Sexist Language

Ο αμφίθυμος σεξισμός των κοινωνικών ψυχολόγων Peter Glick και Susan Fiske αποτελεί μια αξιοσημείωτη περίπτωση διακριτής συμβολής και σημαντικής συνεισφοράς στη μελέτη του σεξισμού ως κοινωνικού φαινομένου. Σε γενικές γραμμές, η θεωρία του αμφίθυμου σεξισμού προτάσσει ότι η εχθρότητα και η καλή προαίρεση λειτουργούν αλληλένδετα, ενισχύοντας την έμφυλη ανισορροπία τόσο στις προσωπικές σχέσεις όσο και στο ευρύτερο κοινωνικό επίπεδο. Έτσι, με το εν λόγω άρθρο βιβλιογραφικής επισκόπησης, επιχειρείται να αναδειχθούν όψεις και προεκτάσεις της συγκεκριμένης θεωρίας, οι οποίες προέκυψαν από επιμέρους εμπειρικές μελέτες που διεξήχθησαν με βάση το θεωρητικό σχήμα των εν λόγω κοινωνικών ψυχολόγων. Παράλληλα, σταχυολογούνται μια σειρά από ευρήματα της κοινωνικής έρευνας, κυρίως από την πλευρά του καλοπροαίρετου σεξισμού, τα οποία θα μπορούσαν να ενταχθούν με συστηματικότερο τρόπο στην ιδεολογικοπολιτική ατζέντα της φεμινιστικής σκέψης, η οποία δεν φαίνεται να έχει αγκαλιάσει με θέρμη την προσέγγιση του αμφίθυμου σεξισμού.

Η μεταδιδακτορική έρευνα επιδιώκει να διερευνήσει το πώς ο σεξισμός και ο σεξιστικός λόγος αρθρώνονται στις κειμενικές αναπαραστάσεις ενός διακριτού πολιτισμικού προϊόντος, αυτού της εγχώριας ροζ λογοτεχνίας. Μέσω ποιοτικής έρευνας σε ένα επιλεγμένο δείγμα από τα έργα των πλέον εμπορικών συγγραφέων αισθηματικών μυθιστορημάτων, Χρυσηίδας Δημουλίδου και Λένας Μαντά, επιχειρείται να διερευνηθεί η κοινωνική κατασκευή του φύλου υπό το πρίσμα του σεξισμού, τόσο ως ευρύτερου κοινωνικού φαινόμενου όσο και ως τρόπου αντίληψης, έκφρασης και απεικόνισης της κοινωνικής πραγματικότητας. Σκοπός είναι να εντοπισθούν, επισημανθούν και αναδειχθούν οι όποιες μορφές αναπαραγωγής του σεξισμού και του σεξιστικού λόγου σε μια ιδιαίτερα δημοφιλή λογοτεχνική γραφή, που, σε μεγάλο βαθμό, βρίσκεται στο περιθώριο της δημόσιας και επιστημονικής κριτικής.

Με το άρθρο γίνεται προσπάθεια στο πλαίσιο της σύγχρονης συζήτησης περί διακρίσεων και αποκλεισμών να προσδιοριστούν οι σημασίες που αποδίδονται στον όρο «ανάστροφος σεξισμός» (reverse sexism) σε σχέση με το ευρύτερο κοινωνικό φαινόμενο. Μέσα από την παράθεση της πορείας του κινήματος για τα δικαιώματα των ανδρών, εξετάζεται το πλαίσιο από το οποίο η ρητορική του ανάστροφου σεξισμού έχει εφορμήσει στον δημόσιο διάλογο. Επιπλέον, παρατίθεται η μοναδική ουσιαστικά θεωρητικά επεξεργασμένη επιστημονική συζήτηση γύρω από το θέμα που έλαβε χώρα υπό το πρίσμα της εννοιολόγησης του «δεύτερου σεξισμού». Τέλος, αναδεικνύεται η βασική προκείμενη της σημασιολογικής αξίας του ανάστροφου σεξισμού στην παρούσα φάση σε σχέση με τον λόγο του φεμινισμού. Σε αυτή τη βάση, προκρίνεται η απόρριψη του «ανάστροφου σεξισμού» ως τελικά ανεπαρκούς εννοιολόγησης για την περιγραφή των όποιων διακρίσεων σε βάρος των ανδρών και προτείνεται, για ορισμένες περιπτώσεις, η αντικατάστασή του με την έννοια του «σεξιστικού συμψηφισμού».

Social media networks have become a space where users are free to relate their opinions and sentiments which may lead to a large spreading of hatred or abusive messages which have to be moderated. This paper presents the first French corpus annotated for sexism detection composed of about 12,000 tweets. In a context of offensive content mediation on social media now regulated by European laws, we think that it is important to be able to detect automatically not only sexist content but also to identify if a message with a sexist content is really sexist (i.e. addressed to a woman or describing a woman or women in general) or is a story of sexism experienced by a woman. This point is the novelty of our annotation scheme. We also propose some preliminary results for sexism detection obtained with a deep learning approach. Our experiments show encouraging results.

Discovered by (Austin,1962) and extensively promoted by , speech acts (SA) have been the object of extensive discussion in the philosophical and the linguistic literature, as well as in computational linguistics where the detection of SA have shown to be an important step in many down stream NLP applications. In this paper, we attempt to measure for the first time the role of SA on urgency detection in tweets, focusing on natural disasters. Indeed, SA are particularly relevant to identify intentions, desires, plans and preferences towards action, providing therefore actionable information that will help to set priorities for the human teams and decide appropriate rescue actions. To this end, we come up here with four main contributions: (1) A two-layer annotation scheme of SA both at the tweet and subtweet levels, (2) A new French dataset of 6,669 tweets annotated for both urgency and SA, (3) An in-depth analysis of the annotation campaign, highlighting the correlation between SA and urgency categories, and (4) A set of deep learning experiments to detect SA in a crisis corpus. Our results show that SA are correlated with urgency which is a first important step towards SA-aware NLP-based crisis management on social media.

As with the language articulated by learners-in both oral and written form-the supremacy of a masculine language use is witnessed. This brings to light the fact that gender has been excessively an unobserved factor in the process of language teaching. Although learners are apparently used to forming masculine-centered articulation, non-sexist language, with no doubt, puts them at ease when articulating. This retrospective paper takes account of this crucial aspect; that is to say sexism in language and non-sexist language. This sheds light on the issue that gender identity plays a chief role in the choice of gender reflected in language articulations. Primitively, sexism in language is studied through a helicopter view on gender specific and gender neutral language. In a conducted research, the latter case was superior by EFL learners. Finally, providing an insight toward gender identity, gender reflection in oral articulation is taken into account.

ABSTRACTWe present a quantitative study of the linguistic and social factors conditioning the use of grammatical gender with reference to women, focusing on variation in the debates of the French parliament. Two prime ministers of similar political leanings regulated the use of feminine g-gender through identical policies in 1986 and 1998, with no effect on parliamentary speech in the first instance, and dramatic success in the second. We claim that the latter outcome resulted from changes in gender ideologies between these two dates. The 1990s saw the emergence of a new social type for female politicians, which only feminine g-gender can construct. We hypothesize that the 1998 policy was effective because it strengthened existing associations between feminine g-gender and a persona, while the original policy tried to build on ideological structure that was not widespread. We conclude that linguistic prescriptions are only successful if they build on existing ideologies. (Linguistic...

Is language we speak neutral in its treatment of both males and females? Or is it biased towards males? The truth is that it has been found in many languages that belong to different linguistic families that they are biased in favor of male, and even consider the male to be the origin, and the female to be an exception. As a result, she used masculine pronouns to refer to all human beings, and even permitted the use of her masculine terms for females! The opposite is not permissible, and if it happened, she considered it humiliating. For example, it is a source of pride for an Arab woman to say: She is a woman worth a hundred men, but when the opposite happens, where a man is compared to a woman and then people may fight. The question remains: Does language really have bias? Does its bias arise naturally? Who is behind this bias? How does it occur? What are its levels? And what is the best way to neutralize language?

This article looks at W. Somerset Maugham’s “The Painted
Veil” (1925) as a complicated cross-cultural depiction where Chinese
philosophical and social systems are shown via a Western literary and
ideological synthesis. Instead of presenting a neutral or sympathetic
picture, the novel filters Chinese thought through a colonial vision.
This paper contends, using Edward Said’s points of view, that
the novel’s interaction with Chinese culture is a kind of epistemic
power. It creates knowledge about the East molded by the West’s
historical frameworks of control and desire. Set against the backdrop
of cholera-ridden colonial Hong Kong and the heartland of China,
the story mixes narrative omissions, stressing the ambivalence of
imperial authorship with detailed descriptions of environment and
custom. Kitty’s rationalist Western attitude and the self-cultivating
philosophy represented in the Buddhist monastery contrast to reveal
a broader thematic conflict between Western modernity and Eastern
spiritualism. But this conflict remains; rather, it exposes the ideological
effects of portraying Eastern belief systems using Western literary
techniques. This article places “The Painted Veil” in the context of
larger conversations on Orientalism and cross-cultural storytelling,
therefore investigating how its depictions not only interact with
but also change views of Chinese culture and thought. It adds to
current discussions on the literary consequences of portraying “the
Other” and the boundaries of cultural translation in British literature
utilizing an analysis of the philosophical undercurrents and cultural
representations in the book.

This paper explores the various strategies of sexism employed by Sherry Argov, the author of the best-selling narrative "Why men love bitches?": From Doormat to Dream girl-A Woman's Guide to Holding Her Own in a Relationship, that was sold and published across the globe in more than thirty languages. The book schools women on ways to succeed in their relationship with men. It appears to empower women to be in control of their lives. The writer employs the term "Bitch" throughout the whole book as an ideal positive symbol of strength that all females should strive to be like. The study aims to analyze the language used to address, describe and guide women. It hypothesizes that women are devalued and negatively represented. The language used is not as it seems to be to authorize women but rather to degrade and humiliate them. It investigates the semantic, lexical and rhetorical strategies that are utilized in the narrative to underpin the hidden ideology. For the data analysis, the paper follows an eclectic approach that applies the theories of Mills' model of sexism ( ), Feminist Critical discourse analysis developed by Lazar (2005) and the connotations of words and presupposition as introduced by Yule (1996). The study reveals some conclusions that validate the hypotheses. It shows that writers can intentionally choose words of their choice that carry covert meanings to impact readers' perception. Women should pay more attention to word choices rather than simply accepting what is written as it is.

Este artículo propone una teoría práctica de la conversación denominada Diálogo Arquetípico Consciente (DAC). La premisa central es que toda conversación, lejos de ser un intercambio entre identidades fijas, constituye un proceso dinámico de configuración recíproca entre interlocutores simbólicos. A través del análisis de experiencias de diálogo asistido por inteligencia artificial y observación del lenguaje cotidiano, se argumenta que tanto el hablante como el oyente adoptan roles móviles-arquetipos funcionales-que definen la calidad, profundidad y dirección del intercambio. Se presentan los principios de este enfoque, ejemplos prácticos y una propuesta metodológica para su aplicación en coaching, educación, psicoterapia y relaciones personales.

Gender and technology are deeply intersectional, with significant disparities in representation and influence. In Türkiye, only 24.3% of the workforce in technology consists of women, while globally, women make up just 26% of artificial intelligence professionals, a figure that drops to 11% in Silicon Valley. This paper critically examines the gendered design of digital voice assistants through the lens of feminist technoscience theory, arguing that AI and software development reflect and reinforce societal gender inequalities. The predominance of female voices in voice assistants, often coded with submissive and accommodating traits, is a manifestation of patriarchal cultural transmission into technology. This phenomenon is conceptualized as "digital authority" a term introduced by the author to describe the gendered power dynamics embedded in AI interactions. This study explores the interplay of gender, power, and technology as it is emphasized in international reports that deals with gender inequality in digital skills through education. The research highlights how male-dominated software development teams embed gender stereotypes into voice assistants, and how these stereotypes shape linguistic and behavioral characteristics. Additionally, this study presents findings from a small-scale survey conducted in Istanbul with 56 participants aged 30-60, all holding university degrees and belonging to middle-to upper-class economic backgrounds. The survey results align with UNESCO's findings, demonstrating similar usage patterns and reinforcing concerns about the reproduction of gender biases in AI driven assistants. To address these challenges, the paper advocates for increasing women's participation in AI development through digital education, greater visibility of female role models, gender-sensitive training for software developers, and policy interventions by governments, NGOs, and municipalities. Without immediate efforts to dismantle male dominance in the digital space, gender biases in AI will persist and deepen. A feminization of artificial intelligence where women transition from users to creators of technology is imperative for fostering a more inclusive and equitable digital future.

Desde hace más de una década, en México el lenguaje inclusivo se ha promovido en las instituciones gubernamentales y organismos públicos sin avances significativos. Desde luego, a la resistencia del cambio lingüístico debe agregarse la oposición al cambio social. Sin embargo, entre las dificultades que enfrentan las y los hablantes también se encuentran las contradicciones de carácter formal que quienes buscan llevar la equidad a la lengua deben resolver. En este trabajo se analizan tres documentos fundamentales sobre el lenguaje

The present research seeks to determine the gender representation in English course books in different textbook boards in Pakistan. The corpus-based quantitative study is conducted on the corpus of seven intermediate-level English books. It aims to investigate gender discrimination through gender representation as the Cambridge Dictionary defines gender discrimination as the act of treating a person, usually a woman, unfairly because of their sex. The study explores five dimensions of gender representation: gendered-marked general nouns, pronouns, professional terms, adjectives, and address titles. The study found that gender discrimination exists in the ESL course books, depicting 50% of male general nouns and only 29% of female general nouns. Additionally, gendered-neutral nouns are in lower percentages than male and female nouns. Male pronouns constitute 83%, a more significant percentage than female pronouns. The textbooks predominantly contain male professional terminologies without any feminine or gender-neutral professional terms. Additionally, adjective-based gender discrimination is also obvious in the fact that adjectives are used more often to describe masculine nouns than feminine nouns, about the number of times each word occurs and shows females as inferior. In addition, the percentage of male address titles is three times higher than that of female and neutral words, depicting that ESL textbook content writers show a male-dominated society. If students repeat gender disparities in textbooks, they may accept gender stereotypes via socialization (Tabatadze & Gorgadze, 2022). The current research work enables authors, educators, and policymakers to write in generic language, create an inclusive learning environment, and add generic lessons to course books, respectively.

: The question of "Mademoiselle" in government forms was raised again in 2011. Why? Two camps oppose one another : those for whom the symbolic and political dimension is sufficient in itself to be defended and those who believe the symbolic to be secondary. We argue from there the issue of nomination, address and their performative dimension: to be named means to exist (as). We analyze from there the way we address one another and how it helps building the sexual, cultural and discursive meaning of whom we are.

The role of language in society is significant as language is a social phenomenon that inherently captures all facets of human society. In sociolinguistics, sexism in language has long been a critical topic. This research attempts to analyse the sexism in language used in everyday discourse through comparison, induction and exemplification by examining gender bias and sexism in Oshiwambo. The goal is to expose some aspects of the Oshiwambo language that relate to social injustice and cultural biases against women. This article examines elements of sexism in the Oshiwambo language that are found in the morphology, syntax and semantics of the language. The results show that discrimination against women is pervasive, as reflected in Oshiwambo everyday discourse, highlighting the dialectic between language and society.

Ten years before the European Parliament adopted the Gender-neutral language in the European Parliament multilingual guidelines (2008), the European Commission's Directorate-General for Translation had already included a section on this subject in the third edition of its English Style Guide (1998). The original text was later reproduced in other European Union's style guides, namely the Interinstitutional Style Guide, the European Commission Style Guide and the ephemeral European Commission Guidelines for Inclusive Communication, withdrawn shortly after publication due to political and religious complaints. After a quarter of a century, the guidelines have drifted apart through their respective updates. What are the exact inconsistencies of the current style guides? How do the changes reflect developments in the field of inclusive language? And do the guidelines include gendered terms and expressions relevant for EU linguists? A unified EU policy on linguistic sexism across its languages and institutions expressed in a set of relevant and coherent language guidelines seems vital to enabling and fostering the implementation of non-sexist language as a gender mainstreaming tool in the EU.

Social media networks have become a space where users are free to relate their opinions and sentiments which may lead to a large spreading of hatred or abusive messages which have to be moderated. This paper presents the first French corpus annotated for sexism detection composed of about 12,000 tweets. In a context of offensive content mediation on social media now regulated by European laws, we think that it is important to be able to detect automatically not only sexist content but also to identify if a message with a sexist content is really sexist (i.e. addressed to a woman or describing a woman or women in general) or is a story of sexism experienced by a woman. This point is the novelty of our annotation scheme. We also propose some preliminary results for sexism detection obtained with a deep learning approach. Our experiments show encouraging results.

In her chapter, Coady analyses some of the metaphors employed in the gender-fair language debate in France. These metaphors express the language ideologies (Woolard 1998) that underlie the debate. This article combines critical discourse analysis, corpus linguistics, pragmatics, and cognitive linguistics (Charteris-Black 2004) in order to examine three of the metaphors and one of the metonyms identified in a corpus of French online newspapers: THE GENDER-INCLUSIVE LANGUAGE DEBATE IS A BATTLE, LANGUAGE IS A PERSON, LANGUAGE FOR NATION, and THE FRENCH LANGUAGE IS A WOMAN,

A corpus of just over 2000 newspaper articles (approximately 1.5 million words) was built from French online newspapers, dating from 2000 to 2022. A corpus linguistics approach was used in order to extract keywords, followed by a closer critical discourse analysis (Baker 2014), in particular a critical metaphor analysis (Charteris-Black 2004).

The results show that the metaphor THE GENDER-INCLUSIVE LANGUAGE DEBATE IS A BATTLE is used by both supporters and detractors. For supporters, the battle is against gender discrimination, whereas detractors are fighting an existential battle to save the nation from the influence of “foreign barbarisms”, promoted by “woke ideology”. In this battle, language is frequently conceptualised as being under attack, which is based on the metaphor LANGUAGE IS A LIVING ENTITY and in particular LANGUAGE IS A PERSON. Language has played such an important role in the French nation-building project, that it is intimately bound up in questions of national identity, which thus gives rise to the metonymic relation LANGUAGE FOR NATION. Nations are frequently conceptualised as women needing to be protected, which, along with the metaphors LANGUAGE IS A PERSON and the metonym LANGUAGE FOR NATION, result in the metaphor THE FRENCH LANGUAGE IS A WOMAN. Examples found in the corpus confirm that this interpretation is coherent in the gender-inclusive language debate in France. Overall, the analysis demonstrates that these metaphors and metonym are part of a network of ideas, that need to be understood in relation to one another rather than separately.


Baker, Paul. 2014. Using Corpora to Analyze Gender. London: Bloomsbury Academic.

Charteris-Black, Jonathan. 2004. Corpus Approaches to Critical Metaphor Analysis. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Woolard, Kathryn A. 1998. Language ideology as a field of inquiry. In Bambi B. Schieffelin, Kathryn. A. Woolard & Paul V. Kroskrity (eds.), Language Ideologies: Practice and Theory, 3–49. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

In this article we discuss the possible sexist biases that arise in the use of gendermarked and unmarked linguistic structures in Spanish and their impact on the treatment of language in artificial intelligence. The first part analyses sexist biases that arise in explicit gender-marked linguistic structures and those triggered by pragmatic inferencing in unmarked structures. The second part explores the consequences that these biases may bring into the world of AI, especially in relation to tasks such as programming virtual assistants, machine translation, and sentiment analysis.

RÉSUMÉDans cet article, nous présentons les recherches, relativement récentes, sur l'intégration du genre dans la représentation mentale d'une lectrice ou d'un lecteur, en mettant l'accent sur leurs controverses ainsi que sur les pistes encore peu (ou pas) explorées. Nous espérons ainsi susciter l'intérêt de la communauté francophone sur ce sujet, jusqu'ici relativement discrète. Au travers de cette présentation, nous souhaitons également souligner les retombées sociétales des recherches sur ce sujet, principalement au travers de l'identification de processus langagiers discriminants.Si la recherche a jusqu'ici principalement ciblé des adultes dits monolingues entre 19 et 25 ans, nous présenterons également les quelques études qui ont été menées sur les enfants entre 6 et 15 ans, un projet en cours sur des enfants entre 2 et 3 ans et quelques résultats d'une étude récente examinant l'influence du bilinguisme sur la représentation du genre.

Este trabajo de investigación se articula en el estudio de la estereotipación que proyectan los personajes protagonistas femeninos en la sitcom norteamericana Modern Family a través de su comunicación no verbal. La elección de esta serie de televisión responde tanto a criterios de contenido como temporales y de actualidad.La parte práctica de este artículo se ha desarrollado mediante la técnica del análisis de contenido y se ha llevado a cabo a través de la identificación de los principales patrones no verbales de los personajes seleccionados y su posterior puesta en relación con los distintos estereotipos femeninos presentes en la comedia de situación.De esta forma, se ha podido establecer como principal conclusión que, a pesar de tratarse de una serie que muestra una familia americana atípica en la que tienen cabida maneras muy diferentes de afrontar la vida cotidiana, sigue transmitiendo una imagen altamente estereotipada y plagada de tópicos especialmente en lo que respecta a su...

The grammatical gender of names, studied by Meillet through the synchronic and
diachronic dimension of Indo-European languages, shows that the linguistic distinction between masculine and feminine had replaced the ancient distinction between animate and inanimate, as I had already demonstrated in 1988. I want to show here that the Feminist movement and the renewed interest concerning neuter gender words are perhaps an –unexpected– renewal of his ideas.

Cosa c’entra la continenza, quando ci si occupa di violenza di genere e di femminicidi? Ha a che fare con la narrazione utilizzata dai giornalisti. Tanto che quel termine è stato utilizzato nel Testo unico dei doveri del giornalista per un articolo introdotto il primo gennaio 2021: il 5-bis, intitolato "Rispetto delle differenze di genere". Ecco il testo: "Nei casi di femminicidio, violenza, molestie, discriminazioni e fatti di cronaca, che coinvolgono aspetti legati all’orientamento e all’identità sessuale, il giornalista: a) presta attenzione a evitare stereotipi di genere, espressioni e immagini lesive della dignità della persona; b) si attiene a un linguaggio rispettoso, corretto e consapevole. Si attiene all’essenzialità della notizia e alla continenza. Presta attenzione a non alimentare la spettacolarizzazione della violenza. Non usa espressioni, termini e immagini che sminuiscano la gravità del fatto commesso; c) assicura, valutato l’interesse pubblico alla notizia, una narrazione rispettosa anche dei familiari delle persone coinvolte". L’esegesi linguistica (e anche giuridica) del testo dell’articolo potrebbe richiedere molto spazio. Però la parola continenza è quella che a molte persone (inclusi i giornalisti) può apparire meno comprensibile. All’analisi del termine è stato dedicato uno degli interventi (svolto dall’autore di questo articolo) proposti a Pavia nel convegno Violenza di genere: prospettive latenti e percezioni del pubblico, promosso dall’Università locale (Dipartimento di Studi umanistici), Osservatorio di Pavia (istituto indipendente specializzato nell’analisi dei media) e Rete Interistituzionale Territoriale Antiviolenza pavese; è stato anche un corso per giornalisti nell’ambito della formazione professionale continua, obbligatoria per gli iscritti all’Ordine.

Los estudios de género buscan analizar los vestigios de una cultura tradicional, binaria y heteronormativa a lo largo de la historia. La educación también necesita revisar sus bases onto-epistemológicas así como transformar sus metodologías y el acercamiento crítico al conocimiento. El lenguaje no sexista puede mejorar los procesos de enseñanza/aprendizaje, dado que se pretende enseñar sin reproducir lógicas discursivas reduccionistas. Por ejemplo, hay metáforas de la familia nuclear que atraviesan teorías y prácticas en el diseño y el desarrollo digital. Por eso, es necesario redefinir conceptos para no perpetuar un sistema de pensamiento sesgado por una visión paternalista y patriarcal.

Los estudios de género buscan analizar los vestigios de una cultura tradicional, binaria y heteronormativa a lo largo de la historia. La educación también necesita revisar sus bases onto-epistemológicas así como transformar sus metodologías y el acercamiento crítico al conocimiento. El lenguaje no sexista puede mejorar los procesos de enseñanza/aprendizaje, dado que se pretende enseñar sin reproducir lógicas discursivas reduccionistas. Por ejemplo, hay metáforas de la familia nuclear que atraviesan teorías y prácticas en el diseño y el desarrollo digital. Por eso, es necesario redefinir conceptos para no perpetuar un sistema de pensamiento sesgado por una visión paternalista y patriarcal.

Les discours déclinistes de la langue française affirment que l’usage de l’écriture inclusive en contexte pédagogique « pose problème à l’enseignement de notre langue aux étrangers » (Académie française, 2021). La présente étude propose une remédiation de supports pédagogiques de Français Langue Étrangère à l’aide de procédés dits inclusifs, de neutralisation et de (re)féminisation de la langue, dont le doublet abrégé2, technique d’abréviation inclusive la plus controversée en France. Cette approche inclusive a été proposée en classe de FLE dans le but d’interroger la prétendue difficulté qu’elle pourrait engendrer pour l’acquisition de la flexion adjectivale et nominale. Les résultats ont montré que les apprenant.es éprouvaient des difficultés à l’écriture de certains mots abrégés, mais que les signes abréviatifs pouvaient constituer une aide à la mémorisation et à la compréhension des adjectifs et des noms de métiers.

The #MeToo movement on social media platforms initiated discussions over several facets of sexual harassment in our society. Prior work by the NLP community for automated identification of the narratives related to sexual abuse disclosures barely explored this social phenomenon as an independent task. However, emotional attributes associated with textual conversations related to the #MeToo social movement are complexly intertwined with such narratives. We formulate the task of identifying narratives related to the sexual abuse disclosures in online posts as a joint modeling task that leverages their emotional attributes through multitask learning. Our results demonstrate that positive knowledge transfer via context-specific shared representations of a flexible cross-stitched parameter sharing model helps establish the inherent benefit of jointly modeling tasks related to sexual abuse disclosures with emotion classification from the text in homogeneous and heterogeneous settings. We show how for more domain-specific tasks related to sexual abuse disclosures such as sarcasm identification and dialogue act (refutation, justification, allegation) classification, homogeneous multitask learning is helpful, whereas for more general tasks such as stance and hate speech detection, heterogeneous multitask learning with emotion classification works better. 1

Abstract: The present study is an attempt at conducting a corpus-based analysis of the Oxford English Dictionary, in order, specifically, to examine the degree to which the feminist movement has had impacts on lexicographical changes in the successive volumes of the OED. In scope and reach, this study only concerned itself with the high-frequency suffix ‘-man’, since going beyond and reaching for the effects of feminist movements on more genres merit separate studies. To this aim, 42 words with the suffix ‘-man ’ in 12 volumes of the OED from 1948 onward were scrutinized in order to examine and evaluate the impact of the feminist movement on changes in the dictionary. The results gathered from the data analysis and obtained on the basis of stacked line and paired t-test depict a significant increase in the creation and frequency of compound forms using ‘-woman ’ and also neutral forms from the second wave of feminism onward. The findings of this study have implications for researche...

Cet article est consacré à la thèse de la masculinisation du français, déployée par Éliane Viennot. Cette thèse soutient que des hommes lettrés au milieu du XVII e siècle ont sciemment modifié le français pour y diminuer la présence du genre grammatical féminin. Cet argumentaire historique légitime en partie l'écriture inclusive contemporaine. À cet égard, la présente étude ne porte pas sur un mot polémique, mais sur le genre polémique qu'est devenu le masculin dans les sociétés francophones. L'objectif est d'apporter un contre-argumentaire historique à deux analyses proposées dans la thèse de la masculinisation, à savoir la question du e féminin en poésie au XVI e siècle et le féminin des noms de métiers au XVII e siècle.

En este artículo se hace un análisis de las características sexistas generalmente atribuidas al lenguaje, demostrando que en términos puramente lingüísticos ningún lenguaje es sexista y que no hay relación entre la gramática del idioma y el estado de la mujer en la sociedad. Luego, se ejemplifica cómo el uso del lenguaje refleja el verdadero sexismo existente en nuestras sociedades. Este uso sexista del lenguaje es menos obvio pero más significativo que las formas lingüísticas generalmente atacadas por los grupos feministas.

In this chapter, I discuss the use of fairy tales in the EFL classroom in order to meet the needs of Generation Alpha. I begin by defining the term Generation Alpha and how (and whether) these children differ from the previous generations. I then continue to argue that despite all the technological improvement children remain to be social beings. This Aristotelian view of human nature is the milestone to be reached by every educator. Fairytales help EFL learners learn about universal values and ethics beyond different cultures. It is therefore crucial to chose appropriate stories that promote contemporary values so that children can identify with them and eventually learn certain facts of life and improve their English along the way. Lesson plans based on fairy tales should have a structure that correlates with children’s nature. To this end, the results of a survey with students and English teachers are presented. The obtained data provide insight into the way in which teachers choose and use fairy tales, and how students perceive the fairy tales embedded in their English classes. The ultimate goal of this chapter is to provide EFL teachers with practical advice on how to implement fairy tales in EFL lessons for young learners who belong to Generation Alpha.

In this paper, we focus on the topics of misinformation and racial hoaxes from a perspective derived from both social psychology and computational linguistics. In particular, we consider the specific case of antiimmigrant feeling as a first case study for addressing racial stereotypes. We describe the first corpus-based study for multilingual racial stereotype identification in social media conversational threads. Our contributions are: (i) a multilingual corpus of racial hoaxes, (ii) a set of common guidelines for the annotation of racial stereotypes in social media texts, and a multi-layered, fine-grained scheme, psychologically grounded on the work by Fiske et al., including not only stereotype presence, but also contextuality, implicitness, and forms of discredit, (iii) a multilingual dataset in Italian, Spanish, and French annotated following the aforementioned guidelines, and crosslingual comparative analyses taking into account racial hoaxes and stereotypes in online discussions. The analysis and results show the usefulness of our methodology and resources, shedding light on how racial hoaxes are spread, and enable the identification of negative stereotypes that reinforce them.

The use of offensive language can lead to uncomfortable situations, psychological harm, and in particular cases even to violence. Social networks and websites struggle to reduce the prevalence of these types of messages by using an automated detector. In this paper, we propose a novel Romanian language dataset for offensive message detection. We manually annotated 4,052 comments on a Romanian local news website into one of the following classes: non-offensive, targeted insults, racist, homophobic, and sexist. In addition, we establish a baseline of five automated classifiers, out of which the model based on RoBERT and two layers of CNN achieves the highest performance with an average F1-score of .74.

this study extends research on manifestations of gender insensitivity in learners' reading materials by shifting attention to the linguistic strategies that authors of current texts employ for the realisation of gender sensitivity. We analysed the content of 12 current (2014) english workbooks (Grade 4-6) used in South African government and public schools for gender sensitive strategies they employed. Most strategies sought to get round the problem caused by the lack of a singular third person gender neutral pronoun in the english Language. Sibanda and Sibanda Linguistic Gender Sensitivity Strategies Although both feminisation and degenderisation strategies were apparent in the few strategies observed, we observe the difficulty of degenderising reading materials without radical reforms within the english language. We posit that the judicious combination of feminisation and degenderisation holds promise for gender sensitivity in texts.

Este libro ha nacido de una convicción y de muchas preguntas. La convicción es que la diferencia sexual constituye una dimensión fundamental de nuestra experiencia y de nuestra vida, y que no existe ninguna actividad que no esté en cierto modo marcada, ...

Las Naciones Unidas han impulsado el empleo del lenguaje no sexista (o inclusivo en cuanto al género) desde los años ochenta, en especial a través de la UNESCO, como instrumento para luchar contra la discriminación, la imprecisión y la perpetuación de estereotipos. El apoyo institucional se ha materializado en orientaciones y herramientas prácticas centradas en la redacción, pero su aplicación no es general ni se aplica a la traducción. Sin embargo, la transferencia de una lengua a otra altera el género de los textos, a menudo involuntariamente, y determinadas opciones del original podrían surtir efectos positivos o negativos en cuanto al género en la traducción, aunque no supongan diferencias en el original. Mediante la plataforma Sketch Engine de gestión de corpus online se localizan los elementos con género semántico en un corpus paralelo abierto de las Naciones Unidas, analizando la tendencia a conservar el género del original, con el fin de valorar cuáles son las opciones más e...

Directrices de uso de la IA generativa de texto y ChatGPT en la Justicia. Síntesis de principales aspectos

Dirección: Juan Gustavo Corvalán, Mariana Sánchez Caparrós y Sebastián Chumbita

Equipo de investigación UBA IALAB: Giselle Heleg, Carina Papini, Melisa Raban, Antonella Stringhini, Marina Petliuk Díaz, Sol García Gili

Equipo de investigación Dyntec-Lab: Marco Rossi, Franco Orellana

Diseño: Victoria Mafud

This paper will examine the link between education and gender equality, focusing on three main areas. Firstly, it will examine the problems with current gender education in schools. Secondly, it will address the biased representation of men and women in professional roles, often due to a lack of gender education. Finally, the article will discuss the importance of proper gender education in schools, specifically in promoting gender equality within the classroom, from the perspective of functionalism. The study gathered data on gender-related ideas and perceptions in both educational and professional settings. The results revealed that textbooks still perpetuate gender stereotypes regarding masculinity and femininity. Additionally, women in the STEM field often receive lower salaries than their male counterparts, which can be attributed to a lack of education on gender equality. A number of statistical sources indicate that there is still a difference in pay between men and women. To promote gender equality, schools must prioritize genderneutral education to instill positive gender attitudes in children. School education plays a significant role in shaping gender stereotypes, reinforcing gender roles, and promoting gender equity.