Psychology of Tourism

This paper explores the psychological dimensions of tourism, with a particular focus on the relationship between travel and the concept of self-actualization within the Generation Z. Tourism has evolved beyond its economic implications to become a transformative experience and a conduit for self-actualization. We see self-actualization as a precursor for achieving subjective well-being and we understand travelling as one of the means for selfactualization processes. The study combines a literature review, a questionnaire survey conducted with more than 40 university students, and an authentic testimony of a student specializing in long-distance trails. The findings suggest that purposeful travel can significantly contribute to personal growth, offering a pathway to the discovery and (re)construction of one's true self. However, this transformative potential is contingent upon the existence of differentiation and dichotomies, such as us versus them, the ordinary versus the exceptional, and the sacred versus the profane. In an age of globalization, hyperconnectivity and homogenization, coupled with the era of personal time increasingly overlaping with work and leisure, it is becoming more challenging-and more sought after-to unlock the potential of tourism for self-actualization. "We travel to the most remote places on earth only to find meaning in our own lives." (Murphy, 1998: 9)

Turizmde küresel olarak yükselen bir eğilim gösteren otantiklik arayışı, turistin hem seyahat türü hem de seyahat satın alma davranışı üzerinde etkili olmakta, bu etki ürün geliştiricilerini de otantikliğin sergilendiği ürünleri ortaya çıkarmaya yöneltmektedir. Diğer taraftan, otantiklik arayışı ile kültürel yabancılaşma arasında bir sebep sonuç ilişkisi de bulunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda turizm, kültürel yabancılaşma sorunsalında hem sorun kaynağı hem de çözüm alternatifi olarak rol oynayabilmektedir. Literatür taraması ile gerçekleştirilen bu çalışmanın amacı, genel olarak uluslararası literatürde ve özellikle de Türk turizm literatüründe yeteri kadar incelenmediği düşünülen kültürel yabancılaşma ve otantiklik kavramlarını ve kavramlar arasındaki sebep sonuç ilişkilerini turizm cephesinden incelemek ve söz konusu ilişkiye bağlı olarak otantiklik arayışını Türk Dünyası içindeki turizm hareketliliğine etki edebilecek bir fırsat faktörü olarak ortaya koymaktır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, kültürel yabancılaşmaya bağlı otantiklik, Türk Dünyası içindeki turizm hareketliliğinin gelişmesinde bir fırsat faktörü olarak ele alınabilmektedir.

Turizm sunduğu hizmet çeşitliliği ile turistlerin her tarzda ve türdeki deneyimleri yaşamasına olanak sağlamaktadır. Değişen turist taleplerine karşılık turizm faaliyetlerinin eşzamanlı olarak güncellenmesi beklenir. Örneğin, bir konaklama seçeneğinin, bir restoranın konseptinin ya da bir turun güzergahlarının belirlenmesinin turistlerin ihtiyaçlarına göre şekillenmesi gösterilebilir. Turistlerin taleplerini etkileyen çevresel faktörler, turist davranışlarının çevreci, doğaya dayalı, lüks yerine sadelik ve eskiye dönüş arayışı şeklinde dönüştürebilmektedir. Öyle ki, son dönemlerde ulaşılabilirlik ve erişilebilirlik konusunda yaşanan hızlı gelişmeler insanlarda bir özgünlük arayışını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Günümüzde turizm yöneticileri turistlerin istediği genel deneyimi tam olarak ifade etmek için turist memnuniyetinden ziyade unutulmaz ve otantik turist deneyimlerinin değerini daha fazla vurgulamaktadır (Kim vd, 2012). Bu derleme çalışmasında turistlerin deneyimlerinde otantiklik algıları hakkında bilgi verilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amaç çerçevesinde turistlerin deneyimleri, otantiklik (özgünlük) kavramı, turizm ve otantiklik arasındaki ilişki ve turistlerin neyi nasıl ve hangi yönüyle otantik olarak nitelendirdiği ortaya çıkartılmaya çalışılmıştır.

The tourism industry thrives on the notion that holiday travel improves well-being. However, scientific evidence that holiday travel is more beneficial than spending free time at home is lacking. Using the Effort-Recovery and the Limited Resources model as theoretical basis, this study investigates whether workers behave, think, and feel differently during travel than during leisure time spent at home. In a five-week longitudinal field study, we followed 24 workers during free evenings after work, a free weekend at home, and on a free weekend of domestic travel. Withinperson differences were investigated between these three occasions in behavior, cognition, and emotions. During travel, employees slept more, engaged more in physical and social activities and less in obligatory activities than during free evenings after work. Hedonic well-being was higher and ruminative thinking lower during travel than during free evenings after work. Physical distance from home and work was related to engagement in resource-providing rather than resource-consuming activities and seems to translate into mental distance from everyday worries. Differences between holiday travel and weekends at home were small. Still, the findings suggest that travel may provide feelings of remoteness in places with novel and fascinating qualities, free of chores.

Turizm sunduğu hizmet çeşitliliği ile turistlerin her tarzda ve türdeki deneyimleri yaşamasına olanak sağlamaktadır. Değişen turist taleplerine karşılık turizm faaliyetlerinin eşzamanlı olarak güncellenmesi beklenir. Örneğin, bir konaklama seçeneğinin, bir restoranın konseptinin ya da bir turun güzergahlarının belirlenmesinin turistlerin ihtiyaçlarına göre şekillenmesi gösterilebilir. Turistlerin taleplerini etkileyen çevresel faktörler, turist davranışlarının çevreci, doğaya dayalı, lüks yerine sadelik ve eskiye dönüş arayışı şeklinde dönüştürebilmektedir. Öyle ki, son dönemlerde ulaşılabilirlik ve erişilebilirlik konusunda yaşanan hızlı gelişmeler insanlarda bir özgünlük arayışını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Günümüzde turizm yöneticileri turistlerin istediği genel deneyimi tam olarak ifade etmek için turist memnuniyetinden ziyade unutulmaz ve otantik turist deneyimlerinin değerini daha fazla vurgulamaktadır (Kim vd, 2012). Bu derleme çalışmasında turistlerin deneyimlerinde otantiklik algıları hakkında bilgi verilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amaç çerçevesinde turistlerin deneyimleri, otantiklik (özgünlük) kavramı, turizm ve otantiklik arasındaki ilişki ve turistlerin neyi nasıl ve hangi yönüyle otantik olarak nitelendirdiği ortaya çıkartılmaya çalışılmıştır.

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Informacje o naborze artykułów i zasadach recenzowania znajdują się na stronie internetowej Wydawnictwa www.pracenaukowe.ue.wroc.pl www.wydawnictwo.ue.wroc.pl Publikacja udostępniona na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa-Użycie niekomercyjne-Bez utworów zależnych 3.0 Polska (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 PL)

This paper examines the relationships between happiness, wellness tourist motivation, and tourism destinations among Finnish wellness travellers during crises, "the happiest country in the world". Qualitative and quantitative data were collected from Finnish wellness travellers via a survey (n = 520) in fall 2021. The findings highlighted that Finnish happiness is largely based on eudaimonic-oriented meaning-seeking focusing on long-term happiness rather than hedonic-oriented and short-term pleasureseeking: relationships, nature, rest and relaxation, and health and well-being. These motivations echo Finnish wellness travellers' destination preferences: spas, urban destinations, national parks, and outdoor recreation areas. This paper contributes to previous tourism literature by providing the industry with new insights into travel motivations and the sources of happiness, especially in Finland.

The purpose of the article is to assess Poland's position on the international tourist market taking a comparative approach, in the light of the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI) developed by the World Economic Forum (WEF), and also critical analysis of the TTCI methodology used in the years 2009-2016. The countries (Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Hungary, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia) indicated by the Polish Tourism Organization as the most important competitors were selected for the comparative analysis of Poland's position on the tourist market. The research proved that in the analyzed period the position of Polish tourism against the background of competitors is growing as a result of the significant improvement of the Travel & Tourism regulatory framework and infrastructure. The WEF methodology is not yet perfect due to the selection and number of respondents, whereas the modification of competition factors, consistent with the evolution of theoretical concepts and also keeping up with the progress in business practice, deserves a positive assessment.

Research on tourists’ eudaimonic and hedonic wellbeing has grown exponentially in the tourism literature. The paper re-examines the conceptualization of psychological tourist wellbeing. While there is agreement that tourist wellbeing is multidimensional in nature, it is unclear what specific dimensions, or psychological domains, underpin tourists’ hedonic and eudaimonic wellbeing. Models that summarize these domains seemingly overlap, notably the PERMA and DRAMMA models. Ideas on re-conceptualizing tourist wellbeing are proposed. A new conceptual model re-organizing hedonic and eudaimonic dimensions of tourists’ psychological wellbeing is presented for consideration in future research. This new model is termed DREAMA. It consists of the following dimensions: detachment-recovery (DR); engagement (E); affiliation (A); meaning (M); and achievement (A). The new affiliation dimension now includes both social connections and tourists’ connections with the natural environments, thus refram...

One of the earlier definitions of cross-cultural management focuses on its behavioral aspects and underlines an importance of interaction of people from different cultures. “Cross-cultural management is the study of the behavior of people in organizations located in cultures and nations around the world” [Adler 1983, p. 226]. This definition is based on the description of organizational behavior within countries and cultures on one hand and of organizational behavior across countries and cultures on another. Peoples from different countries often work together in the same environment creating specific interactions but they can also built special relationships during their leisure time.Looking at the particular subject of management from this perspective it is possible to notice that tourism products have quite big potential for creating cross-cultural interactions when services are produced in different cultures or/and consumed in different cultural context. It is mainly connected w...

Educational tourism clearly situates the new role of Sorsogon State College (SSC) for world-class education while in support to the locally sustainable tourism development of the province and beyond. This paper was able to assess SSC's capacities to manage globally competitive and locally responsive educational tourism. A mix method of research was used in examining the SSC's educational tourism through an inventory of academic performance and quality management excellence for global competitiveness. Results revealed that to attract more educational tourists, SSC is expected to perform effectively and efficiently in a modern research world through the complementation of instruction-research and extension mandates that is contributory to the sustainable development goals. The overall educational management of SSC is central to leadership including the key aspects of its governance system (personnel behaviour, fulfilment of the societal responsibilities and community support)....

This paper contends that recent developments in the field of positive psychology, particularly in the area of psychological well-being, in combination with Stebbins's framework of casual versus serious leisure, may provide a new perspective for the understanding of tourism experiences. Based on the experience accounts of three different groups of wellness tourists (i.e., visitors to beauty spas, lifestyle resorts, and spiritual retreats), the aim of this paper is to explore whether tourism experiences can be classified into hedonic or eudaimonic experiences. Aggregated experience accounts were collected through individual, semi-structured interviews with 27 wellness tourists. Thematic analysis deductively applied Stebbins's characteristics of casual/hedonic and serious/eudaimonic experiences to the data. The results found that the three wellness tourism experiences can be placed along a continuum between hedonic and eudaimonic end-points. Accordingly, beauty spa visitation was perceived as a purely hedonic tourism activity and spiritual retreat experiences were considered as almost purely eudaimonic. Lifestyle resort experiences were also seen predominantly as eudaimonic, however they sit more towards the middle of the continuum because hedonic outcomes can sometimes be recognised as important 'byproducts' of eudaimonic experiences.

Educational tourism clearly situates the new role of Sorsogon State College (SSC) for world-class education while in support to the locally sustainable tourism development of the province and beyond. This paper was able to assess SSC's capacities to manage globally competitive and locally responsive educational tourism. A mix method of research was used in examining the SSC's educational tourism through an inventory of academic performance and quality management excellence for global competitiveness. Results revealed that to attract more educational tourists, SSC is expected to perform effectively and efficiently in a modern research world through the complementation of instruction-research and extension mandates that is contributory to the sustainable development goals. The overall educational management of SSC is central to leadership including the key aspects of its governance system (personnel behaviour, fulfilment of the societal responsibilities and community support)....

Tourists are increasingly seeking personal development through spiritual, or mystical and divine, tourist experiences. Yet, spiritual tourism research is still largely in its infancy. This paper reports on a research study that aimed to investigate how spiritual tour guides manage and organise, or broker, spiritual tourists' experiences. To address the aim, research was conducted with eleven spiritual tourism guides via semi-structured, in-depth, interviews. Thematic analysis of the interview data revealed that spiritual tourism guides broker the experiences of tourists through provision of physical access to sites, facilitating encounters within and beyond the travel group, and through facilitating understanding, empathy and self-development. Within the selfdevelopment theme, data were further categorised into five chronological brokering stages, ranging from pre-tour to post-tour. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to developing spiritual tourism and tour guiding theory and practice. Suggestions for future research are also proposed.

In recent years, tourism and positive psychology has developed as a humanist-inspired study of individual flourishing in tourism. This conceptual article aims to elaborate on epistemological foundations of tourism and positive psychology research and presents an overview of current trends and future directions for this field. The rapid rise of positive psychology within and outside tourism studies is analyzed, noting similarities and tensions between positive psychology and its predecessor, humanistic psychology. We present research highlights from the emerging field in tourism, review extant literature, discuss the limitations of this approach and suggest directions for future research. Greater focus on research about eudaimonic tourist experiences is recommended, through positive psychology lenses. Suggestions are also made to further expand the traditional focus on tourist behavior to include the well-being of host communities and tourism workers.

Explorations of kindness and gratitude, a felt sense of thankfulness, are missing from tourism studies. Such explorations shed light on psychological value of relationships and social capital. We adopted a positive psychology theoretical lens to explore acts of kindness from strangers towards tourists and to understand how these acts are valued. To meet that aim, we conducted a study with twenty Canadian tourists. Through thematic analysis of semi structured, in-depth interviews, we identified these themes: trust in the other person; a sense of risk or adventurousness; novelty or authenticity of the experience; and eudaimonic growth, that is, receiving kindness from strangers indicated well-being beyond experiencing pleasures. Costs and benefits to benefactors were identified. We developed a model that explains how acts of kindness are personally valued by tourists.

The purpose of this paper is to outline new directions for tourist well-being research, through theoretical lenses of positive psychology. Positive psychology, a psychological study of what makes life worth living, is gaining recognition within tourism studies (Filep, 2016). Recently, Nawijn (2016) critiqued positive psychological work in tourism on two accounts. The first point of critique was that the use of positive psychological concepts focused only on hedonic tourism contexts, where positive emotions, like joy or contentment, are experienced. The second point of critique was the overestimation of potential effects of vacationing on subjective well-being. Filep (2016) responded to these critiques by arguing against both accounts. Regarding Nawijn's (2016) first point of critique, Filep (2016) highlighted the presence of works on the topic of eudaimonic tourist experiences, characterized by hardship and challenge (Matteucci & Filep, 2015; Voigt, Howat, & Brown, 2010) as opposed to hedonic tourist experiences. Filep (2016) clarified that the happiness framework of Filep and Deery (2010) (where tourist happiness is understood in terms of positive emotions, engagement and meaning) did not argue that all three aspects of happiness would have to be experienced simultaneously, thus allowing for negative emotions to be experienced in order to achieve tourist happiness. In terms of Nawijn's (2016) second point of critique, Filep (2016) argued that we do not know yet whether engagement in diverse tourism activities leads to higher well-being in the long term, if well-being is not interpreted in strictly hedonic terms. Taking these recent critical discussions into consideration, we propose two new directions for future research on tourist well-being. First, we propose greater methodological plurality in the study of tourist well-being. The original tourist happiness framework by Filep and Deery (2010) distinguishes between positive emotions, engagement, and meaning. Although their framework does not suggest that all three of these aspects of happiness should be strived for simultaneously, the framework should be further evaluated. The framework (Filep & Deery, 2010) based on Seligman's (2002) authentic happiness theory was linked to three key phases of the tourist experience in Filep's (2009) qualitative study with Australian study-abroad tourists, however quantitative studies and

Happiness is a concept with a long tradition in philosophy and is central to understanding the meaning of human life. Research on happiness has lately flourished in many social sciences. Yet in tourism studies this concept is underexplored. This lack of attention is surprising as tourism is increasingly seen in the literature as more than a break from everyday routines. It is today more and more seen as a health and well-being activity. The discussion in this article hence complements, but differs from, recent examinations of wellness and quality of life of tourists. In this article an exploratory picture of tourists' happiness is created. The picture of tourists' happiness is created by first discussing how tourists' happiness can be interpreted; and then by discussing how tourists' happiness can be evaluated in the main phases of the travel experience—anticipatory, on site, and reflective phases. It is concluded that tourists' happiness is a state in which the ...

The aim of this paper is to investigate how subjective feelings inform our experiences during glacier hiking. In particular, this study explores the difference between experiences reported as "immersed" and "non-immersed" as well as perceptions of meaning, questioning the qualities of a positive experience. Using a mixed-method design, 26 outdoor education students from a university in Western Norway shared 54 single experiences from a 5-day course in glacier hiking. Based on the Event Reconstruction Method, students described their peak episodes both narratively and in terms of emotional intensity. The results shed light on the diversity of positive experiences and the difficulties in favoring immersion as more important than meaning.

Educational tourism clearly situates the new role of Sorsogon State College (SSC) for world-class education while in support to the locally sustainable tourism development of the province and beyond. This paper was able to assess SSC's capacities to manage globally competitive and locally responsive educational tourism. A mix method of research was used in examining the SSC's educational tourism through an inventory of academic performance and quality management excellence for global competitiveness. Results revealed that to attract more educational tourists, SSC is expected to perform effectively and efficiently in a modern research world through the complementation of instruction-research and extension mandates that is contributory to the sustainable development goals. The overall educational management of SSC is central to leadership including the key aspects of its governance system (personnel behaviour, fulfilment of the societal responsibilities and community support)....

Com base em uma revisão do conceito de eudaimonia, o estudo propõe uma definição para o constructo experiência turística eudaimônica e identifica 15 potenciais dimensões constituintes do constructo, a partir de uma extensa revisão da literatura nos domínios da psicologia positiva, psicologia existencial-humanista, psicologia do desenvolvimento (estudos sobre a formação da identidade na linha Eriksoniana) e do turismo (estudos sobre experiência turística transformadora). Com o objetivo de validar as dimensões teorizadas, um levantamento com 569 sujeitos foi empreendido e a análise fatorial exploratória sobre os dados extraiu seis fatores (Alteridade e Benevolência, Intimidade e Pertencimento, Significância pessoal, Abertura ao novo, Autonomia e Amadurecimento) que explicaram 62,636% da variância total. Com forte fundamentação teórica e empírica, o estudo buscou contribuir com o entendimento dos processos transformativos proporcionados pelas experiências turísticas, fornecendo uma est...

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Tourism is going through a very challenging phase due to the current pandemic situation. In this context, psychology and tourism are a successful partnership to develop meaningful experiences considering tourists' needs, desires, and expectations. This interconnection is observed through the application of positive psychology in the context of meaningful tourist experiences. This approach comprises adequate indicators to explore the tourism field from the perspective of individuals' well-being. Positive psychology, positive tourism, well-being, and mindfulness constitute the theoretical foundations of this article, which intends to understand how they are intertwined to fulfil one goal: developing meaningful tourist experiences. This article offers a theoretical reflection on the connections between the referred theoretical foundations. In so doing, it proposes a preliminary diagram illustrating the theoretical links observed in literature, which acts as a first step towards the design of a systematic literature review on the antecedents and outcomes of meaningful tourist experiences.

Research on tourists' eudaimonic and hedonic wellbeing has grown exponentially in the tourism literature. The paper reexamines the conceptualisation of psychological tourist wellbeing. While there is agreement that tourist wellbeing is multidimensional in nature, it is unclear what specific dimensions, or psychological domains, underpin tourists' hedonic and eudaimonic wellbeing. Models that summarise these domains seemingly overlap, notably PERMA (positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning and achievement) model and DRAMMA (detachmentrecovery, autonomy, mastery, meaning, and affiliation) model. Ideas on re-conceptualising tourist wellbeing are proposed. A new conceptual model re-organising hedonic and eudaimonic dimensions of tourists' psychological wellbeing is presented for consideration in future research. This new model is termed DREAMA. It consists of the following dimensions: detachmentrecovery (DR); engagement (E); affiliation (A); meaning (M); and achievement (A). The new affiliation dimension now includes both social connections and tourists' connections with the natural environments, thus reframing tourist wellbeing conceptualisation beyond human-tohuman contact.

This study sought to determine the quality management system of the Northern Negros State College of Science and Technology (NONESCOST) as basis for International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Certification. The descriptive method of research was used in this study. It utilized the ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management System Requirements Checklist and the Questionnaires on the Attitudes towards ISO 9001. The study utilized a descriptive research design.. Findings revealed that the attitude of administrators, teaching personnel and administrative staff' towards ISO 9001 in terms of benefits, challenges, recommendations and standards did not differ significantly. Findings further revealed that the employees have mostly positive perceptions of ISO 9001, resulting in positive attitudes in the workplace. Findings also revealed that the extent of conformance to the ISO 9001:2008 (QMS) Requirements in the areas of Quality Management System, Management Responsibility, Resource Mana...

This descriptive study aimed to determine the acceptability of the FS3 and FS4 learning guides as supplementary resources for teacher education students. The respondents of the study are 100 third year FS students and 12 FS teachers identified using the purposive sampling technique. The two-part survey questionnaire is the primary source of data. Aside from survey, unstructured interview was also undertaken to gather pertinent data from the respondents in the Teacher Education Department. The acceptability of the learning guides was determined based on four elements-target competency, learning plan, assessment, and technical aspect. All four elements were rated very much acceptable. The technical aspect of FS3 and the assessment element of FS4 learning guides gained the highest mean ratings from the respondents. The two groups of respondents have perceived the same level of acceptability of the learning guides. There are still gray areas in the guides that need improvement. The inst...

I sought to contribute to the understanding of positive health, in particular savoring and wellbeing, by conducting concurrent and longitudinal studies with adolescents and adults. The thesis begins with a review of the literature including savoring theory (Bryant & Veroff, 2007) and the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions (Fredrickson, 2001); these theories led to the key expectations that the psychometric structure of everyday savoring would be similar for adolescents and adults, and that amplifying savoring would positively predict wellbeing. Data obtained from two surveys, a paper-and-pencil survey with New Zealand adolescents (13 to 15 years old) and an internet-based survey with international adults (16 to 88 years old), were investigated in four studies across four empirical chapters (Chapters 2 through 5). Study 1 (Chapter 2) explored the similarities and differences in the psychometric structure of an abridged Ways of Savoring Checklist, labelled everyday savoring, between adolescents (N = 463) and adults (N = 980), as well as mean group differences in adolescents' and adults' degree of savoring. Study 2 (Chapter 3) investigated the concurrent relationships between adolescent and adult everyday savoring and hedonic and eudaimonic wellbeing as well as the ability of savoring to moderate wellbeing. Then, Study 3 and Study 4 investigated the relationships between savoring and wellbeing across time for adolescents (N = 265; Study 3, Chapter 4) and adults (N = 1858; Study 4, Chapter 5), including savoring as a mediator of the relationship between everyday positive events and wellbeing (Chapter 4), and orientations to happiness as a moderator of savoring and everyday positive events (Chapter 5). Results indicated that adolescents and adults yielded a similar four-factor structure of everyday savoring: dampening (-I don't deserve it‖), low arousal (-I tried to slow down‖), high arousal (-I jumped up and down‖), and self-focus (-I reminded myself how lucky I was‖) savoring strategies, which proved to be invariant across time. The adolescent group, however, manifested a stronger association between amplifying (i.e. low arousal, high arousal, and selffocused savoring) and dampening savoring. Adolescents also reported higher levels of dampening compared to the adult group, whereas adults reported higher amplifying than adolescents. As expected, high arousal and self-focused savoring were positively, and dampening was negatively, associated with wellbeing indicators for adolescents and adults. However, low arousal savoring was negatively associated with hedonia for adolescents, but positively associated with eudaimonia for adults. The longitudinal analyses indicated that amplifying savoring predicted increases in wellbeing whereas dampening savoring predicted decreases in wellbeing for both age groups. The direction of effect, however, was not always as expected, questioning ii general assumptions of savoring theory and the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. These exceptions are most noted and explored in the final empirical chapter, Chapter 5. Overall the findings suggest that savoring is similar and similarly important for wellbeing over the age range incorporating adolescence to adulthood, although potential developmental differences are important to consider. The contribution of this thesis to the study of savoring, the field of positive psychology, and positive health development are reviewed in Chapter 6, as are the implications, limitations, and future directions. iii moment I shared throughout this process with Rama and our stunning children-Manaia Te Ataiwaho Makani and Kurai Te Manihera. This thesis is dedicated to you, my boys, and to all the moments we get to savor together. v

This study sought to determine the quality management system of the Northern Negros State College of Science and Technology (NONESCOST) as basis for International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Certification. The descriptive method of research was used in this study. It utilized the ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management System Requirements Checklist and the Questionnaires on the Attitudes towards ISO 9001. The study utilized a descriptive research design.. Findings revealed that the attitude of administrators, teaching personnel and administrative staff’ towards ISO 9001 in terms of benefits, challenges, recommendations and standards did not differ significantly. Findings further revealed that the employees have mostly positive perceptions of ISO 9001, resulting in positive attitudes in the workplace. Findings also revealed that the extent of conformance to the ISO 9001:2008 (QMS) Requirements in the areas of Quality Management System, Management Responsibility, Resource Manageme...

This study described the performance of Teacher Education Institutions (TEIs) of State Universities and Colleges (SUCs) as to their enrolment, faculty qualification and passing rate in licensure examination. Accreditation status as to level of accredited programs, grand and area means of accredited areas are also considered. Likewise, it also determined the problems encountered in accreditation with respect to administrative support, logistical support and human resources. The descriptive research design was used in the study with the questionnaire as data gathering instrument complemented by documentary analysis and interview. Fifty-eight local accreditation chiefs, deans, department chairs, and Area Coordinators from Southern Luzon State University, University of Rizal System and Batangas State University were the respondents. The findings revealed that from School Year (SY) 2009-2013, there was an increasing enrolment trend, above average passing rate in Licensure Examination for...

Drawing on the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions, this study treats tourist pre-existing subjective well-being as an antecedent to the use of mobile social media (MSM) for sharing tourism experiences. The study further examines how the sharing influences tourism experience. Data were collected from a sample of 1084 consumers who have experience of using MSM for sharing tourism experiences. The results show that subjective well-being has a positive effect on sharing tourism experience on MSM, which further leads to the enjoyment of the digitalized tourism experience. The study provides important implications for tourism research and practice.

The primary purpose of this study was to look into the extension delivery system of SUCs in the Bicol region by determining the professional profile of the extension managers, their management skills along management functions, the significant difference in their management skills, the extension performance of SUCs according to mandate and MFOs, and their training needs along management functions. It was directed towards the development of a training framework for extension managers that will capacitate them in the implementation of extension programs and projects. The mixed method of research was employed in the research which comprised of Descriptive-Evaluative, Comparative-Evaluative, and Descriptive-Developmental methods. The respondents were 123 extension managers of the 8 SUCs in the Bicol region. The study established that the management skills of extension managers were all 'good' along the three management functions as assessed by the respondents and that their management skills are not significantly different among the SUCs; there were three trends in the extension performance of 8 SUCs such as constantly improving, continually declining, and with sporadic performance which was due to the extension managers' professional profile and management skills, SUC levelling, and extension resources; the TNA revealed that extension managers 'very much needed' the trainings along monitoring and evaluation in response to their weakest management skills. A training framework was developed that will capacitate extension managers along the functions of management and aims at managing and maximizing the extension resources of SUCs.

The structural reform of China's tourism undergraduate education is facing the structural reform of the economic supply-side, the increasing strategic position of tourism in the economic society, the globalization of the tourism market, and the ever-changing science and technology. It is facing the realistic requirements of increasing effective supply, reducing supply and demand misplacement, and making up for the gap in professional talents. In response to these requirements, this paper uses a variety of research methods such as literature review, questionnaire survey, and on-site visits to obtain successful international experience in tourism and hotel undergraduate education, get important data on two educational needs of students and industry enterprises, and use the importance-satisfaction (IPA) analysis theory and SPSS statistical software to statistics and analyze the data. Finally, from the perspectives of teaching plan, training objectives, teaching methods and means, internship positioning and management, the paper proposes some systematical and comprehensive recommendations for the supply-side reform of China's tourism and hotel undergraduate education.

Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) play a vital role in generating, transmitting, disseminating, and applying knowledge. HEIs should always play its role and function based on the knowledge generated, stored, shared, and applied. This study was conducted to

Educational tourism clearly situates the new role of Sorsogon State College (SSC) for world-class education while in support to the locally sustainable tourism development of the province and beyond. This paper was able to assess SSC's capacities to manage globally competitive and locally responsive educational tourism. A mix method of research was used in examining the SSC's educational tourism through an inventory of academic performance and quality management excellence for global competitiveness. Results revealed that to attract more educational tourists, SSC is expected to perform effectively and efficiently in a modern research world through the complementation of instruction-research and extension mandates that is contributory to the sustainable development goals. The overall educational management of SSC is central to leadership including the key aspects of its governance system (personnel behaviour, fulfilment of the societal responsibilities and community support). Further enhancements on the organizational performance of SSC are needed on the following : operations, workforce and clientele support. The College has to strengthen its internationalization policies on the faculty and students inter-country mobility and productivity of its graduates that would address the future educational tourism demands. Further, it has to invest on modern learning resources and support services facilities and equipment to be utilized for instruction, research, extension and administrative workspaces. Thus, closes the gap on job-skills mismatch and the compelling resources requirements of SSC graduates to the local and international markets. With these, an academe-led innovation and transformation project anchored on the SSC's educational tourism model integrating the Psychology of Tourism to management is introduced.

The study assessed the effectiveness of student services and their influence on student development in the four campuses of Central Bicol State University of Agriculture (CBSUA), SY 2013-2014. Descriptive, evaluative, comparative and correlational methods of research were employed. Respondents were administrators, faculty members and student leaders. Data were gathered through questionnaire, interview, documentary analysis and ocular inspection and were treated statistically using weighted mean, ranking, one-way ANOVA, Pearson R correlation analysis and DMRT. Findings revealed that the four campuses of CBSUA were "very effective" in managing the different student services. The social, cultural, political and intellectual aspects of students in the four campuses of CBSUA were "highly developed" through the various student services provided. Student services such as sports development, library, student organizations, arts and culture development, guidance and counseling, scholarship and financial assistance, campus ministry and health services did not vary among campuses.

This paper examines the current state of research on well-being from tourism from the lens of positive psychology. A systematic review of 82 peer-reviewed articles published in English-language tourism journals indicate that tourist well-being is predominantly examined as a consequence of travel, rather than linked to tourism marketing and management. This study presents a conceptual framework of the antecedents, episodes and consequences of tourist well-being. Practically, results suggest strategies on how well-being can be used to generate better outcomes for tourism marketers and managers. By mapping what is known in the intersection between positive psychology and tourist well-being, this study identifies existing gaps and opportunities for future research in this area.

This paper examines the current state of research on well-being from tourism from the lens of positive psychology. A systematic review of 82 peer-reviewed articles published in English-language tourism journals indicate that tourist well-being is predominantly examined as a consequence of travel, rather than linked to tourism marketing and management. This study presents a conceptual framework of the antecedents, episodes and consequences of tourist well-being. Practically, results suggest strategies on how well-being can be used to generate better outcomes for tourism marketers and managers. By mapping what is known in the intersection between positive psychology and tourist well-being, this study identifies existing gaps and opportunities for future research in this area.

Information explosion of the 21st century has no doubt its attendants challenges, one of which is the unlimited and uncertain information landscape brought about by the application of ICTs on information creation, repackaging and dissemination platforms thus the need for creativity and innovation. Libraries as platforms for innovation and creativity in library and information services involve a continuous improvement for individuals, groups, customers and the entire library setup. It is a process which aimed at continuous improvement. It is therefore not a quick management fix but changing the way things are done within the profession and professional lifetimes. The main objective of this article is to show the increasing relevance of the knowledge production capability of information professionals in the context of information society in a depressed economy like Nigeria. Traditionally Library and information profession services are devised by them as guidelines and facilitators of knowledge. This prevents library and information professionals from playing key roles in or lagging behind in an innovation based economy of the 21st century. In an innovative and creative society, Library and information services embedded in information communication technologies becomes the main source of professional success and capability. However the particular character of library and information services means that privately owned knowledge seems to flow back to the public domain. The peculiarity necessitates continuous production of new products and services and rendering techniques, creative and innovative acts in which ever professionals are not individualistic but collective collaborative process. Emerging collaborative systems on computer networks such as the nets make libraries platforms for innovative and creativity in library and information services. Library and information practitioners may find it useful to study such systems to be able to develop and render the much needed innovative and creative services.

This article proposes that Jane Fenn Hoskens (1694-1764) in her autobiography The Life and Spiritual Sufferings of That Faithful Servant of Christ Jane Hoskens, A Public Preacher among the People Called Quakers (1771) meets the criteria for Abraham Harold Maslow's theory of self-actualization. His theory is humanistic; it promotes man's psychological development including the constitution of a competent selfhood, a socially congruent persona and a blissful state of existence. Hoskens renders her need to actualize herself and achievement of it through her definition of herself on religious sphere; she depicts her spiritual crises and recurrent clashes of faith in the way to God. Her process of self-actualization requires this effort and through frequent 'peak experiences' her choice of Quakerism crystallizes in which she attains clear visions of her being and life in general. She finds preaching, writing and missionary activities as the tools for self-expression.

This article proposes that Jane Fenn Hoskens (1694-1764) in her autobiography The Life and Spiritual Sufferings of That Faithful Servant of Christ Jane Hoskens, A Public Preacher among the People Called Quakers (1771) meets the criteria for Abraham Harold Maslow's theory of self-actualization. His theory is humanistic; it promotes man's psychological development including the constitution of a competent selfhood, a socially congruent persona and a blissful state of existence. Hoskens renders her need to actualize herself and achievement of it through her definition of herself on religious sphere; she depicts her spiritual crises and recurrent clashes of faith in the way to God. Her process of self-actualization requires this effort and through frequent 'peak experiences' her choice of Quakerism crystallizes in which she attains clear visions of her being and life in general. She finds preaching, writing and missionary activities as the tools for self-expression.

Explorations of kindness and gratitude, a felt sense of thankfulness, are missing from tourism studies. Such explorations shed light on psychological value of relationships and social capital. We adopted a positive psychology theoretical lens to explore acts of kindness from strangers towards tourists and to understand how these acts are valued. To meet that aim, we conducted a study with twenty Canadian tourists. Through thematic analysis of semi structured, in-depth interviews, we identified these themes: trust in the other person; a sense of risk or adventurousness; novelty or authenticity of the experience; and eudai-monic growth, that is, receiving kindness from strangers indicated well-being beyond experiencing pleasures. Costs and benefits to benefactors were identified. We developed a model that explains how acts of kindness are personally valued by tourists.

The purpose of this paper is to outline new directions for tourist well-being research, through theoretical lenses of positive psychology. Positive psychology, a psychological study of what makes life worth living, is gaining recognition within tourism studies . Recently, Nawijn (2016) critiqued positive psychological work in tourism on two accounts. The first point of critique was that the use of positive psychological concepts focused only on hedonic tourism contexts, where positive emotions, like joy or contentment, are experienced. The second point of critique was the overestimation of potential effects of vacationing on subjective well-being. Filep (2016) responded to these critiques by arguing against both accounts. Regarding Nawijn's first point of critique, Filep (2016) highlighted the presence of works on the topic of eudaimonic tourist experiences, characterized by hardship and challenge (Matteucci & Filep, 2015; Voigt, Howat, & Brown, 2010) as opposed to hedonic tourist experiences. Filep (2016) clarified that the happiness framework of Filep and Deery (where tourist happiness is understood in terms of positive emotions, engagement and meaning) did not argue that all three aspects of happiness would have to be experienced simultaneously, thus allowing for negative emotions to be experienced in order to achieve tourist happiness. In terms of Nawijn's (2016) second point of critique, Filep (2016) argued that we do not know yet whether engagement in diverse tourism activities leads to higher well-being in the long term, if well-being is not interpreted in strictly hedonic terms.