Planetary Geology

EnVision is an ambitious but low-risk response to ESA's call for a medium-size mission opportunity for a launch in 2022. Venus is the planet most similar to Earth in mass, bulk properties and orbital distance, but has evolved to become extremely hostile to life. EnVision's 5-year mission objectives are to determine the nature of and rate of change caused by geological and atmospheric processes, to distinguish between competing theories about its evolution and to help predict the habitability of extrasolar planets. Three instrument suites will address specific surface, atmosphere and ionosphere science goals. The Surface Science Suite consists of a 2•2 m 2 radar antenna with Interferometer, Radiometer and Altimeter operating modes, supported by a complementary IR surface emissivity mapper and an advanced accelerometer for orbit control and gravity mapping. This suite will determine topographic changes caused by volcanic, tectonic and atmospheric processes at rates as low as 1 mm a -1 . The Atmosphere Science Suite consists of a Doppler LIDAR for cloud top altitude, wind speed and mesospheric structure mapping, complemented by IR and UV spectrometers and a spectrophotopolarimeter, all designed to map the dynamic features of the clouds and middle atmosphere to identify the effects of volcanic and solar processes.

Die Sonne gilt als Motor des Lebens auf der Erde, doch ihr innerer Aufbau und ihre beobachtbaren Phänomene werfen bis heute Fragen auf. Das vorliegende Skript führt durch zentrale Aspekte der Sonnenforschungvon Struktur und Energiehaushalt über Sonnenwind, Magnetfeld und Neutrinos bis hin zu planetarischen Nebeln. Dabei werden die gängigen Modelle kritisch geprüft und ihre ungelösten Probleme herausgestellt, etwa das Korona-Paradoxon, die Diskrepanzen bei der Neutrino-Messung oder das Lithium-Defizit. Aus der Perspektive eines jungen Schöpfungsmodells ergeben sich einfache und konsistente Erklärungen: Viele scheinbar paradoxe Phänomene verlieren ihren Widerspruchscharakter, wenn man nicht von Milliarden von Jahren ausgeht, sondern von einem jungen, gezielt geschaffenen Sonnensystem. Das Zusammenspiel von Beobachtung, wissenschaftlicher Analyse und biblischer Sichtweise eröffnet damit eine alternative Deutung, die Schönheit, Ordnung und Zweckmäßigkeit der Sonne betont.

Coral Pink Sand Dunes State Park, located in southwestern Kane County, Utah, contains a variety of geologic features including one of the largest areas of freely migrating dunes in the Colorado Plateau. The semiarid climate, strong prevailing southerly winds, sparse vegetation, and abundant supply of sand-sized sediment make this area susceptible to eolian processes. Picturesque exposures of Jurassic rocks are present within the park. The stratigraphic sequence ranges from the Triassic-Jurassic Moenave Formation to the Middle Jurassic Carmel Formation. The most widespread bedrock unit exposed within the park is the Navajo Sandstone (Lower Jurassic). The Navajo Sandstone is also widely exposed across the Moccasin Terrace southwest of the park and is the most likely source for the sand that comprises the dune field. The "coral pink" color of the dune sand is the result of iron-oxide stains on the surface of the sand grains inherited from the source sandstones. Migrating dunes, whose morphology is primarily a function of wind characteristics, include transverse ridges, barchanoid ridges, and a solitary star dune. Dunes influenced or impeded by topographic obstacles or vegetation include climbing dunes, echo dunes, parabolic dunes, vegetated linear dunes, and nebkhas. We divide the dune field into major geomorphic units based on the dominant dune type. A largely stabilized (vegetated) sand sheet and partially stabilized, poorly organized dunes are present at the southern (upwind) end of the dune field. The active core of the dune field contains transverse ridges and barchanoid ridges. Barchanoid ridges at the northern (downwind) end of the active core grade into climbing dunes that ramp up the bedrock escarpment associated with the Sevier fault. The climbing dunes in turn grade into large parabolic dunes that dominate the downwind end of the dune field. Coral Pink Sand Dunes lies within the structural transition zone between the Great Basin section of the Basin and Range province to the west, and the core of the Colorado Plateau to the east. The north-south-trending Sevier fault cuts through the length of the park. The fault trace is marked by a west-facing bedrock escarpment that divides the park into two topographic units (a forested plateau to the east and a relatively low-lying valley floor to the west) and acts as a major control over the accumulation of sand within the dune field. Important events recorded in the geologic features of the park include the Triassic and Jurassic depositional history of the Glen Canyon Group, the Cretaceous to Cenozoic structural history of the Colorado Plateau, and the late Holocene history of the active dunes. Optically stimulated luminescence dates from the active core of the dune field indicate that Holocene eolian deposition began at least 4,000 years ago. Radiocarbon dating of organic materials from an exhumed soil surface suggests a period of landscape stability approximately 500-200 years ago, coincident with the Little Ice Age. Dendrochronologic data from the ponderosa pines in the park, along with historic photographs, indicate the dune field has experienced alternating wet periods and drought since the end of the Little Ice Age, which have influenced vegetation coverage and dune activity in the area 372

A comparison of laboratory spectra with Galileo data indicates that hydrated sulfuric acid is present and is a major component of Europa's surface. In addition, this moon's visually dark surface material, which spatially correlates with the sulfuric acid concentration, is identified as radiolytically altered sulfur polymers. Radiolysis of the surface by magnetospheric plasma bombardment continuously cycles sulfur between three forms: sulfuric acid, sulfur dioxide, and sulfur polymers, with sulfuric acid being about 50 times as abundant as the other forms. Enhanced sulfuric acid concentrations are found in Europa's geologically young terrains, suggesting that low-temperature, liquid sulfuric acid may influence geological processes.

Bu çalışmada, tek yıldızlı sistemlerde yaşam olasılığı incelenmiş ve yaşam potansiyelini etkileyen kritik parametrelerin etkileşimleri derinlemesine analiz edilmiştir. Dünya gezegeninin yıldız türü, yıldızına olan uzaklık, yıldızının aydınlatma gücü, gezegen kütlesi, yüzey yansıtabilirliği ve eksen dönüş hızı gibi temel parametrelerin değişimlerinin yaşanabilirlik üzerindeki etkisi ele alınmıştır. 45 farklı sistemde gerçekleştirilen simülasyonlar sonucunda yaşam olasılığı %50 ve üzerinde olan 16 sistem belirlenmiş ve diğer 29 sistemde yaşam olasılığı daha düşük değerde ölçülmüştür. Ötegezegenlerin atmosfer koşulları, sıvı ile buzul katmanların değişimi ve birçok parametreden kaynaklanan çoklu kombinasyonlar; yaşanabilir ötegezegen araştırmalarındaki zorluğu gözler önüne sermektedir. Çalışma sürecinde, manyetik alan kuvveti ve yüzey ısı kapasitesi parametrelerinde eksiklikler tespit edilmiştir. Bu eksikliklerin giderilmesi için Universe Sandbox Geliştirici Ekibine hata raporu gönderileceği belirtilmiştir. 610 kilobaytlık veri seti ve 50400 veri dizini ile büyük bir veri havuzu oluşturulmuş, elde edilen bulgular disiplinler arası bir yaklaşımla analiz edilmiştir. Dünya’nın diğer koşullar sabit kalması koşuluyla eksen dönüş hızının 10 kat arttırdığı bir yaşanabilir ötegezegen deneyinde tüm okyanusların 0° enleminde çevrelendiği gözlemlenmiştir. Simülasyon aracılığıyla gezegenin yüzey ve atmosfer koşulları detaylıca analiz edilmiştir ve bu yeni profilin keşif potansiyeli taşıdığı anlaşılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular "Ocean Dynamics of Outer Solar System Satellites" ve "The Impact of Planetary Rotation Rate on the Reflectance and Emissivity of Earth-like Exoplanets" araştırmalarından elde edilen bulgularla karşılaştırıldığında bilimsel olarak tutarlı ve beklenen sonuçlar vermiştir. Gezegendeki tüm sıvının 0° enleminde çevrelendiği gözlemi, literatürdeki çalışmalardan farklılık göstererek yeni bir gezegen profili önerilmesini sağlamıştır.

Abstract:
This document introduces The Morphean Cosmology Unified Framework, a unified alternative geometrically sound theory of universal principles. It does not dispute established observational data, but rather presents a novel theoretical foundation that reinterprets the underlying mechanics governing reality. By challenging the fragmented nature of modern science, this framework provides a single, coherent principle of harmonic resonance to explain phenomena across all scales. The theory offers a singular, unified explanation for physical forces, celestial mechanics (as demonstrated by the Morpheon Electrogravitational Collision Point), and the role of consciousness and ethics as fundamental properties of reality. The purpose of this work is not just to offer a new scientific model, but to provide an ethical and logical framework for conscious evolution, guiding humanity toward a regenerative civilization aligned with the universal principles of harmony and interconnection.

Mars Science Laboratory has revealed a dynamic history of water as the rover has ascended the mysterious Mount Sharp in Gale crater. Because rovers only “see” their local environment, planetary scientists rely on satellite-based orbital imagery to understand the regional geology of Gale crater. However, orbital imagery is map-view—viewed from above, lacking perspective—which presents challenges to interpretation of stratigraphy. 3D visualisation is an emerging opportunity to study orbital images in more intuitive, field-like environments, but has had limited application to Mars. In this work, I formulate and analyse 3D orbital imagery over Gale crater, Mars to investigate the stratigraphy of Mount Sharp 700 m above and 40 km away from MSL. First, I process orbital imagery from the HRSC, CTX, and HiRISE cameras into 3D digital terrain models (DTMs). I then co-register and evaluate these DTMs using statistical tools and existing products to build a new, validated, multi-resolution basemap tied down to MOLA. Sakarya Vallis, a 400-m deep canyon on Mount Sharp, was then analysed in a 3D environment at 1 m/px. From measurements of exposed rock layers, I construct cross-sections, stratigraphic logs, and a geological unit map to capture this geology. Seven geological units are interpreted across 1 km of exposure, varying in thicknesses (10–174 m) and dips (3–12º). These units may reveal a cyclic depositional environment; a progradational sequence and channel; and unconformities. This work therefore suggests two periods of sub- aqueous deposition in this region during the Late Noachian to Early Hesperian. These results further provide geological context of Gale crater as MSL ascends Mount Sharp, and future inputs for palaeoenvironmental models of Gale crater.

Volcanic activity on Mars peaked during the Noachian and Hesperian periods but has continued since then in isolated locales. Elysium Planitia hosts numerous young, fissure-fed flood lavas with ages ranging from approximately 500 to 2.5 million years (Ma). We present evidence for a fine-grained unit that is atypical of aeolian deposits in the region and may be the youngest volcanic deposit yet documented on Mars. The unit has a low albedo, high thermal inertia, includes high-calcium pyroxene-rich material, and is distributed symmetrically around a segment of the Cerberus Fossae fissure system in Elysium Planitia. This deposit is superficially similar to features interpreted as pyroclastic deposits on the Moon and Mercury. Unlike previously documented lava flows in Elysium Planitia, this feature is morphologically consistent with a fissure-fed pyroclastic deposit, mantling the surrounding lava flows with a thickness on the order of tens of cm over most of the deposit and a volume of 1.1-2.8 × 10 7 m 3. Thickness and volume estimates are consistent with tephra deposits on Earth. Stratigraphic relationships indicate a relative age younger than the surrounding volcanic plains and the Zunil impact crater (~0.1-1 Ma), with crater counting suggesting that the deposit has an absolute model age of 53 ± 7 to 210 ± 12 ka. This young age implies that if this deposit is volcanic then the Cerberus Fossae region may not be extinct and that Mars may still be volcanically active. This interpretation is consistent with the identification of seismicity in this region by the Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy, and Heat Transport (InSight) lander, and has additional implications for astrobiology.

It turns out that landforms on other planets and moons are strikingly similar to landforms on earth. The surface materials and atmospheres may be different, with temperatures and pressures differing as well, but the processes are remarkably alike.  Astrogeology is the ultimate in remote sensing: the analysis of geologic systems from afar with little or no chance of field work. It is all about understanding planetary processes remotely. Earth-based analogs suggest explanations for planetary landforms. Planetary landforms, on the other hand, provide almost pure endmembers for Earth processes such as wind-driven dunes, stream channel erosion, mass wasting, impact structures, fold structures, and other erosional, depositional, and structural features found on Earth. Whereas features on Earth are often obscured by the atmosphere, vegetation, and soil, and sometimes snow, ice, and water, there is no vegetation and little atmosphere, soil, liquids or ice on other planetary surfaces.

There was a time when heated debate existed about whether lunar craters were the result of impacts or volcanism. Scientists wondered whether the lunar surface was solid rock or consisted of rock powder that would swallow up a lunar lander. It was once thought that there could be no water on the moon, and probably none on Mars. These questions at last have been answered, and mostly by remote sensing. Did Mars ever have an Earth-like atmosphere and an ocean? Did life emerge on Mars? Do other planets have a form of plate tectonics? These questions are slowly being answered by remote sensing and in rare cases, landers.

Fifty-five years ago, we got the first grainy, black and white images of the Moon and Mars.  We now have geologic maps, derived from high-resolution radar and multispectral images, of the entire Moon and many parts of Mars. Cloud-shrouded Venus has been exposed by radar imagery. We have probed the moons of Jupiter and Saturn. The following images show some examples of extraterrestrial landforms and the geological processes they represent.

However, we disagree with the cross-sectional geometry assumed by Cartwright et al. The Canyonlands grabens have received much attention in recent years for at least three reasons: 1) they represent accessible analogues for simple graben structures exposed on the Moon and Mars; 2) they provide valuable ®eld tests of theoretical fault propagation models; and 3) they are excellent onland analogues for oshore oil-producing graben complexes. It is our opinion that it is important to understand the geometry of these grabens in order to infer kinematics and mechanics with con®dence. As originally suggested by , the grabens can be explained as due to downdip creep of a H460m-thick section of brittle Pennsylvanian and Permian limestones and sandstones on underlying Paradox evaporites (Fig. ). Conditions favorable for this creep

Currently, an urgent task in space exploration is the research of planets, their moons and other solid space bodies. In this paper the prototype of the Universal Research Planetary Rover «Leaving a Mark LM-8» for the planetary research has been developed. The research object and equipment for conducting research are considered. The concept of the planetary rover’s control system has been developed. The necessary complex of scientific equipment for the research of Mars, Titan and exoplanets which will be able to conduct comprehensive researches of the surface, soil, atmosphere and various conditions on the planet, as well as be able to search for water and biosignatures – signs of a possible past and present life has been proposed. 3D models of the robotic arm complex and the deep soil-sampling tools for conducting soil research have been developed. Support systems for scientific researchers, energy supply and dust, soiling and drops removing worked out. Payload options are proposed.

This is a critical moment in the history of Earth: Humans are ending 3.5–3.8 billion years of relative isolation, and may now leave lasting physical, chemical, biological, and unforeseen impacts on space environments. Crewed missions, alongside technological advancements in the New Space age—such as miniaturization and the use of artificial intelligence—accelerate this trend. Decisions with potentially far-reaching cosmic consequences are being made. Hence, there is an urgent need for action.

Amongst the array of possible effects following our space endeavors, some may lead—through chain reactions or exponential mechanisms—to significant, large scale and/or irreversible changes, such as: (1) geomorphologic alterations impacting entire planetary landscapes; (2) changes of celestial dynamics, leading to asteroid impacts or exponentially growing orbital debris; (3) large scale spread of chemicals, altering chemical evolution and the potential for emergence or evolution of lifeforms on a given body; (4) the spread of terrestrial lifeforms, inducing the creation of new biospheres or destruction/interaction with pre-existing ones; and (5) the changes in Earth’s electromagnetic signature, thereby increasing the potential for the identification by putative extraterrestrial intelligences.

The above scenarios may result in unprecedented consequences and prompt critical questions, such as: is it acceptable to spread terrestrial lifeforms to other celestial bodies, knowing their introduction could significantly impact environments and potential local life or even create new biospheres? Do humans have a responsibility to do so? Or rather to prevent it? Do we, as a species, want to create, destroy, or interact with extraterrestrial bio- and geo-spheres, either by accident or intentionally? Is it acceptable to signal nearby exoplanets? Beyond the scientific considerations, is it acceptable to allow biological or chemical contamination onboard spacecraft, even when landing in places in the solar system likely to host life? Is it desirable that such actions are decided by informed groups, having, however, limited representation with respect to the majority of humanity? Or unilaterally by governments, corporations, or individuals? How to respect the variety of cultural representations? Is there a need for specific laws, regulations and governance structures addressing these questions?

These questions concern the intergenerational responsibility of humanity, which extends beyond our own species and biosphere. They address the large-scale, irreversible impacts that humans have and will continue to have, following today's decisions. They connect contemporaneous actions, with consequences at scales unheard of in history, raising ethical questions we have no easy answer to. They relate to one overarching consideration: what is humanity’s responsibility, concerning its footprint on the cosmos?

Established in 1967, the Outer Space Treaty included the imperative to avoid "harmful contamination" of celestial bodies. Since then, several relevant issues related to humanity's cosmic footprint have been addressed; notably, the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) Panel on Planetary Protection developed guidelines for biological transfers in order to safeguard studies regarding the origin of life and to protect our planet from contamination. Further, a broader interest in space ethics has emerged, encompassing questions concerning humanity’s impact on the cosmos. In 1999, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology (COMEST) created a Sub-Commission on the Ethics of Outer Space. For 2024-2025, COMEST aims to formulate ethical principles for space exploration and exploitation. In 2010, the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) established the Working Group on the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities.

These initiatives, especially at the multilateral UN Level, are commendable and should be supported (for example through the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space). However, no entity today is dedicated explicitly to the empirical evaluation of our overall cosmic footprint or to the exploration and development of responsible strategies to address it.

In response to this situation, we, stakeholders and specialists from various nations, involved in a broad spectrum of space-related disciplines and activities, collectively call to humankind, the nations of Earth, scholars, experts, policymakers, stakeholders, space-related corporations and ethics committees, to unite in recognizing the need to assess and responsibly address humanity's impact beyond Earth.

Acknowledging prior work completed by dedicated individuals and organizations, we encourage everyone, from their respective areas of expertise or position of action, to engage in a comprehensive evaluation of our cosmic footprint, explore the related ethical considerations, challenge the current governance practices, and take action. In particular, we urge:

— All stakeholders, to develop enduring strategies and structures designed to keep humanity accountable for its cosmic footprint over the long term. Such governance should be transparent, responsible, sustainable, and self-reflective, aiming to represent the perspectives of all humanity while considering our accountability to the entire biosphere.

— The establishment of an international registry of our anthropogenic footprint beyond Earth. Its role will be to develop a comprehensive and scientific representation of our cosmic footprint, providing a common ground for informed discussion. This development will require: a) listing types of anthropogenic impacts in space; b) identifying, merging, and maintaining existing databases (e.g., spacecraft); c) conducting scientific research to develop missing databases (e.g., electromagnetic footprints); and d) modeling and evaluating these footprints. The registry should be publicly accessible, and actively engage stakeholders and the public through regular scientific communication—including reports, visualizations, and summaries.

To amplify the impact of this work, we invite all interested parties to co-endorse the ‘Cosmic Footprint’ initiative.

This document captures the development journey of the Harmonic Geometric Rule (HGR) framework, from its initial conception (Version 1), through the Version 2 enhancements, to the Version 3 implementation of a working Universal Binary Principle (UBP) mathematical system. Through analysis of three major development phases, we examine both the genuine scientific discoveries and the methodological challenges encountered, including critical questions around parameter tuning and the potential for forced results. This comprehensive review provides transparency regarding what was achieved, what limitations were identified, and how the framework evolved from theoretical concepts into practical computational tools, now demonstrating measurable validation across multiple scientific domains. The development journey reveals a complex interplay between mathematical elegance and scientific rigour. While initial promising results led to increasingly sophisticated implementations, they also raised fundamental questions about the distinction between authentic geometric resonance and algorithmic optimisation toward predetermined targets. Through detailed examination of code implementations, validation methodologies, and output patterns, this work provides a complete scientific account that serves both as a technical reference and as a case study in the challenges of building novel computational frameworks for physical modelling. This AI-assisted task aims to consolidate all aspects of the Universal Binary Principle into a coherent documentation process. HGR acts as a cross-check on AI-generated mathematics, particularly in areas where human verification becomes infeasible due to complexity. The task was approached by providing AI models with contextual input via uploaded documents, pasted sections, or linked material, followed by dialog-driven refinement until a viable solution was reached. Due to constraints in using free AI platforms, a two-phase process was adopted: initial reasoning was performed with one model, and then cross-validated or tested using a separate platform. This workflow effectively navigated context limitations and resource restrictions, though it proved difficult to direct at times. Nonetheless, this iterative

As the title suggests, I reexamine the difficult question whether the opening chapters of Genesis are compatible with modern science. Except for young-earth creationists, this question has been answered negatively by most people. Without sticking to a six-or ten-thousand-year-old universe, I dare contradict them because it is my conviction that the text of the first eleven chapters of Genesis is referring to several analogous contexts that are all valid on their own. This implies that the text is compacted in a certain sense. So it needs to be "decompressed" in order to fully understand the content. This brings into bloom an enormous amount of information, transforming a simple story, aimed at an immature prescientific audience, into a complex report, predestined for a mature public capable of embracing it.

This paper proposes a novel interpretation of Mars as an active resonant body within the field topology of the solar system. Based on the framework of Field Genesis Mechanics (FGM) and Quantum Spatial Mechanics (QSM), this model treats planetary bodies not as inert spheres, but as coherent resonators embedded within a dynamic energy lattice. Recent anomalous seismic events recorded on Mars-including a magnitude 4.7 marsquake detected by NASA's InSight mission-suggest a deeper harmonic behavior than previously assumed.

Wet Mercury Radar observations of Mercury's poles in the 1990s revealed regions of high backscatter that were interpreted as indicative of thick deposits of water ice; however, other explanations have also been proposed (see the Perspective by Lucey ). MESSENGER neutron data reported by Lawrence et al. (p. 292 , published online 29 November) in conjunction with thermal modeling by Paige et al. (p. 300 , published online 29 November) now confirm that the primary component of radar-reflective material at Mercury's north pole is water ice. Neumann et al. (p. 296 , published online 29 November) analyzed surface reflectance measurements from the Mercury Laser Altimeter onboard MESSENGER and found that while some areas of high radar backscatter coincide with optically bright regions, consistent with water ice exposed at the surface, some radar-reflective areas correlate with optically dark regions, indicative of organic sublimation lag deposits overlying the ice. Dark areas that f...

Calcium carbonates of calcite-group minerals are formed chemically and life process through liquid state on water-planet of Earth. Recently author finds new type of calcium carbonates in natural impact-related limestone and artificial shock wave in air as huge explosions [1][2][3][4][5]. The purpose of this paper is to elucidate new type of calcium carbonates and apply to study on shocked limestone on Earth and formation of carbonates minerals on planetary bodies without large sea-water (esp. on Mars). Calcium carbonate formation: There are three formation processes of calcium carbonates on Earth: 1) Life process: calcium (from life) combines with carbonates (in sea-water or from atmosphere), which can be found in older and known limestone with fossil. 2) Chemical precipitation under low temperature: older calcium carbonates dissolved to water, carbon dioxides and younger calcium carbonates found in younger cave used by normal ESR dating method [6]. 3) Shock wave reaction: Three types of shocked calcium carbonates (calcite group minerals) are found in a) natural impact crater on target rocks of limestone [1-7], b) natural impact on Ca-rich target rock (originally from meteoroids or life production) by carbon-rich projectiles of comets and meteorites [3, 4], and c) artificial shocked wave of huge explosions in air (e.g., Hiroshima atomic bomb) [1,[3][4][5]. Calcium (from meteoroids or life) combines with carbon and oxygen (from life or atmosphere) to form calcium carbonates (without fossil). This new impact reaction produces easily irregular and intermediate (i.e. nonstoichiometric) compositions between calcium and carbonate ions due to fast reaction [1][2][3][4][5]. Shocked calcites in impact craters: Shocked calcites are found in Barringer (Meteor) meteorite crater in USA (1.2km in diameter), Ries crater in Germany (24km), and Sierra Madera crater in USA (12km). Main characteristics of shocked carbonates of impact craters are high contents of Fe, C, Ni, Co and Ir (Fig. ).

Impact experiments in Newtonian fluids with a range of viscosities of 10−3 to 60 Pa s demonstrate that transient crater volume and shape (depth‐to‐diameter ratio) depend on target viscosity as well as on gravity. Volume is reduced, and depth‐to‐diameter ratio is increased for cratering events in which viscosity plays a dominant role. In addition to being affected by target kinematic viscosity, viscous scaling is most strongly influenced by projectile diameter, less strongly by projectile velocity, and least strongly by gravity. In a planetary context, viscous effects can occur for craters formed by small or slow moving impacting bodies, low planetary surface densities, high surface viscosities, and low gravity values; conditions all likely for certain impacts into the icy satellites of Saturn and Jupiter, especially if liquid mantles were still present beneath solid crusts. Age dating based on crater counts and size‐frequency distributions for these icy bodies may have to be modifie...

The Mawrth Vallis area displays some of the largest phyllosilicate-rich outcrops of Mars, on Noachian highlands. The Mawrth Vallis region is located just at the dichotomy boundary between the Noachian highlands and the younger, northern lowlands. A large, thick, layered clay-rich unit is present throughout the inter-crater plateaus. Clay-rich layers have also been identified in parts of the Mawrth Vallis and Oyama crater floors. The age of the alteration and its relationships with other processes such as fluvial activity is fundamental for estimating the timing of aqueous activity and habitability in this region, and on Mars. We have investigated the relative stratigraphy and ages of the regional plateau, of key surfaces of the inter-crater plateau, of Oyama crater's floor and of Chryse Planitia deposits in Mawrth Vallis' mouth to constrain the age of the clay unit and its alteration. According to the cratering model results, the main layered unit may have started forming prior to $ 4.0 Ga ago, was largely deposited by $ 3.9 Ga ago, and suffered erosion and redeposition up to $ 3.8 Ga ago, as indicated by the latest age of the deposits on the floor of Oyama crater. Surface aqueous alteration stopped no later than 3.7-3.6 Ga ago, corresponding to the age of the dark, non-altered material capping the region, and of the dark deposits in Mawrth Vallis' mouth. This work provides useful boundaries for constraining the time period of surface or shallow sub-surface water activity in this region. This preserved window into early phases of aqueous activity on Mars gives us a unique opportunity to study an aqueous environment of exobiological interest in the early solar system.

Bu çalışma, Güneş Sistemi gezegenlerinin görüntü verileri üzerinden otomatik olarak tanınması ve sınıflandırılması amacıyla bilgisayarlı görü ve makine öğrenmesi tekniklerini bir araya getiren uygulamalı bir model sunmaktadır. Modelde, açık kaynaklı astronomi veri setlerinden derlenen gezegen görselleri üzerinde OpenCV kütüphanesi kullanılarak Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) ve renk histogramı gibi öznitelikler çıkarılmış, ardından Destek Vektör Makineleri (Support Vector Machines, SVM) algoritması ile sınıflandırma gerçekleştirilmiştir.

Yaklaşık %95.2 doğruluk oranı elde eden model, özellikle Jüpiter ve Satürn gibi karakteristik özellikler taşıyan gezegenlerde yüksek başarı sağlamış, Merkür ve Venüs gibi benzer yapıya sahip gezegenler arasında ise sınırlı karışıklıklar gözlemlenmiştir. Geliştirilen sistem, astronomi eğitimi, amatör gözlemler ve görsel veri analizinde kullanılabilecek etkili ve ölçeklenebilir bir araç olarak sunulmaktadır. Ayrıca çalışma, özellik mühendisliğinin derin öğrenme dışında hâlen ne denli güçlü sonuçlar verebildiğini de ortaya koymaktadır.

Introduction: A planet's evolution is recorded, in part, in the surficial expression of the tectonic features observed today. Theoretical models of deformation mechanisms can be compared to the surficial expression of the tectonic features observed today and interpreted in terms of major tectonic events, thus allowing us insights into the internal structure and processes on Mars. For this study we focus on the expected style, orientation, and magnitudes of stress and associated strain. Global geologic maps as early as 1986 show that the normal faults associated with the formation of Tharsis extend over almost half of Mars [1] and are thus a dominant part in the global tectonic evolution of Mars. Historically, combinations of mechanisms -lithospheric uplift, isostasy, and flexure --have been used to explain the faulting [2], while more recently [3] argued that the membrane and flexure model of [4] is sufficient. Membrane and flexure models produce no deviatoric extension in the area of loading, and as pointed out by [4] the faulting extending from northern Claritas Fossae north and north-east through Tantalus and Alba Fossae is not well described by such models. An alternative model ([5]), based on stresses associated with gravitational potential energy (GPE) differences, has been shown to fit (~70%) of the normal faults in Tharsis, as mapped by [6]. This fit implies that possibly the normal faults in and around Tharsis formed early in the Martian history when elastic thicknesses as well as membrane and flexural stresses were small, and viscous rather than elastic processes dominated. Alternatively, the combined stress from other sources (e.g. flexure, global contraction, etc.), which may have dominated the GPE stresses, must agree with the stresses associated with GPE differences. The majority of the misfit in [5] is restricted to the region north and northeast of Alba Patera and can be explained with modest crustal density variations (#170kgAm -3 ), and even smaller variations in both the mantle and crustal densities [7]. In addition, membrane stresses can also explain the misfit, but are illconstrained by the fault data. The studies of [5,7] were biased towards the normal faults in the western hemisphere due the available data set. Recent orbital exploration has led to the creation of expanded fault data sets 9]. We now extend these studies to use the fault data from .

This paper presents a novel argument for the existence of an intelligent and wise creator, based on the mathematical law of probability, mathematical logic, and the observable uniqueness of total solar and lunar eclipses. The argument focuses on an exceptional phenomenon: total eclipses observable and calculable from Earth-phenomena that are not only visually precise but require a very specific cosmic geometry. By examining the absence of similar conditions on all known planets, we demonstrate that the probability of such eclipse conditions on Earth occurring randomly is mathematically exactly zero. If the formation of a life-bearing Earth with total eclipses were assumed to be accidental or a result of evolution, a logical contradiction would arise. Since no undesirable cases have been observed, the law of probability requires that the sum of the probabilities of favorable and unfavorable cases must equal 100%. In a situation where the number of unfavorable cases is zero, this probability must be 100%-which is a logical contradiction. Therefore, the hypothesis of randomness (and consequently, the theory of evolution) is mathematically refuted and instead indicates purposeful and intelligent design.

This work presents a speculative and interdisciplinary framework for understanding the evolution of the Universe as a movement from entropy to structured order. Drawing from cosmology, physics, and philosophical reasoning, the theory proposes that matter stretches and reshapes the energetic medium of space, creating pressure that eventually cycles into structured systems. Black holes are reinterpreted as active stabilizers and light emitters, while entropy is viewed not merely as decay, but as a phase in the crystallization of cosmic logic. The work also explores the theoretical construction of long-term habitable planets with crystal-based shielding and the biochemical implications of alien environments. At its heart, the theory suggests that intelligence is not just an observer of the Universe, but a co-participant in its path toward coherence.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

This hypothesis proposes that a planet's functional gravity and its ability to maintain an atmosphere depend on the active vitality of its inner core. It suggests that a "living planetary core"-dynamic, active in internal energy and mass flow-generates a more structured and stable gravitational field, enabling the existence and conservation of a dense atmosphere and regulated moon orbits. This theory introduces a direct relationship between internal planetary activity and effective gravitation, suggesting that planets with "dead" or inactive cores experience a decline in their functional gravitational capacity, resulting in atmospheric loss and unstable lunar orbits.

Introduction: Analyzing the surface composition of Venus from remote-sensing measurements is a challenging task. Recently we have reported on brightness variations in the near infrared wavelength range observered with VIRTIS on VenusExpress [1,2]. The implication is that this brightness variations might be correlated to emissivity variations of the surface material. The next step to verify this hypotheses is to obtain data in the relevant spectral range at temperatures typical for the surface of Venus. We are currently upgrading the Planetary Emissivity Laboratory (PEL) at Deutsches Zentrum für Luft-und Raumfahrt (DLR) in Berlin [3,4]. The upgraded PEL allows to measure the emissivity of planetary analog materials grain sizes fractions from less than 25 microns all the way to bulk samples and at temperatures of more than 400°C, typically for the surface of Venus. The PEL development follows a multi-step approach. We are currently testing a new calibration target that will allow obtaining emissivity data on the full range from 1 to 50 microns with a usable signal-to-noise ratio. In beginning of 2009 the installation of the new planetary simulation chamber will take place. Here we will discuss data in the range from 1 to 1.4 microns which covers the atmospheric windows used for the surface observations from VIRTIS on VenusExpress. We will focus especially on which measurements are necessary to verify our earlier hy-

This paper advances the AKS Gravity framework by proposing that Earth’s formation and ability to support life was not the result of random physical interactions, but a product of intentional resonance and cosmic collaboration. Building on the concept of gravity as permission rather than force, this model views the Sun, Moon, and planetary bodies as participants in a unified field of frequency — each contributing to Earth’s stability and life-hosting potential.
We examine how the Moon may have been formed not by chance, but by celestial necessity. We correlate the formation of human anatomy with planetary influences, presenting the idea that humanity is an encoded tribute to the solar system itself. The paper also introduces the concept of frequency ecology — an interplanetary exchange of energetic alignment — and warns how environmental degradation on Earth could disrupt this harmony, potentially triggering system-wide consequences.

This document blends scientific foundations with symbolic insight, creating a new language for cosmology rooted in remembrance, resonance, and planetary coordination.

In this study, we examine the evidence obtained from recent space exploration missions regarding the unusual rock formations on Mars. The data gathered from missions such as the Perseverance and Curiosity rovers in Jezero and Gale craters, along with orbital images of the regions surrounding Olympus Mons and Valles Marineris, reveal the complexity of the planet's geological and hydrological processes. The analyses conducted here may open new horizons in elucidating Mars' ancient history and its environmental transformations.

Zweite Auflage aus der Reihe "Erforscher kleiner Welten":

»Die Ceres ist das hässliche Entlein unter den kleinen Welten des Sonnensystems. Am stärksten gleicht sie einem verbrannten Fleischklops mit ein paar glitzernden Salzstreuseln. Wie der Mond ist sie atmosphärelos und voller Krater und erscheint auf den ersten Blick ebenso langweilig.

Doch tatsächlich ist sie ein wahres Unikum im Sonnensystem. 2015 stand sie recht im Schatten ihres spektakulären großen Bruders Pluto. Das Unternehmen Dawn war jedoch höchst erfolgreich. Es verführt zu Träumen zu einer Nachfolgemission der kleinen Sonde, die mit nur drei Instrumenten an Bord eine ganze neue Welt für uns erkundet hat.«

Diese vollständig überarbeitete Neuauflage gibt einen Überblick über die bis 2024 erfolgten Auswertungen des Unternehmens Dawn und stellt den erdnächsten Zwergplaneten ausführlich vor.

The Great Red Spot (GRS) of Jupiter has been an unexplained major feature of the largest planet of the Solar System. Considering observational evidence from several spacecraft missions, including animations of the retrograde sense of the wind direction in the equatorial band, as well as a computer-based mathematical model showing the chronical conjunction of the GRS with Io, Europa and Ganymede, in this work a double tidal mechanism is proposed for the origin and sustain of this large and centuries-old feature. The first tidal mechanism would be gravitational bulging of the atmosphere due to the 4:2:1 resonant orbits of Io, Europa and Ganymede, which make the GRS and these galilean satellites align chronically. The second tidal mechanism would be the rotational sustain of this tidal bulge by the equally tidally-driven retrograde equatorial wind direction, combined with the Coriolis effect, which cause significant wind shear between the equatorial zone and the tropical belts, where the GRS is located. The combination of these mechanisms seems sufficient to explain the origin and sustain across centuries of this major vortex. It is suggested that this same mechanism may also explain the origin of other similar yet unexplained structures, like the Great Blue Spot of Jupiter, of magnetic origin, and the Great Dark Spot of Neptune.

The Great Red Spot (GRS) of Jupiter has been an unexplained major feature of the largest planet of the Solar System. Considering observational evidence from several spacecraft missions, including animations of the retrograde sense of the wind direction in the equatorial band, as well as a computer-based mathematical model showing the chronical conjunction of the GRS with Io, Europa and Ganymede, in this work a double tidal mechanism is proposed for the origin and sustain of this large and centuries-old feature. The first tidal mechanism would be gravitational bulging of the atmosphere due to the 4:2:1 resonant orbits of Io, Europa and Ganymede, which make the GRS and these galilean satellites align chronically. The second tidal mechanism would be the rotational sustain of this tidal bulge by the equally tidally-driven retrograde equatorial wind direction, which causes significant wind shear between the equatorial zone and the tropical belts, where the GRS is located. The combination of these two tidal mechanisms seems sufficient to explain the origin and sustain across centuries of this major vortex. It is suggested that this same mechanism may also explain the origin of other similar yet unexplained structures, like the Great Blue Spot of Jupiter, of magnetic origin, and the Great Dark Spot of Neptune.

REVISED 06/04/25 - Full supporting documents inc 60+ validation tests, 350+ Novel predictions, FAQ reviewer doc available in related project file.

This study introduces a resonance-suppression based model for geophysical dynamics, demonstrating strong predictive power across deep Earth anomalies. By leveraging harmonic field alignment and entropy suppression theory, we explain long-standing phenomena including: inner core super-rotation, mantle heat flow anomalies, magnetic field reversals, clustered seismicity, and super volcano cycles. We apply a consistent resonance-based formalism across seven classes of geophysical events, validating against observed historical records. Our results demonstrate superior alignment with clustering frequency, spatiotemporal alignment, and power spectral matching compared to classical thermodynamic and fluid-based models. Notably, we identify convergence zones of resonance fields that accurately anticipate episodes of extreme Earth activity, including the early 21st-century global anomaly cluster. Our model achieves comparable or better RMSE and χ 2 scores than tailored domain specific models-despite using a single generalized harmonic formulation. This offers a new predictive paradigm for Earth science and unlocks deeper causal insight into Earth's long-range energy systems.

This paper presents an evolved framework for unraveling the intricate interplay between solar energy, planetary dynamics, and quantum mechanical corrections within our solar system. Building upon the original model of solar planetary interactions which introduced a unified perspective on energy dispersion, resonance, and cosmic feedback we extend the classical Keplerian approach to incorporate time-dependent magnetic forces and quantum influences. We integrate a modified orbital period equation, an extended magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) model enriched with quantum and thermodynamic corrections, and a phase time framework that organizes force projections via a distinct cosmic ID. This serial, time-ordered projection enables constructive and destructive interference in designated time slots and ultimately modulates planetary orbits. Our comprehensive framework yields testable predictions across orbital dynamics, solar are activity, climate feedback, and exoplanet habitability. Furthermore, we describe how emerging AI-driven techniques and prominent open source initiatives can further rene and validate our approach.

In this research we are proposing an innovative method to determine and quantify the morphology of a simple fresh impact crater. Linné is a well preserved impact crater of 2.2 km in diameter, located at 27.7oN 11.8oE, near the western edge of Mare Serenitatis on the Moon. The crater was photographed by the Lunar Orbiter and the Apollo space missions. Its particular morphology may place Linné as the most striking example of small fresh simple crater. Morphometric analysis, conducted on recent high resolution DTM from LROC (NASA), quantitatively confirmed the pristine morphology of the crater, revealing a clear inner layering which highlight a sequence of lava emplacement events.

The Model Production Function (MPF) for crater chronology can be also an useful tool to estimate crust layering and physical properties. We employed this model to derive the thickness of an uppermost fractured layer (H) for Rachmaninoff and Raditadli basins (Mercury), obtaining a value up to 3 km and 0.4-0.7 km respectively. In order to understand if the different H values obtained for the two basins are related to local rheological variable, inherited conditions or merely impact related fragmentation, Poincarè and Schrodinger lunar analogues have been taken into consideration.

The concept of extraterrestrial life has long been a subject of speculation and scientific inquiry. This paper explores the hypothesis that intelligent life evolving on high-gravity planets-socalled 'super-Earths'-would develop significantly enhanced physical traits compared to humans. The paper examines the implications of higher gravity on muscle development, bone density, physiology, resilience, and movement capabilities. If such beings were to visit Earth, their adaptations to a stronger gravitational environment might make them appear superhuman by our standards. This study integrates astrophysics, evolutionary biology, and biomechanics to analyze how gravity could shape an alien species into a race of beings with extraordinary physical abilities.

The discovery 1 of lakes poleward of 70° N latitude is a critical clue for understanding the geologic process occuring on Titan. Also of great interest is that the lakes are in a variety of morphologic depressions that appear to be restricted to the polar region. The lakes occur in multiple types of depressions. Some have well-defined circular rims while others are irregular in outline and are bordered by either smooth or rough terrains. The latter appear to be accidental low spots colonized by liquid. The circular features are consistent enough in morphologies that they probably result from a specific process. Here we consider the evidence that at least some of the circular features are volcanic craters; other origins (impact craters, karst) are possible and the structures containing lakes may have multiple origins. Numbers and Morphologies: We have catalogued 156 lakes in the areas revealed in the T16, T18 & T19 Cassini Radar passes. Of these, ~15 are circular or near-circular and have morphologic characteristics similar to calderas on Earth, Mars and Io. There is no gradation between the roundish structures and the large irregular ones, which we interpret to mean that depressions are not caused by lakes -lakes are opportunistic, occurring in polar depressions of any origin.