeèíöåâ ñîõðàíèëèñü äðåâíèå ãåíåòè÷åñêèå ïëàñòû, ìàðêèðóåìûå ãàïëîãðóïïàìè N3a5a è N-L666, ðîäíÿùèå èõ ñ ñîâðåìåííûìè ñàìîäèéöàìè è íàñåëåíèåì Çàáàéêàëüÿ. Ãàïëîãðóïïà Q-M242 îòðàaeàåò åùå áîëåå äðåâíèé ïàëåîñèáèðñêèé ãåíåòè÷åñêèé ïëàñò, ñáëèaeàþùèé èõ ñ ñàìîäèéöàìè è êåòàìè. Âûäâèíóòà ãèïîòåçà, ÷òî ïðåäêîâûå ãåíîôîíäû òîäaeèíöåâ è òîôàëàð îáëàäàëè óìåðåííîé ÷àñòîòîé ïàëåîñèáèðñêîé Q-M242, à ñîâðåìåííûå ðàçëè÷èÿ ìåaeäó èõ ãåíîôîíäàìè ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñëåäñòâèåì ìîùíîãî äðåéôà ãåíîâ è äëèòåëüíîé èçîëÿöèè òîôàëàð îò òîäaeèíöåâ.

Studies on identified skeletal collections yield discordant results about the association between osseous changes and activity. These dissonances can be ascribed to several factors: the variability of the osseous changes selected for observation, the inconsistency of their interpretative criteria and the inhomogeneous classification of occupation, here used as synonym of profession, within each study. The need to standardize the concept of occupation in its biomechanical and socio-cultural expression is currently addressed by the authors, as members of a working group created after the workshop "Musculoskeletal Stress Markers (MSM): limitations and achievements in the reconstruction of past activity patterns" (Coimbra University, 2009). Within this framework, the authors reviewed the literature dedicated to entheseal changes and functional adaptation of long bones, focusing their research on studies based on European identified skeletal collections and on the criteria used in each study to classify occupations. The aim of this research was to (a) assess agreements and disagreements between authors with regard to the criteria used to categorize occupation, and (b) highlight the steps needed to build a classification system permitting future comparisons between collections of different chronological and geographical contexts. Data from the literature was exported to a table including the assessment criteria used to classify the occupation for each profession and the assignment of specific occupations to occupational categories. Overall, our results revealed two main issues: an ambiguous historical interpretation of occupation, and a marked influence of the researcher's perspective on the criteria used to classify occupations. Therefore, although the table allows basic comparisons between collections, further research is needed in order to obtain shared classifications based on each profession's specifics.

RESUMEN: A partir de la dCcada de 1960 se increment6 el empleo de 10s rasgos no mktricos del crineo en 10s anilisis de relaciones poblacionales. Si bien uno de 10s supuestos en que se bas6 el uso de estos rasgos es la facilidad de estandarizar su registro, varios trabajos ...

Objective: To evaluate the cephalic indices among Bataknese school students. Material and Methods: An observational study was performed by measuring 95 Bataknese children aged 3-5 years using a purposive sampling technique. The vertical cephalic index was measured directly in children, while the dental arch and palatal depth were measured on maxillary impressions. Vertical cephalic index data were obtained by measuring the height and length of the child's head directly. Measurement was performed three times by three different people. Cephalic height was measured by a digital calipers by placing each edge of the calipers on the nasion and gnathion. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate the mean and standard deviation. Results: The analysis of height and cephalic length showed that the highest values were 9.28 cm and 18.13 cm, while the lowest were 7.43 cm and 13.43 cm, respectively. The means for Maxillary canine arch width and Maxillary molar arch width were 30.66 mm and 46.69 mm, respectively. For the Maxillary canine arch depth, the mean was 12.0 mm, while for the Maxillary molar arch depth was 28.65 mm. The palatal depth was 14.33. Conclusion: The majority of Bataknese children have a dolichocephalic head shape with a tapered maxillary dental arch and a narrow one.

Amaç: Çalışmanın amacı, Anadolu popülasyonundaki palatal ruga örneklerini, sayı, uzunluk, şekil, yan dallarıyla birleşme ve yerleşim yönleri açısından incelemek, cinsiyetlere göre dağılımını belirlemek, palatal rugaların adli vakalarda ve afet kurbanlarının kimliklendirilmesinde cinsiyet tayini için kullanılabilirliğini sorgulamaktır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışma, 248 bireye ait üst çene modelindeki rugalar Thomas-Kotze ve Kapali sınıflama sistemi kullanılarak değerlendirildi, erkek ve kadınlardaki ruga tiplerinin istatistiksel analizi yapıldı. Veri analizinde SPSS (17.0) versiyonu ve Pearson Chi-Square, Fisher'ın Kesin Testi ve Mann-Whitney U analizleri kullanıldı. Bulgular: Çalışmada, 132 kadın (%53,2), 116 erkek (%46,8) 248 bireye ait 2367 ruga değerlendirildi. Yapılan analizler sonucunda; ruga sayısı üzerinde cinsiyetin etkili bir faktör olmadığı, ruga toplam sayısının kadınlarda 6-15 erkeklerde ise 5-18 arasında değiştiği, cinsiyet gruplarında toplam ruga sayısı dağılımı açısından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunmadığı (p=0,161) belirlendi. Ruga uzunluğu ile cinsiyet arasında (p=0,526), ruga şekli ile cinsiyet arasında (p=0,672), ruga yan dallarının birleşme şekilleriyle cinsiyet arasında (p=0,189) ve ruga yerleşim yönleri ile cinsiyet arasında (p>0,05) istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı bir bağımlılık olmadığı belirlendi. Sonuç: Değerlendirme sonunda en sık rastlanan ruga tiplerinin; uzunluk açısından birincil, şekil açısından da kavisli tip ruga olduğu belirlendi. Rugaların hiçbir tipinde seksüel dimorfizm saptanmadı. Bu sonuç, rugaların adli vakalarda cinsiyet tayini için yardımcı bir yöntem olarak kullanılabilmesi için olanak sağlamadığını, farklı bölgelerde ve daha büyük örneklem gruplarıyla çalışmanın tekrarlanmasının gerekliliği göstermektedir.

Amaç: Çalışmanın amacı, Anadolu popülasyonundaki palatal ruga örneklerini, sayı, uzunluk, şekil, yan dallarıyla birleşme ve yerleşim yönleri açısından incelemek, cinsiyetlere göre dağılımını belirlemek, palatal rugaların adli vakalarda ve afet kurbanlarının kimliklendirilmesinde cinsiyet tayini için kullanılabilirliğini sorgulamaktır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışma, 248 bireye ait üst çene modelindeki rugalar Thomas-Kotze ve Kapali sınıflama sistemi kullanılarak değerlendirildi, erkek ve kadınlardaki ruga tiplerinin istatistiksel analizi yapıldı. Veri analizinde SPSS (17.0) versiyonu ve Pearson Chi-Square, Fisher'ın Kesin Testi ve Mann-Whitney U analizleri kullanıldı. Bulgular: Çalışmada, 132 kadın (%53,2), 116 erkek (%46,8) 248 bireye ait 2367 ruga değerlendirildi. Yapılan analizler sonucunda; ruga sayısı üzerinde cinsiyetin etkili bir faktör olmadığı, ruga toplam sayısının kadınlarda 6-15 erkeklerde ise 5-18 arasında değiştiği, cinsiyet gruplarında toplam ruga sayısı dağılımı açısından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunmadığı (p=0,161) belirlendi. Ruga uzunluğu ile cinsiyet arasında (p=0,526), ruga şekli ile cinsiyet arasında (p=0,672), ruga yan dallarının birleşme şekilleriyle cinsiyet arasında (p=0,189) ve ruga yerleşim yönleri ile cinsiyet arasında (p>0,05) istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı bir bağımlılık olmadığı belirlendi. Sonuç: Değerlendirme sonunda en sık rastlanan ruga tiplerinin; uzunluk açısından birincil, şekil açısından da kavisli tip ruga olduğu belirlendi. Rugaların hiçbir tipinde seksüel dimorfizm saptanmadı. Bu sonuç, rugaların adli vakalarda cinsiyet tayini için yardımcı bir yöntem olarak kullanılabilmesi için olanak sağlamadığını, farklı bölgelerde ve daha büyük örneklem gruplarıyla çalışmanın tekrarlanmasının gerekliliği göstermektedir.

Objectives: Ancestry and sex estimation using craniometric indices is an important aspect of skeletal identification process, as it limits the number of antemortem records used to compare with a postmortem profile and establish a positive identification. These indices are also affected by secular or temporal changes. So the aim of the study to explore the usefulness of indices for sex and ancestry estimation in North Indian population and effect of secular changes on these indices. Materials and methods: In present study two temporally different skull samples of the North Indian population have been taken and eighteen craniometric indices were calculated on the basis of 17 craniofacial measurements for both sexes to examine the temporal changes and their use in ancestry and sexual differenciation. Contemporary sample comprised of 158 skulls (110 male; 48 females) and subrecent 325 skulls (206 males and 119 females) with an age range of 20-68 years. Results: Craniofacial measurements showed significantly higher values in contemporary males and females. In males highly significant secular/temporal changes were observed in orbital index and transverse frontal index and to a lesser extent in foraman magnum and gnathic index. In females, highly significant differences were observed in cranial, vertical, auriculo vertical and longitudinal craniofacial index. Discussion: There is a lot of variability in Indian and non Indian populations so these indices can be used for ancestry estimation but not for sex discrimination due to poor classification rate. Moreover, the causes of these temporal variations with other issues have also been discussed.

There is short information about results of the monitoring of the Steller’s Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus pelagicus) population near Magadan during 18 years. Over the years 1130 breeding territories of see eagles were documented, including 490 territories that werfe occupied. A total of 20–133 territories were checked in standard ‘model’ study areas located near Magadan. The conclusions are as follows: The eagles breed more prolifically along the sea coast than on the rivers (F=9.04, P<0.01). In the view of this long-term data it appears that the breeders along the rivers are a ‘sink’ of the population.

Introduction: Environmental factors such as socio-economic and nutrients factor can affect the dimensions and proportions of the body. Nutritional intake has a long-term effect on physical growth and can be assessed through body mass index up to age. Children with a nutritional disorder are characterised with low body mass index. This study was aimed to analyse the relationship of protein deficiency and low body mass index on the head shape and facial type of 6-7 years old children. Methods: The research type was descriptive correlative, and the research was conducted towards 16 subjects with low body mass index. Protein deficiency was assessed from food intake for 3 x 24 hours through food recall method and interview. The measurement of the cephalic and facial index was carried out to find out the head shape and face type, and then to correlate with protein deficiency and body mass index. Data was analysed using the chi-square test with the significance (p-value)<0.05. Results: ...

Òàäaeèêè Ñåâåðíîãî (Ñîãä), Öåíòðàëüíîãî (ðàéîíû ðåñïóáëèêàíñêîãî ïîä÷èíåíèÿ) è Þaeíîãî (Õàòëîí) Òàäaeèêèñòàíà äî íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñîáîé îäèí èç íàèìåíåå èçó÷åííûõ â êðàíèîëîãè÷åñêîì îòíîøåíèè íàðîäîâ Ñðåäíåé Àçèè. Ïîñëåäíåå îñîáåííî ïîêàçàòåëüíî íà ôîíå äàííûõ ïî êðàíèîëîãèè íàðîäîâ Ïàìèðà (Ãîðíî-Áàäàõøàíñêàÿ ÀÎ) [Ðû÷êîâ, 1969; Áàõîëäèíà, Ìîâñåñÿí, 2014]. Ñâåäåíèÿ ïî êðàíèîôåíåòèêå òàäaeèêîâ äðóãèõ îáëàñòåé ñòðàíû äî íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè îòñóòñòâîâàëè ïîëíîñòüþ. Ïåðâûå ïðåäâàðèòåëüíûå äàííûå ïî êðàíèîìåòðèè òàäaeèêîâ Öåíòðàëüíîãî Òàäaeèêèñòàíà áûëè îòíîñèòåëüíî íåäàâíî ïîëó÷åíû è îïóáëèêîâàíû Â.Â. Êóôòåðèíûì [2015à,á]. Ýòè ìàòåðèàëû áûëè ñîáðàíû, áëàãîäàðÿ ïîÿâèâøåéñÿ â 2013 ã. âîçìîaeíîñòè èçìåðèòü õîòÿ áû íåñêîëüêî ÷åðåïîâ â ïðîöåññå ïåðåíîñà êëàäáèù èç çîíû çàòîïëåíèÿ Ðîãóíñêîé ÃÝÑ. Ëåòîì

An alternative exit of the Inferior Petrosal Sinus is described. This cranial non-metric trait occurs as a small (<7 mm) foramen found 5 – 15 mm anterior to the Jugular Foramen. The distribution of the trait appears to be restricted to Australia and the Pacific, and is found in proportions between 4 and 21 % regionally. The author would like to know if skeletal biologists have observed the trait in North America or elsewhere.

Non-metric dental traits are well established tools for anthropologists investigating population affiliation and movement in humans. Nonetheless, similar traits in the great apes have received considerably less attention. The present study provides data on non-metric trait variability in the deciduous molars of great apes from museum context. Twenty-eight traits are observed in the upper and lower deciduous molars in specimens of Pan troglodytes, Pan paniscus, Gorilla gorilla, and Gorilla beringei. These groups are compared based on trait frequencies and mean measures of divergence. This study demonstrates the variability of non-metric traits in the deciduous molars of chimpanzees and gorillas. These traits could potentially be used in the same way that non-metric traits are in humans, namely group affiliation and population movements through time. Further, this study establishes scoring guidelines and methodology relevant to deciduous dental morphological characteristics found in t...

The article elucidates the contribution of an outstanding Russian anthropologist Tatiana Sergeevna
Balueva to the development of skull-based facial reconstruction technique and other fields of anthropological
science. The pioneer of the scientific approach to face reconstruction based on the underlying bone structures
was a famous anthropologist Mikhail Gerasimov who founded the school of anthropological reconstruction in
Moscow where in 1950 a laboratory under his guidance was organized in the Institute of Ethngraphy of
USSR Academy of Sciences. After Gerasimov, the laboratory was guided by his direct student Galina
Lebedinskaya who also made a significant contribution to the development of skull-based facial reconstruction
technique. In 1996, Tatiana Balueva, who had worked under the guidance of Lebedinskaya for a long time,
succeeded her as Head of the laboratory.
Dr. Balueva, who passed unexpectedly in 2012, left her mark in various fields of anthropology. She led
numerous expeditions to remote areas of Siberia. The material collected there became the basis for her
dissertation and numerous publications. The anthropological analysis of the data on indigenous peoples of the
North-East of Russia shed light on the complex processes of formation of the population of this region. Under
her leadership, the laboratory of anthropological reconstruction developed a special program of investigation of
the relationship between facial features and the underlying bony framework; its implementation produced a
significant pool of statistical data. The years of research under Balueva’s direction resulted in the program of
craniofacial correspondence that significantly clarifies the reconstruction of appearance and allows receiving
the lifetime skull-based anthropological description of a face so-called «physical description on a skull». During
T.S. Balueva’s stay of the head of the laboratory the unique collection of sculptural portraits considerably
replenished with the works made taking into account improvements of a method. T.S. Balueva authored 64
sculptural reconstructions, over 300 graphic reconstructions, and close to 200 forensic examinations on
unidentified skulls. She received international recognition as an expert in craniofacial reconstruction and
identification. The gallery of portraits (12 photos) from a Laboratory collection of anthropological reconstructions
is presented in article. The list of the main sculptural reconstructions of T.S. Balueva is provided in the appendix.

Boldyrevka settlement and a burial ground nearby is an archeological site in southernmost part of Saratov city dated to XIV c. AD. Archeological data suggest a certain level of prosperity of at least a part of the population which was probably mixed in terms of ethnic origin. Unusual findings of coins dated to the time of Golden Horde’s civil war (after 1360s AD) might point to a particular status of the settlement.Craniometric data display high level of intragroup variation in many measurements as well as sharp morphological differences between two sexes which could be a manifestation of their different origin. Subsequent intergroup comparison shows that the closest samples to Boldyrevka males are those of the Golden Horde time population of Bolgar city, namely Ust’-Ierusalimsky and «Kulturny Sloy», the samples of ordinary people of the city rather than its elite class. This result is important since identifying specifically Bolgar artifacts in archeological record is a complicated task. At the same time the females seem to be much closer morphologically to several Ancient Russian samples though they show similarity to some Volga Bulgaria groups, including Ust’-Ierusalimsky, as well. But the closest to them is a sample from Nizhnyaya Studenka rural necropolis from the southernmost part of present day Saratov oblast’ also dated to XIV c. AD. That sample was previously shown to be similar according to odontological data to the Northwestern Russia population, both medieval and modern. Estimated stature in the sample is fairly high for a medieval group from that region and averages 165–167 cm for males and around 155 cm for females. But despite this relatively large body size the muscle attachment sites are moderately developed in both sexes barely reaching 2 points. Life  expectancy is high compared to most of Eastern European medieval groups: 42.6 years for males, 37.7 years for females and 40.3 years overall (not including child mortality).Pathological markers frequencies in the sample are broadly similar to those in most medieval groups in
the region while caries lesions and antemortem tooth loss frequencies (individual count) do not fall out of its range in medieval Eastern European samples. Noteworthy the percentage of linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH)is low overall though there is a pronounced sexual dimorphism: no cases of LEH were found in females while in males its frequency is substantial. On the contrary, percentage of caries lesions and antemortem tooth loss suggest a stronger nutritional stress in females of the population.Taken together, the results of bioarcheological study of the sample point to relatively good (adjusting for medieval standards) life conditions of the group.

Öz Bu çalışmada, Yakınçağ'a tarihlendirilen, Tokat / Niksar galerili yeraltı yapısından karışık bir biçimde ele geçen iskelet kalıntıları, özellikle morfolojik yapının belir-lenmesi amacıyla incelenmiş, toplam 69 sol femura göre cinsiyet saptanmıştır. Bu-na göre bireylerin, 26'sı erkek (% 37,68), 18'i kadın (% 26,09) ve 25'i de cinsiyeti saptanamayan bireyler (% 36,23) olarak belirlenmiştir. Toplum genelinde boy uzunluğu, Pearson'a göre (1899) 157,25, Trotter-Gleser'e göre (1952) 161,1, Sa-ğır'a göre (2000) 161,95 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Morfolojik incelemelerde kafatası ve vücut kemiklerinden birçok ölçü alınmış, bu ölçülere göre endis değerleri hesap-lanmış, böylece bireylerde genel morfolojik tanımlama yapılabilmiştir. Kafatası ve vücut kemikleri ölçülemeyen karakterler açısından incelenmiş, kafatasında en fazla görülen non-metrik karakter accessory infraorbital foramen (% 42,86), vücut ke-miklerinde ise anterior calcaneal faset yokluğu (% 47,06) olarak bulunmuştur.

The main idea of the article is an analysis of the question: what is the cognitive value of metrical traits of a cranium as compared with the non-metrical traits and whether the model of morphological variability described by means of these two sets of features is identical or different? Eleven populations were selected for the study. They came from the area of Poland and were dated from early medieval to modem times. The main factor which creåtes the gradient of variability of non-metrical traits is the geographical factor and the main factor which forms the gradient of variability of metrical traits is the one connected with the chronoloo of the groups.

For more than 10,000 years, the south central Andean region was an ideal location for the development of different populations and cultural entities, interacting through a wide network of exchange and distribution of products. In spite of this level of interaction, the available metric information (Bolivia, North of Chile, and Northwest of Argentina) showed a strong process of genetic divergence (F ST = 0.195) among the sub-regions . This evidence is contrasted in the present work by means of the analysis of a sample of 1416 individuals of both sexes, covering a span of 4500 years. Twelve non-metric cranial traits, observed and scored as either present or absent, were employed. Differences between sub-regions were evaluated by means of the standardized mean measure of divergence (MMDS) and Mahalanobis distance KEY WORDS F ST ; biological relations; non metric traits; south central Andean region PALABRAS CLAVE F ST ; relaciones biológicas; rasgos no métricos; Area Andina Centro Meridional (D 2 ) was calculated with principal components. Both matrices of biological distances, representing phenotypic distances, presented a high correlation, REVISTA ARGENTINA DE ANTROPOLOGIA BIOLOGICA 11(1): 43-59 (2009)

Material for the study served 181 adults skull from burial grounds north of Western Siberia VIII - XVI centuries. The manifestations of porotic hyperostosis have been recorded on the vault and in orbits (cribra orbitalia). Author suggested integrated index of porotic hyperostosis that takes into account both signs to better reflect anemia. Its prevalence in the studied population indicates that most of the medieval people had chronic mild or moderately anemia represented equally in both sexes. The study found two complex reasons of the development of anemia: nutrition and sanitation. Nutritional reason proved unacceptable to explain chronic anemia due mainly fish diet of study population. The main role was played by the sanitary reason. It is assumed that its leading component was helmintic infestation of Opisthorchidae and Diphilobothrium latum. Differences in the manifestation of symptoms of anemia in nearby necropolis considered as a result of differentiation of social strata of medieval society. The observed increase in chronological porotic hyperostosis manifestations interpreted as increased immune stress in the late Middle Ages. This could occur as a result of deteriorating living conditions due to the increase of the local density of population, bringing infections with increasing external contacts, the possible increase in helminthes infection of fish.

2 Башкирский государственный педагогический университет им. М. Акмуллы, Уфа 3 Саратовский областной музей краеведения, Саратов 4 Саратовский государственный университет им. Н.Г. Чернышевского, Саратов Áîëäûðåâñêèé ãðóíòîâûé ìîãèëüíèê è ïîñåëåíèå ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ íà þaeíîé îêðàèíå ã. Ñàðàòîâà è äàòèðóþòñÿ ïðåäïîëîaeèòåëüíî XIV â. Ïî äàííûì àðõåîëîãèè, ÷àñòü aeèòåëåé ïîñåëåíèÿ èìåëà îïðåäåëåííûé ìàòåðèàëüíûé äîñòàòîê, à íàõîäêè ìîíåò, ÷åêàíåííûõ ïîçäíåå 1360-õ ãã. (íà÷àëî «çàìÿòíè» â Çîëîòîé Îðäå), ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò îá îñîáîì ìåñòå Áîëäûðåâñêîãî ïîñåëåíèÿ â ðÿäó ïàìÿòíèêîâ îêðóãè ñðåäíåâåêîâîãî ãîðîäà Óêåêà.  ýòíè÷åñêîì îòíîøåíèè äàííîå íàñåëåíèå, âåðîÿòíî, áûëî íåîäíîðîäíûì. Êðàíèîëîãè÷åñêèé àíàëèç ïîêàçàë ìîðôîëîãè÷åñêóþ ãåòåðîãåííîñòü èññëåäóåìîé ãðóïïû è ðåçêèå îòëè÷èÿ åå ìóaeñêîé è aeåíñêîé ÷àñòåé ïî ôîðìå ÷åðåïíîé êîðîáêè. Ìóae÷èíû èç Áîëäûðåâñêîãî ìîãèëüíèêà äåìîíñòðèðóþò íàèáîëåå óñòîé÷èâîå ñõîäñòâî ñ ñåðèÿìè ðÿäîâîãî íàñåëåíèÿ ãîðîäà Áîëãàðà çîëîòîîðäûíñêîãî âðåìåíè: Óñòü-Èåðóñàëèìñêèé è «Êóëüòóðíûé ñëîé». Ýòîò ðåçóëüòàò -îäíî èç íåìíîãèõ àíòðîïîëîãè÷åñêèõ ñâèäåòåëüñòâ ïðåáûâàíèÿ áóëãàðñêîãî íàñåëåíèÿ â Óêåêå èëè åãî îêðåñòíîñòÿõ. AEåíùèíû ñåðèè, îäíàêî, îêàçàëèñü ñõîäíû ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ñ äðåâíåðóññêèìè âûáîðêàìè, à òàêaeå íåêîòîðûìè ãðóïïàìè èç Âîëaeñêîé Áóëãàðèè, âêëþ÷àÿ Óñòü-Èåðóñàëèìñêèé ìîãèëüíèê. Íàèáîëåå áëèçêîé èì îêàçàëàñü ñåðèÿ èç ìîãèëüíèêà Íèaeíÿÿ Ñòóäåíêà, ðàñïîëîaeåííîãî íà þãå Ñàðàòîâñêîé îáëàñòè è äàòèðóåìîãî XIV ñòîëåòèåì, êîòîðàÿ ïî äàííûì îäîíòîëîãèè ñõîäíà ñ íàñåëåíèåì ñåâåðî-çàïàäà Ðîññèè. Íàñåëåíèå, îñòàâèâøåå Áîëäûðåâñêèé ìîãèëüíèê, õàðàêòåðèçîâàëîñü äîñòàòî÷íî êðóïíûìè ðàçìåðàìè òåëà (165-167 ñì ó ìóae÷èí è îêîëî 155 ñì ó aeåíùèí), îñîáåííî íà ôîíå ñèíõðîííîãî íàñåëåíèÿ Ïîâîëaeüÿ. Ýòà îòíîñèòåëüíàÿ âûñîêîðîñëîñòü íå ñîïðîâîaeäàëàñü ñèëüíûì ðàçâèòèåì ìûøå÷íîãî ðåëüåôà äëèííûõ êîñòåé, êîòîðûé ó îáîèõ ïîëîâ íåñêîëüêî íèaeå ñðåäíåãî (1,5-2 áàëëà). Ñðåäíèé âîçðàñò ñìåðòè áåç ó÷åòà äåòåé, ñîñòàâëÿþùèé 40,3 ãîäà (ìóae÷èíû -42,6, aeåíùèíû -37,7 ëåò), ìîaeíî ñ÷èòàòü âûñîêèì äëÿ íàñåëåíèÿ Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïû äàííîãî ïåðèîäà.