Politics of Language

Punjabi has faced challenges in gaining recognition as an academic and official language and respect as a spoken language in its homeland, the Punjab. Paradoxically, despite being one of the most developed and educated provinces in Pakistan, a significant portion of the population remains illiterate. According to a basic definition of “literacy,” an individual is considered “literate” if they can read and write in their native language, which makes this situation particularly alarming.

In his book, Language in Jewish Society: Towards a New Understanding, Myhill ambitiously analyzes the relationship between language, identity, and society over a period of 3,000 years of Jewish history. Addressing a general readership, Myhill rejects an insider's ideological approach, which focuses on the uniqueness of Jewish attitudes to language, in favor of a typological perspective, which explores the commonalities and differences between Jewish and non-Jewish sociolinguistic attitudes. The overarching thesis of the book, argued at length in the introductory chapter, is that Jews have conceptualized their Jewish identity through race (defined as personal ancestry) and religious affiliation (defined as beliefs, traditions, and lifestyle), rather than spoken language. In eliminating everyday spoken language as a facet of personal and group identity, Myhill observes, the Jews are no different from other minority groups that lost their homeland, such as the Copts in Egypt, the Maronites in Lebanon, the Armenians, the Sikhs, and the Gypsies. To explain cases that disagree with his thesis -the incontrovertible role of Hebrew in shaping Israeli identity, for example -Myhill cites the influence of foreign (Western) ideas in Israel, which, in contrast to Jewish ideas, construct identity from the twin building blocks of citizenship/place of living and national language.

The present study explores the attitudes of undergraduate students from the Abbottabad district towards Urdu, the national language of Pakistan, and Hindko, a dominant language in the region, and the social processes that contribute to the potential erosion of Hindko. In particular, it examines the changing language attitudes and documents the transition from Hindko to Urdu due to social, political, and economic aspirations related to social mobility. Following a quantitative research design, the researcher distributed a 20-item questionnaire to 300 undergraduate students (150 male and 150 female) aged 18 to 25, through quota sampling. The questionnaire responded to language use, choice, and language attitudes. The data revealed relationship between perceiving social mobility and propensity among many of the younger participants to embrace Urdu; many claimed Urdu as a language of social mobility for the future, while attitudes towards Hindko may have been changing at the same time. Collective language attitudes and preferences raise important questions about the sustainability of Hindko in the future and the issues associated with multilingualism in Pakistan.

This article examines the sociolinguistic transformation of Hong Kong from a multilingual contact zone to a predominantly Cantonese-speaking city. Through historical analysis spanning the colonial period to the present day, we demonstrate that Hong Kong's contemporary Cantonese identity was not inherited but constructed through institutional processes, migration patterns, and strategic erasure of competing linguistic forms. Drawing on frameworks from language ecology, linguistic markets, and postcolonial sociolinguistics, we trace the city's linguistic evolution across four historical periods: colonial polyphony (1842-1900), stratified multilingualism (1900-1949), Cantonese consolidation via media and education (1950-1997), and post-handover linguistic politics (1997-2020). The findings reveal how linguistic dominance is sedimented through social processes rather than naturally occurring, challenging prevalent narratives of Hong Kong's linguistic heritage while documenting the complex interplay between language, power, and identity in the formation of the city's sociolinguistic landscape.

Moü cun 208opum mOAbKO no pyCCKU. f1maK, xmo JKe R ecms Ha caMOM oese?» ()KeHIIIMHa M3 rrOCeJIKa yCTh-ABaM) IJ;eJIb naureá CTaTbM COCTOMT B TOM, vrroősr M3yqMTb COU;MOJIMHrBM-CTf/IqecryIO CMT)'au;MIOy Tpex KopeHHhIX )KWTeJIeMrrorryocTpoBa Tai1:MbIp (nennes, 3Hu;eB, aranacan) B OTHOmeHMWWX3THuqeCKOM W HaU;WOHaJIbHO-ryJIbT)'pHOM crreU;Mq>MKM.MbI MJIJIIOC1pwpyeM rtesrorpacprraecxae TeHnemnra, MCrrOJIb30BaHMel'I3bIKOBM TeKYIIIYIO3THOKyJIbT)'PH}'IO CMT)'au;wIO. KpOMe roro, MbI npencrasnaen HeKOTopbIe pe3yJIbTaThI aanmx WHTepBbIO M aHKeTHbIX orrpOCOB, coőpamrsrx

The mighty Chitradurga Fort in Karnataka has been the witness to some of the crucial battles that have shaped Indian history.  Interestingly, among the ones who fought here was fought by a lone woman, who was neither a Queen nor a Princess nor a soldier!

Imposed political boundaries have an enormous impact on language communities. In this paper, we explore the status of an indigenous language in a region that has a long, shared history and culture. Focusing on two areas across a political border, i.e. Bangladesh and West Bengal, India, this paper examines the major language policies and practices of the two regions in relation to Kurukh and compares the use of Kurukh with references to the policies across the border. Data was collected from six groups of Kurukh-speaking adult community members based in Rangpur (Bangladesh) and Alipurduar, West Bengal (India) which was analysed using the themes of 'profit' and 'pride' associated with Kurukh. The study revealed commonalities in the two contexts as well as identified important sociolinguistic differences that are likely to determine the trajectory of Kurukh. Informed by the data emerging from the study, we propose some policy recommendations that are feasible and can be useful in protecting the Kurukh language and culture in Bangladesh and India.

This is the text of a paper presented by me at an Indo-German Workshop jointly organised by Department of Germanic and Romance Studies, University of Delhi (led by Prof. Shaswati Mazumdar), and the Freie-Universität Berlin, Germany, March 14-15, 2008.  The paper sought to initiate a re-appraisal of the notion of communicative ethics in light of complexities relating to "voice" in the "public sphere" as conceived by the post-Frankfurt-School philosopher and social theorist Jürgen Habermas.  In doing so, it sought to problematize the distinction drawn by him between factual and normative validity, especially in relation to multiple linguistic and cultural norms. However, in passing, it accepted the significance accorded to strategic action by him, for further ethical and political-economic inquiry.

In this article I have examined three historical plays on Basava originally written in Kannada and later translated into English: P.Lankesh's Sankranti, H.S. Shivaprakash's Maha Chaitra and Girish Karnad's Talé-Daņđa , which appeared in print chronologically. When one reads P.Lankesh's play entitled Sankranti (Transition) 1 , one gets an impression

English Language Teaching, how to discuss it the history of English teaching in India? How is our English? How do we read, pronounce and write it? Can a language be learnt by rote? Can a  language exist as a written language?  It is true that we like to carry it forward with grammatical exercises, phonetics and linguistics are not the talks of ours.

This new orthography that is now being used in writing KAPAMPÁNGAN in the Roman script was designed by the Ágúman Sínúpan Singsing, Inc. (ASSI), originally for the implementation of Ángeles City's Local Language Code (Ordinance No. 424, Series of 2017) that designated Kapampángan as an official language and institutionalized its use in all sectors.

This KAPAMPÁNGAN orthography was designed in coordination with linguists, language experts and writers of the indigenous script Kulitan, particularly Dr. Kevin Bätscher from the University of Hawaii who has paid keen attention to the phonology of the Kapampángan Language.

In the last decades of its development as an independent state, the Principality of Transylvania faced the challenges of the emergence of the national idea and the fragmentation of the Estates and particularism. In this aspect, the Transylvanian state finally culminated its constitutional development by renewing its medieval constitutional system with a specific solution, which differed fundamentally from the motherland’s response to the nationality question and challange. In Transylvania, the fragile constitutional system of the Unio Trium Nationum was replaced at the legislative level by a new constitutional environment in keeping with the spirit of the times, integrating elements of the modern national idea and projecting the way of a multicultural state. The fact that this state organisation could not be completed in the end nevertheless sends a message that is still relevant today, namely the legitimacy of resolving the issue of national minorities through substantive equality and real constitutionalism.

Classroom code-switching, which refers to the alternating use of more than one linguistic code in the classroom by any of the classroom participants, has become a norm in multilingual classrooms. This paper set out to investigate teachers and students' perceived proficiency in the languages taught in Rwanda, to identify in which situations teachers and students use code switching and to investigate the perceptions of teachers and students on the functions of code switching in teaching process. This research is important to ascertain and clarify the reasons of code switching in the classroom. It revealed that code switching is important as it helps teachers to help students in a language they understand well. It recommended that policy makers and other education stakeholders in Rwanda can train teachers on how code witching can be used effectively in teaching and learning to improve students' learning outcomes.

Na transição do século 19 para o 20, a ideia intelectual de democracia
prendia-se em contexto internacional com o nascimento de várias
correntes culturais e políticas que importa enquadrar no mundo global em
que surgiram, isto é, no cruzamento de histórias entre povos, raças,
classes, castas e géneros, que complexificam o simplismo das dicotomias entre oprimidos e opressores entre colonizados e colonizadores.

No âmbito do projeto PortAsia – Escrever a Ásia em Português: mapeando arquivos literários e intelectuais em Lisboa e Macau (1820-1955), desenvolvido no Centro de Estudos Comparatistas da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa (CEComp-FLUL), nos anos de 2022 e 2023, foram mapeadas duas bibliotecas e três arquivos com o objetivo de identificar documentos em língua portuguesa produzidos por autores asiáticos ou com ligações profundas aos então territórios coloniais portugueses na Ásia, a que se juntou Moçambique. O presente Catálogo reúne referências bibliográficas disponíveis para consulta nas seguintes instituições: Academia das Ciências de Lisboa (ACL), Arquivo Histórico de Macau (AHM), Arquivo Histórico de Moçambique (AHMÇ), Biblioteca da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa (BFLUL) e Biblioteca Universitária João Paulo II da Universidade Católica Portuguesa (BUCPL). Nestas instituições foram identificados ainda os seguintes núcleos bibliográficos /espólios, tratados isoladamente neste catálogo: Guilherme Joaquim de Moniz Barreto (1863-1896), da Biblioteca da FLUL, Sebastião Rodolfo Dalgado (1855-1922), da Academia de Ciências e, finalmente, de uma pequena seleção do acervo de António da Silva Rego (1905-1986), da Biblioteca da UCP.

Taking its departure from The Differend's analysis of Auschwitz as a sign for the evental character of history, I argue that the looming ecological disaster we now face reveals both the continuing relevance and limits of Lyotard's thought. While the form of political agency of the catastrophe to come involves a differend, this differend cannot be attached to a proper name, however problematic its mode of signification. This, however, suggests the even greater relevance of Lyotard's treatment, in the conclusion of The Differend, of capitalism in terms of temporal contradiction, as well as his theorization of oikos and ecology in subsequent works, where he distinguishes between the economic and the ecological. This distinction, I conclude, is rendered problematic by the catastrophe to come, as indeed is any attempt to draw an absolute distinction between "philosophical politics" and mere technocratic management or even to exclude speculation from the heart of philosophy.

For many political scientists today, multilingualism is not an important issue. It is assumed that the spread and disappearance of languages is a 'natural' phenomenon, similar to the changing seasons or to market price formation. It is a fatalistic vision that ignores the important role played by both language politics - that is, the balances and conflicts of interest between groups with differentiated access to different linguistic codes - and language policy - that is, the deliberate measures taken by States and other organizations to manage linguistic diversity in a certain territory. Languages do not spread on their own: they are spread, promoted or imposed through their use in education systems, in the media, in legal systems, and in public and private administrative systems. It is inevitable that this will be the case. While the State can be neutral with respect to religious beliefs, it must necessarily use one language and therefore must privilege at least one language over the others. In addition, the micro-incentives incorporated into language policies in law or in fact generate situations of balance that can be assessed as more or less ‘just’ - both in the sense of transfers of resources between groups involved and in their impact on the production of collective goods. It is precisely these political mechanisms and their effects that political and economic research has not yet been able to fully disentangle. The case of the European Union is interesting in this respect. The EU's language policy, enshrined in Regulation 1/1958, is based on the principle of equal languages. Although this principle is respected in official acts, it is not always applied in other areas in which preference is given to the use of only one language, English, or three major languages, namely English, French and German. The reason usually cited is linked to the costs of translation and interpretation services, but, after a careful analysis of the data, it appears to be based on a narrow view of the concept of cost and on a partial evaluation of the economic, social and cultural effects. This article shows that only a minority of European citizens know English, and those who do know it usually know it at elementary or intermediate level. It also suggests that extending the use of English could have a negative impact on the collective good of cultural and intellectual diversity, which the EU has reaffirmed as its distinctive identity, as it reduces the contribution that different national cultural stocks can contribute to a supranational debate. The European case shows that the advent of the global language also has disadvantages that must be taken into account. Reality of the facts shows that today English is mainly the vehicular language of the cosmopolitan elites most organically inserted in the web of economic interests and power relations of the global political-economic system built on the basis of the Anglo-American alliance after the Second World War and which became irresistible after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The privileged status acquired by English generates inequalities at different territorial levels and, in the EU, a dangerous increase in the distances between the population and the EU institutions which risks favouring the growth of the so-called populist movements.

Статья посвящена двум поэтическим текстам второй половины 1960-х годов, которые состоят из пословиц и поговорок. Хотя стихи принадлежать очень разным авторам (одно стихотворение написал диссидент Юлий Даниэль, а другое — представитель лианозовской школы Ян Сатуновский), оба текста преследуют одну и ту же задачу: деконструировать статус «народной мудрости», закрепленный в советской культуре за пословицами и поговорками. В статье подробно анализируется, каким образом авторы, избравшие принцип центона как наиболее актуальный, показывают моральную ущербность провербиальных выражений. Отдельно рассматривается проблема поэтического субъекта.

This study, prompted by a critical incident within the language classroom, is
based on Darvin and Norton's (2015a) model of investment and an analysis of
narratives of two Iranian EFL learners with different levels of investment in
their language learning. The findings revealed that success in and continuity
of language learning in different phases of participants' lives depended not
only on their investment in language learning but also on their willingness to
learn the language and motivation for it. Furthermore, emotional and
temporal kinds of capital were found significant in determining participants'
success or failure in language learning. Additionally, the concept of
demotivation was proved inadequate for explaining one of the participants'
loss of motivation for language learning over a particular period of time.
Finally, a model was designed concerning the interactive effects of
willingness to learn, motivation, and investment in applied linguistics.

Our little minds are not able to bear such a large number of informative utterances given by instructors. Thus, I suggest you to control information load at the beginning of the class and not overemphasize the importance of students sitting in the last row. Those who sit in the last row have always lagged some chairs behind the world. I, as one of the present researchers, usually collect my students' feedback either during or at the end of each semester in order to see what they think about the English course and my practice. Although students usually provide their feedback in written form and anonymously, there are always some students who mention their names. The above text represents part of the feedback provided by one of my students, under the pseudonym of Sam, at the end of an ESP course, namely English for students of Anesthesiology. I knew Sam since the previous year when I used to teach a General English (GE) course to him and his classmates. He was usually a polite and well-behaved sophomore with fairly good grades. However, he was not very active and had not attended a few of his classes this semester. His other classmates were mostly satisfied with everything in the course as their evaluation feedback indicated. Although he had made some comments on and appreciated my knowledge and instructional practice, too, I was a bit confused, astonished, and even shocked by the way he had imagined himself in my as well as the other instructors' classes. He had assumed himself lagging behind his classmates and the world! Could it be why he used to sit in the last row? And if so, how about my other students at that specific location in the classroom? Could his occasional non-attendance at my classes be an indicator of his lack of interest in investment in learning English?

The essay delves into the fascinating journey of how Indian languages have contributed to the richness of the English language. It covers a range of topics, from Bollywood code-switching to words that have been adopted into the Oxford English Dictionary. The essay celebrates the cultural fusion that has taken place and acknowledges the dynamic exchange that has shaped the history of a globally shared language.

Thought and actuality. The magazines of the 20 th century Luís Andrade Considering the central role played by magazines in the cultural transformations and the creation of doctrinarian and civic movements, between the late 19 th century and the late 20 th century, we attempt to characterize this type of press, from the distinctive features which enabled it to gather, following different purposes and modalities, both thought and actuality.

The dominant approaches to understanding language and linguistic communication in the anglophone philosophical tradition are variations on what David Beaver and Jason Stanley (2023, 27-30) describe as a “content-delivery model,” whether semantic content is understood in broadly representationalist or inferentialist terms. While both approaches recognize that content needs to be understood as contextually framed and implemented, they retain a core conception of semantic content as a property of propositions or occasioned sentences and their sub-sentential constituents. This broad conception has recently been challenged by two alternative developments of practice-based accounts of language. Both emphasize the public, situated, and interactive character of language and other expressive practices in human ways of life, in ways that integrate their causal roles and their normative significance. Beaver and Stanley’s The Politics of Language starts from the analysis of slurs and hate speech to yield a more encompassing account of affective and political dimensions of language use. Joseph Rouse’s ecological-developmental account of discursive practices in Articulating the World (2015) and especially his recent Social Practices as Biological Niche Construction (2023) starts by integrating scientific analyses of the evolution of language with a naturalistic understanding of the discursive practices of scientific research and understanding. The recent book then expands that approach into a more general account of social practices as forms of biological niche construction. The two projects have different aims— understanding the pervasive political significance of language in communicative activity versus providing a revisionist-naturalistic understanding of scientific and other social practices. They also develop their proposals by re-orienting different versions of the content-delivery model. Beaver and Stanley situate their account against the background of compositional formal semantics from Frege to Montague, whereas Rouse proposes to turn “inside out” the inferentialist approach developed by Sellars (2007) and Brandom (1994).
Starting from recognition of the two projects’ alternative motivating concerns and their differences in philosophical background and orientation, this paper explores some key respects in which they are complementary to or constructively critical of one another. Because Beaver and Stanley are primarily concerned with speech practices, they provide a much more detailed account of how those practices work. Their account shifts from familiar content-delivery models of meaning to one that highlights interactive resonances, attunements, and harmonization among utterances and the practices in which they are situated. They thereby provide a more extensive explication of how speech practices have a wide range of effects and significance. Their emphases on political conflict, the non-transparency of discursive presuppositions, and the ideological significance of attunements to and harmonizations of practices and their constituent performances also importantly supplement Rouse’s account. Rouse’s analysis recognizes these oppositional relations among practices but they are comparatively under-emphasized in his treatment of how discursive practices contribute to the dynamics of other practices and their interrelations. Beaver and Stanley’s resulting analysis of ideology and the recognition of an expansive expressive role for slurs provides a more compelling account of the directly causal and potentially harmful effects of speech. 
Rouse’s project in turn both complements and enables some constructive criticisms of Beaver and Stanley’s discussion. Although the notion of a social practice is central to Beaver and Stanley’s account, they mostly rely on others (notably Jaeggi 2018, Bourdieu 1977, and Haslanger 2018) for analyses of what practices are, what it is for a behavior or performance to belong to a practice, how practices are both differentiated and interdependent, and how those practices are sustained and changed over time. In doing so, they oscillate uneasily between regularist accounts of practices as patterns of behavioral similarity, and regulist accounts that identify practices as rule-governed or “descriptively normative.” Neither conception is adequate. Rouse’s dynamic account of practices as temporally extended patterns of interdependent, situated performances provides a more adequate basis for Beaver and Stanley’s analysis of how speech practices both rely on and produce attunements to practices. This account also thereby enables a more dynamic treatment of the normative accountability of practices and their interrelations: Beaver and Stanley emphasize an interactive alternative to a content-delivery model of the normativity of meaning, but they still seem to hold onto a more traditional conception of norms as contentful.
As a second consideration, Rouse provides an implicit alternative to Beaver and Stanley’s frequency-probabilistic account of resonance and presupposition, by emphasizing causal and presuppositional interdependence rather than frequencies of co-occurrence. Third, Rouse goes beyond Beaver and Stanley’s brief allusion to Perceptual Control Theory to attend more extensively to how discursive practices and their place within practice-differentiated ways of life intertwine perceptual and practical abilities. His recent book provides an ecological-developmental account of human bodies as environmentally mediated developmental processes, and of language as integral to those developmental environments. Human biological development is shaped by people’s practical-perceptual engagement with their evolved, practice-differentiated environments, which are in turn produced and maintained by ongoing developmental niche construction.
Finally, Beaver and Stanley’s account of how language both draws on and enables social power is situated within long-standing debates over the “faces” of power (Isaac 1987, Lukes 2005). Rouse develops a different account of how to understand power in response to widely recognized problems in these and other conceptions of power in social theory (Hayward 2000, Wartenberg 1996, Menge 2018, 2019). Beaver and Stanley rightly note the need to conjoin “the instrumental power of words as the ability ... to exercise power over others” with “the power that words give groups of people to coordinate and effect joint action” (2023, 115, original emphasis), which are often kept distinct in social theories of power. They nevertheless still hold onto a conception of power as an ability or capacity that agents, groups, or institutions possess and exercise to exert power over others (115). Recognizing both that power arises partly from the biological neediness and vulnerability of human bodies, and that power relations are dependent on maintaining the coordinated and situated alignment of multiple agencies, undermines accounts of power as a capacity that can be possessed and exercised. Rouse develops an alternative account of power relations as dynamic outcomes of temporally extended patterns of mutual alignment and resistance that constitute practices as human developmental environments. The paper concludes by pointing how this dynamic, biologically-informed conception of power is more conducive to Beaver and Stanley’s concern not only to analyze but also to counteract discriminatory ideologies and the maintenance of oppressive practices.


REFERENCES
Beaver, David, and Jason Stanley 2023. The Politics of Language. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Bourdieu, Pierre 1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Tr. by R. Nice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brandom, Robert 1994. Making It Explicit. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Haslanger, Sally 2018. What Is a Social Practice? Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 82:231-47.
Hayward, Clarissa 2000. De-Facing Power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Isaac, Jeffrey 1987. Beyond the Three Faces of Power: A Realist Critique. Polity 20:4-30.
Jaeggi, Rahel 2018. Critique of Forms of Life. Tr. by C. Cronin. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Lukes, Steven 2005. Power. 2nd Edition. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
Menge, Torsten 2018. The Role of Power in Social Explanation. European Journal of Social Theory 21:22-38.
____________ 2019. Violence and the Materiality of Power. https://doi/full/10.1080/13698230.2019.1700344.
Rouse, Joseph 2015. Articulating the World. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
___________ 2023. Social Practices as Biological Niche Construction. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Sellars, Wilfrid 2007. In the Space of Reasons. Ed. by R. Brandom and K. Scharpp. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Wartenberg, Thomas 1990. The Forms of Power. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

A poesia de língua portuguesa produzida em Goa, ex-colônia de Portugal na Índia, guarda vínculos estreitos com a poesia de língua portuguesa produzida em várias partes do mundo. Nosso intuito é explorar algumas conexões dessa poesia com a poesia brasileira e a moçambicana e apontar para a importância de se incluir essa literatura no âmbito dos estudos comparados de literaturas de língua portuguesa. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: literatura goesa de língua portuguesa; literatura indo-portuguesa; literatura comparada.

Enquanto contributo à comemoração dos 50 anos do 25 de Abril e da democracia que lhe está associada, o Centro de Documentação 25 de Abril da Universidade de Coimbra acolhe nos dias 10 e 11 de Outubro de 2024 o Congresso Internacional Imprensa de Exílio(s), no âmbito das iniciativas do Grupo Internacional de Estudos da Imprensa Periódica Colonial do Império Português (GIEIPC-IP). A iniciativa, que decorrerá em formato presencial e online, é igualmente apoiada por outros parceiros desta rede e organizações que acolheram a ideia.
As propostas de comunicação deverão ter um resumo até 300 palavras e uma nota biográfica até 150 palavras por autor. Línguas do congresso: português, inglês, francês.

Prazo de submissão – 15 de Junho de 2024
Respostas – até 25 de Junho

O presente artigo visa analisar as práticas discursivas de representação da nação portuguesa a partir dos discursos de Tomada de Posse dos Primeiros-Ministros, Pedro Passos Coelho e António Costa (em junho de 2011 e novembro de 2015, respetivamente). Com base numa abordagem propositadamente transdisciplinar, a análise permite identificar e compreender os mecanismos usados pela voz do poder português para reforçar a sua legitimidade, impor um determinado estilo de liderança e apresentar a sua conceção ideológica da nação, através de estratégias que visam promover a adesão a esta visão, por parte do público-alvo. No final, demonstra-se que apesar do caráter distintivo da visão que cada um dos dirigentes preconiza para o futuro do país, as opções discursivas escolhidas para veicular essa visão, bem como a argumentação que sustenta os seus discursos, se aproximam grandemente, dadas as características em comum que apresentam.

The article researches the history and sociological
substantiation of ELF (English as Lingua Franca) in Azerbaijan. The
author indicates the unique historical role of mercantile activities in
extending the borders of EFL. It is also stated that the English
language would be on a narrow scale long before ELF was used in
Azerbaijan. The paper argues that scientific and linguistic literature
supports the idea that English as a Foreign Language (EFL) served
as an extension for ELF usage. At the same time, some linguists
make a controversial statement that the reason English is spreading
around the world at the moment is because of its utility as a lingua
franca.
It also
analyses the distinct stages of ELF use in Azerbaijan and
illustrates the historical facts necessitating the vast in country
spread and usage of ELF. Following the in depth analyses of ELF, the
paper makes some new remarks: 1 There are at least two varieties
of English and simplified (we may call it mere or simple English);
2 Global English existed long before English existed; 3 Until people
speak English to their kids, it is usually called ELF; 4 ELF is more
extensive; 5 ) Simple English is more intensive by its nature, and so
on.
The author argues that the content and concept of ELF's usage is
more significant than the concept of simple or mere English usage
because the former assumes much embracing features rather than
the "simple English choice". That means, unlike English, ELF has the
following specific qualities: 1) It is not spontaneous but strictly
purposeful and pragmatic (but are these not for the sake of any
foreign language use); 2) It emerges and develops in close
connection with "communication needs"; 3) It includes further
behaviour of communicators, whether to use or abandon it; 4) It has
a distinct cause and effect chain in the socio political and economic
situation in the areas of its usage; 5) It does not come from family
nurture and instructions but is taken for the needs of its urgency;
6) Side forces (external, socio political) can strengthen its usage and
extension. However, its "impetus" is always needs based; 7) ELF is
more practical rather than English instructional; 8) English is a
transitory stage in its transference into ELF when it assumes a global
character; 9) ELF serv es as a source of enrichment of English
vocabulary, at least by its internation al varieties, dialects, and
terminological usages; 10) English and EFL are ontologically
interrelated, though different in formalities and designation.
Another essential feature of the article is ELF's study on the sociological level in Azerbaijan by conducting the respondents of the different musts. While analysing the experiment results, it became clear that 40 % of people aged 25-35 in Azerbaijan prefer EFL in education and science,
which is less than twice for the community aged 35-45. On the contrary, 43 % of 35-45-year-old community members preferred ELF in business and management. It proves that apart from the language peculiarities, its extracurricular features also play a leading role in determining the choice of ELF. The article's findings are new to the specialities in the relevant fields.

Up to the mid-1990s the received wisdom on Roy Harris and integrational linguistics was that its whole thrust was merely negative, and relentlessly so, criticising virtually everything ever written about language without offering a coherent alternative vision or programme of work for linguists to carry out. It therefore, in the opinion of most linguists, did not merit more than passing attention. But the publication in 1996 of arguably his most important book to date, Signs, Language and Communication (Harris, 1996), went a long way toward turning 'integrationism' from a slogan into an explicit account of how linguistic behaviour works, and it ought to have undone the standard rationale for ignoring Harris. By then, however, the received wisdom was entrenched enough that considerably fewer people attended to the 1996 book than to its predecessors of the 1980s, and most of those who did saw it as an extension of integrationism to semiology rather than as a fleshing out of Harris's earlier programmatic calls. While the onset of this new phase thus went largely unnoticed, Harris pushed on, using the occasion of a series of lectures in the spring of 1997 to students at the University of Adelaide to consolidate the integrationist vision. This book, a revised version of those lectures, marks another milestone in the development of the line of thought Harris has been pursuing since his 1980 book The Language-Makers (Harris, 1980). Before this Introduction appeared some among us doubted it could be written. Particularly before 1996, integrationism had seemed to denote a not very well integrated lot of critiques and insights scattered across Harris's quite voluminous writings. The only people who appeared to have a real grasp of it had been Harris's students at Oxford in the 1980s. It was a much milder form of the difficulty one has in getting

The chapter focuses on the career of a Swiss missionary who developed an interest in texts (in particular the corpus of vacanas) of the Liṅgāyat community in Karnataka, Jakob Urner (1883-1961). Beginning with biographical elements about Urner in Switzerland and then in India, the chapter looks at the "revival" of the Liṅgāyat tradition in the early twentieth century in relation to local identity claims. Replacing the creation of editions of the vacanasi nt his context, the chapter analyses Urner'st ranslation of these texts from the 1920s onwards. The role of his teacher of the Kannada language, Channappa Uttangi (1881-1962), is highlighted, and some extracts from the later correspondence between the two men are analysed. The chapter concludes by examining a possible influence of Urner - whose work has remained unpublished - on the missionary and later university professor Carl-Albert Keller (1920-2008).

The shift in discourse around the Karnatak province from a neglected but self-sufficient entity to a poor and underdeveloped one was primarily the result of Mysorean insistence on its own developed status and the 'burden' it was to raise it to the 'Mysorean standard'.

O artigo visa analisar os usos da representação do outro pela ótica das relações de poder, gênero e cultura na estrutura de narrativas de viagem ao Oriente, por meio de Journal of a Residence in India e Letters on India, escritos por Maria Graham e publicados no início do século XIX. Focalizam-se as visões e as percepções produtoras de memória e imaginação, através da experiência da observação do viajante e de seu enquadramento aos protocolos de escrita de livros de viagem.

This synoptic essay reflects on contemporary impasses in the cultural politics of language. I argue that current controversies about linguistic violence reflect an unresolved tension between two distinct registers in which debates about language operate. One framework, best characterized in terms of the basic categories of discourse and power, is oriented toward the critique of structure; the other, which instead emphasizes speech and harm, is oriented toward the criticism of behavior. I contextualize both sensibilities historically and argue that the tension between them is itself a symptom of deeper dynamics in contemporary political life. We cannot resolve debates about linguistic violence simply through conceptual analysis or reinterpretation; instead, we must reexamine how language itself is being transformed by more fundamental kinds of social, political, and technological change.

In this article I first introduce the category of empire as a hermeneutical key to interpreting the current state of the political affairs in India and, second, I offer a theological discussion of that category. The aim is to propose a different angle from which to address the unresolved question about whether India is becoming an illiberal democracy.

Prefácio j 197 7.3 Contexto pôs-migratôrio: relayão com o espaco de origem 199 7.4 A música goesa: elemento decisivo na reconstrucão da identidade 201 7.5 As decisôes individuais nalj representacão do colectivo 204 Anexo 1-Estatutos e regulamento da Casa de Goa 207 Anexo 2-Modelo de ficha de inscriyão dos sôcios da Casa de Goa 208 Anexo 3-Carta ao director da revista Goa 209 Bibliografia Citada 210 Entrevistas Citadas 218 u Quadros e Gráficos 3. 1 Critérios e designacôes utilizados pelos sôcios da casa de Goa para diferenciarem a populayão dos associados 71 3 2 Designayão dos sôcios da Casa de Goa por categorias de goanidade 73 3 3 Relayão entre as categorias de goanidade dos sôcios da Casa de Goa 73 3.4 Níveis de goanidade no contexto dos imigrantes goeses em Lisboa 79 4.1 Naturalidade especificada dos sôcios da Casa de Goa 4.2 Naîuralidade dos sôcios da Casa de Goa 87 4.3 Naturalidade e Categorias dos sôcios da Casa de Goa 87 4.4 Proveniência dos sôcios da Casa de Goa 88 4.4a Proveniência dos sôcios da Casa de Goa nascidos em África 88 4.4b Proveniência dos sôcios da Casa de Goa nascidos em Goa 88 4,5 Idades dos sôcios da Casa de Goa 89 4.6 Categorias Profissionais dos sôcios da Casa de Goa 89 4.6a Classificayão ínternacional de Profissôes (CITP) dos sôcios da Casa de Goa. 90 4.6b CITP dos "goeses" 90 5.1 Constituicâo do GDCCG 5.2 Relacôes familiares no contexto do GDCCG 5.3 Processos de transmissão do reportôrio no GDCCG 1 17 6.1 Processos de transmissão do reportôrio no GDCCG 186 iii Agradecimentos Este trabalho não teria seria possível sem a inestimável colaboracão e empenhamento de todos os elementos do Grupo de Danqas e Canlares da Casa de Goay a quem quero expressar o meu profundo reconhecimento. Assumindo o meu olhar indiscreto de observadora, ofereceram-me um lugar no prôprio grupo, disponibilizaram-se para responder âs minhas entrevistas, convidaram-me para as suas casas e pacientemente foram respondendo a todas as dúvidas e incertezas que se foram colocando no decurso do trabalho de pesquisa. Consolidado que está esse espaco afectivo, não quero deixar de enunciar aqui os nomes de todos os elementos que aceitaram a minha companhia durante mais de um ano:

Objective: The concept of organizational identity appears mainly in the context of a symbolic-interpretive view of an organization's functioning in its many dimensions. This article aims to analyze to what extent previous knowledge about the existence of an EU organizational identity is a distinct category in the context of neo-bureaucratic management. It seems particularly interesting to draw attention to the identity context in organizations operating under intercultural management conditions. Their character and disposition may be more complex than in the case of homogeneous organizations. For this reason, the European Union is asking itself questions about its identity in the context of cultural unification and policy issues, and management solutions related to the institution's functioning at many levels. Therefore, it seems interesting to draw attention to these issues in light of the different contexts of influence. One is the neo-bureaucratic view of the EU institutions' governance dimensions, which should be regarded as complex organizational identities. They are subject to the modern influence of management visions and benefit from intercultural management processes' achievements. The EU's supranational structure, influenced by bureaucratic organizational arrangements, speaking the language of diplomacy, and setting policy for the Member States, constitute a unique organizational identity globally, which is worth verifying through the prism of neo-bureaucratic influences and cultural conditions of European identity. Methodology: The article is based on a critical analysis of literature dealing with the sense of European Union organizational identity. Provided a theoretical background on orgzniataional identity in neo-bureaucratic management on a European level.

Objective: The concept of organizational identity appears mainly in the context of a symbolic-interpretive view of an organization’s functioning in its many dimensions. This article aims to analyze to what extent previous knowledge about the existence of an EU organizational identity is a distinct category in the context of neo-bureaucratic management. It seems particularly interesting to draw attention to the identity context in organizations operating under intercultural management conditions. Their character and disposition may be more complex than in the case of homogeneous organizations. For this reason, the European Union is asking itself questions about its identity in the context of cultural unification and policy issues, and management solutions related to the institution’s functioning at many levels. Therefore, it seems interesting to draw attention to these issues in light of the different contexts of influence. One is the neo-bureaucratic view of the EU institutions’ gov...

A navegação consulta e descarregamento dos títulos inseridos nas Bibliotecas Digitais UC Digitalis, UC Pombalina e UC Impactum, pressupõem a aceitação plena e sem reservas dos Termos e Condições de Uso destas Bibliotecas Digitais, disponíveis em https://digitalis.uc.pt/pt-pt/termos. Conforme exposto nos referidos Termos e Condições de Uso, o descarregamento de títulos de acesso restrito requer uma licença válida de autorização devendo o utilizador aceder ao(s) documento(s) a partir de um endereço de IP da instituição detentora da supramencionada licença. Ao utilizador é apenas permitido o descarregamento para uso pessoal, pelo que o emprego do(s) título(s) descarregado(s) para outro fim, designadamente comercial, carece de autorização do respetivo autor ou editor da obra. Na medida em que todas as obras da UC Digitalis se encontram protegidas pelo Código do Direito de Autor e Direitos Conexos e demais legislação aplicável, toda a cópia, parcial ou total, deste documento, nos casos em que é legalmente admitida, deverá conter ou fazer-se acompanhar por este aviso. João Chagas e a República em letra de forma

From sociolinguistic or anthropological perspective, Pakistan is classified as a multilingual context with most people speaking one native or regional language alongside Urdu which is the national language. With respect to English, Pakistan is a second language context which implies that the language is institutionalized and enjoying the privileged status of being the official language. This thematic paper is an attempt to review the arrival and augmentation of English language in Pakistan both before and after its creation. The chronological description is carried out in order to identify the consequences of this spread and to link them with possible future developments and implications. Some key themes covered in the paper include a brief historical overview of English language from how it was introduced to the manner in which it has developed over the years especially in relation to various language and educational policies. Based on the critical review of the literature presented in the paper there seems to be no threat to English in Pakistan a prediction true for the language globally as well. The status of English, as it globally elevates, will continue spreading and prospering in Pakistan as well enriching the Pakistani English variety that has already born and is being studied and codified. However, this process may take long due to the instability of governing policies and law-makers. A serious concern for researchers and people in general, however, will continue being the endangered and indigenous varieties that may continue being under considerable pressure from the prestigious varieties.

The consequence of globalization in many bilingual and multilingual communities appears to be the increased endangerment of language varieties and the speeding erosion of linguistic diversity. Understanding this concern and its associated issues of language contact, conflict, and maintenance may be considerably enhanced by exploring attitudes of communities towards the language varieties they live with. In this exploratory study we investigate attitudes of a group of bilingual Farsi-Azerbaijani speakers in the Iranian city of Tabriz towards the Azerbaijani language. Based on questionnaire data and semistructured interviews, the study explores the participants' emotional attitudes towards Azerbaijani as well as their position regarding its application in some domains of language use. The study depicts the participants' positive emotions and feelings towards their local language but at the same time reveals their hesitation and reservations in approving of its use in some domains of language use, education and new media in particular. On this basis, we argue that the safe status of a language even with the magnitude of Azerbaijani in Iran cannot be taken for granted and further comprehensive and in-depth research may be needed in this regard.