Teutonic Knights

Agnes Miegel (1879-1964) fait partie des poètes qui renouvelèrent le genre de la ballade en Allemagne au vingtième siècle. Ce qu’on appelle Ballade en allemand n’est pas la même chose que la ballade comme forme poétique en français. En allemand, le terme ne renvoie pas à une forme mais à un genre, un genre entendu de façon particulièrement large puisqu’une définition y voit "un poème (ou un chant) dans lequel une histoire est racontée". On pourrait définir la ballade allemande comme un poème narratif, relevant d’une esthétique impersonnelle, parnassienne. Les histoires qu’elles racontent s’appuient souvent sur des épisodes historiques, la mythologie, l’histoire sainte, les contes et légendes.

On December 28, 1908, the Sicilian city of Messina was almost entirely destroyed by an earthquake followed by a tsunami. In addition to considerable loss of life, historical monuments, works of art, and archives were destroyed by the catastrophe, as well as by the hygienic reconstruction of the city interrupted by the disasters of the Second World War. The city, left bloodless, cutoff from a considerable part of its history
and identity, found in the exaltation of Antonello da Messina a means of reconstituting
its little known artistic and cultural past. Researchers, artists and local elected officials endeavoured to recuperate the figure of Antonello, putting forward his “Sicilianess” and the ties that bound him to his city and his native island, in his life as well as in his work. In the course of the 20th century the Quattrocento painter served to revalorize the
heritage and specificity of Sicily in the recently unified peninsula where the North-South imbalance inundated all the domains, from economy to culture, from political
discourses to the writing of history. Antonello became an instrument of political claim, lifted up as a symbol of Sicilian excellence, from the major exhibition in 1953, where
the speeches of the local authorities were tinged with affirmations of identity, to the G7 in 2017 where three of his works were sent to Taormina in order to represent the
island and Italy.

In August 2023, during a surface survey with metal detectors, Roman bronze coins were found at the previously unknown site no. 18 in Szwałk situated in the eastern part of the Borecka Forest. The site is currently interpreted as a settlement of the West Balt population with the oldest artefacts dating back to the early Roman Period, and the youngest finds being early medieval. The coins are the sestertii of Aelius and Commodus, minted in Rome in the years 137 and 178 (Figs. 1, 2). No other finds or traces of an archaeological feature or cultural layer were recorded in the immediate vicinity of the coins, so they are considered as a lose finds.
Roman coins are not commonly found in Olecko district. Only two Roman specimens are known from excavations of the cemetery in Czerwony Dwór (site XXI): a sestertius of Hardrian and sestertius of Alexander Severus. A larger number of Roman coins was recorded in Gołdap district, neighboring with Olecko district to the north. The finds of a few coins were also reported in the vicinity of the village of Szwałk in the eastern part of Węgorzewo district.
Looking at the broader region, it can be concluded that there are not many finds of Roman coins in the Augustów Plain, Suwałki region and Eastern Masuria, i.e. in the territory where the Sudovian culture emerged at the end of the 2nd century. They were found in graves in cemeteries, within settlements plus lose finds. So far, no deposit of Roman coins has been recorded in this region.
Determination of the cultural affiliation of monetary finds from a given territory is very difficult. Of course in theory some of the finds, that is the coins dated to the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, can be associated with the Bogaczewo culture, which began to disappear from the territories east of Masurian Lake District at the end of the 2nd century. This applies mainly to coins from settlements and cemeteries, especially from burials of the Bogaczewo culture. At the same time, it is advisable to be cautious in associating all coins from Eastern Masuria dated to the 1st and 2nd centuries with the Bogaczewo culture. We need to bear in mind that coins are not a reliable chronological indicator, as they may have been kept by
local population for centuries. Thus, some of the coins from the 1st and 2nd centuries found east of the Masurian Lake District may have belonged to people of the Sudovian culture. In our opinion, linking coin finds to a specific culture often seems downright impossible. At the same time, coins from the 3rd and 4th centuries can be quite confidently associated with the populations of the Sudovian culture.
In conclusion, it can be claimed that the sestertii from Szwałk, site 18, are typical of their region, reflecting the preference for Roman bronze coins, rather than silver, which is characteristic of all Baltic cultures. For the time being, it is difficult to affiliate these finds with either the Bogaczewo or Sudovian culture. Judging by their wear, the coins could have circulated for some time in the Roman Empire and they did not reach Eastern Masuria until the 3rd century. This implies that the sestertii from Szwałk, site 18,
most likely belonged to the population of the Sudovian culture

Il Mezzogiorno italiano ricoprì un ruolo determinante della storia e nelle vicende degli Ordini religioso militari, in particolare, e del movimento crociato più in generale. La posizione geografica della penisola forniva una serie di facilitazioni nei rapporti con la Terrasanta, in primo luogo metteva a disposizioni i centri costieri da cui poter salpare verso l'Oltremare. Dopo aver esaminato, in un precedente volume di questa collana, la geografia insediativa e il ruolo degli associati laici, in questa sede si tratterà dell'organizzazione amministrativa di Templari e Giovanniti nel Regno di Sicilia durante l'Età normanno-sveva. Partendo dalla struttura piramidale tridimensionale dei due Ordini, l'attenzione sarà concentrata sulla nascita e lo sviluppo delle province templari, da un lato, e dei priorati giovanniti, dall'altro. Si illustreranno le figure e l'operato di quei cavalieri che ricoprirono la carica di Maestro provinciale e di Priore. Saranno analizzate le funzioni, i compiti e la durata degli incarichi di tali ufficiali, nonché i rapporti con le precettorie locali e il vertice in Oltremare. Vito Ricci, nelle sue ricerche, si interessa della storia economica e sociale in Terra di Bari tra Medioevo e prima Età moderna e della presenza degli Ordini religioso-militari nel Mezzogiorno italiano, con particolare riguardo alle strategie insediative e all'economia.

Life in seclusion, typical of the Middle Ages, led by lay recluses was known and followed in accordance with applicable Rules. All rules discussed in the publication were rooted in the Rule written in ca. 540 by St Benedict of Nursia for monks in Monte Cassino. His recommendations on proper nutrition were presented in the first part of this elaboration. Then requirements concerning recluses’ eating habits were discussed. They include: Regula Solitariorum written in IX century by Grimlaico, De institutione inclusarum by St Aelred of Rievaulx and Ancrene Wisse. Next come provisions from source documents of John of Kwidzyn who informed in his works about nutrition of the blessed Dorothea of Montau after she had been officially taken and locked as a hermit on 2 May 1393 inside the cathedral of Kwidzyn, in the southern part of the lower choir. Based on the source documents, the blessed Dorothea, being locked up until her death on 25 June 1393, ate once a day, and she basically had meat-free meals primarily composed of fish, bread, honey and beer. At that time the food of her soul was the Communion that she took once a day too.
Familiarization with principles related to recluses’ nutrition and included in the rules for anchoresses as well as confrontation of these guidelines with information on nutrition of the blessed Dorothea of Montau, as presented in the source documents, shows that nutrition of Pomesania mystic while being in the hermitage did not deviate from recommendations presented in the medieval rules, while her resignation from meat proves that she chose to lead a substantially ascetic life.
The service of the servant who delivered meals to the blessed Dorothea is a proof that representatives of the Order of Teutonic Knights and bishop of Pomesania adhered to guidelines included in rules and made sure they were carefully followed with regard to the mystic of Kwidzyn.

***
Praktykowana w średniowieczu forma życia pustelniczego, jaką podejmowali świeccy rekluzi i rekluzy, była znana i praktykowana zgodnie z obowiązującymi przepisami zawartymi w Regułach. Wszystkie omówione w publikacji reguły zakorzenione były w Regule napisanej około 540 roku przez św. Benedykta z Nursji dla mnichów na Monte Cassino. Jego zalecenia dotyczące właściwego odżywiania zostały przedstawione w pierwszej części tego opracowania. Następnie omówione zostały wymagania dotyczące odżywiania rekluz, które zawierają: Regula Solitariorum napisana w IX wieku przez Grimlaico, De institutione inclusarum św. Aelreda z Rievaulx oraz Ancrene Wisse. Następnie przedstawiono zapisy z pism źródłowych Jana z Kwidzyna, który pozostawił w swoich dziełach informacje dotyczące odżywiania bł. Doroty z Mątów po tym, jak 2 maja 1393 roku została uroczyście wprowadzona i zamknięta w pustelni (rekluzji), która znajdowała się wewnątrz kwidzyńskiej katedry, po południowej stronie dolnego chóru. Z pism źródłowych wynika, że bł. Dorota, żyjąc w zamknięciu w pustelni aż do śmierci, która nastąpiła 25 czerwca 1394 roku, odżywiała się raz dziennie, spożywając posiłki bezmięsne składające się przede wszystkim z ryb, chleba, miodu i piwa. W tym czasie pokarmem jej duszy była przyjmowana również raz na dobę komunia święta.
Zapoznanie się z zasadami dotyczącymi odżywiania się rekluz zawartymi w regułach przeznaczonych dla pustelnic i skonfrontowanie tych wytycznych z informacjami dotyczącymi spożywania pokarmów przez bł. Dorotę z Mątów pozostawionymi w pismach źródłowych wskazuje, że sposób odżywiania się pomezańskiej mistyczki w okresie jej przebywania w celi nie odbiegał od zaleceń znajdujących się w średniowiecznych przepisach, a nawet ze względu na rezygnację przez nią z konsumpcji mięsa wskazuje na podjętą przez nią większą ascezę.
Posługa sługi przynoszącego bł. Dorocie posiłki wskazuje na przestrzeganie przez przedstawicieli Zakonu krzyżackiego oraz biskupa pomezańskiego zaleceń zawartych w regułach i dbałości, aby w odniesieniu do kwidzyńskiej mistyczki były one skrupulatnie przestrzegane.

A paper in the Polish Biographical Dictionary. Jan Amor Tarnowski (castellan of Biecz 1494–1501, voivode of Ruthenia 1501– 1507, voivode of Sandomierz 1507–1514, died in 1514) belonged to one of the most prominent magnate families in late medieval Poland. He was the son of Jan Amor the Younger, castellan of Kraków. His landed estates were extensive, comprising possessions in Lesser Poland with their principal center at Tarnów, as well as holdings in the Szczebrzeszyn district of Chełm Land. In his youth, Tarnowski served as a courtier to King Casimir IV Jagiellon. The height of his political significance fell during the reign of King Alexander Jagiellon. In 1502 he organized the defense of Red Ruthenia and Podolia during the war with Moldavia. He participated in the Sejm held at Radom in 1505, at which the Nihil novi constitution was enacted – a foundational act of the Polish political system that limited the monarch’s legislative authority by requiring the consent of the Sejm for all new laws. Tarnowski also took part in the royal election of 1506, which elevated Sigismund I to the Polish throne.

Over six centuries ago, the Gelre Armorial was produced, a work widely regarded as one of the most prestigious and aesthetically significant armorial manuscripts of the late Middle Ages. It presents a representative survey of the heraldic coats of arms of the European nobility and knighthood. The compilation and written sections are attributed to Claes Heynensoon, herald Gelre, while the heraldic illustrations are credited to the artist(s) Herman and/or Willem Maelwael.
Since the early nineteenth century, the Gelre Armorial has been the subject of academic research. Yet the findings have been varied, and many questions remain unresolved. This volume offers new art-historical and historical perspectives, an overview of the current state of research (status quaestionis), a complete register of the folios with their coats of arms, and a detailed bibliography. It aims to encourage further study. For the first time, this masterpiece is being examined extensively and systematically from a scholarly perspective, with attention to the complex political and cultural history of the Duchy of Gelre, and from within the province of Gelderland itself.

Die mittelalterliche Geschichte des “Ordo Theutonicorum” unterlag während seiner geschichtswissenschaftlichen Rezeption fortwährend mannigfaltige Interpretationen, welche insbesondere auf die Dualität zwischen der deutschen und der polnischen Geschichtsschreibung zurückzuführen sind. Während in der deutschen Geschichtsschreibung dem Deutschen Orden im Zuge des Wiederaufgreifens preußischer Traditionen nach der Reichsgründung 1871 ein gar nationenstiftendes Ethos zugesprochen wurde, für Heinrich von Treitschke verkörperte der deutsche Orden: “Züge deutschen Wesens, die man selten beachtet - die aggressive Kraft und die herrische, gemüthlose Härte”; erst durch ihn sei die überlegene deutsche Kultur in den Osten gebracht worden”, zogen vor allem spätere katholisch-polnische Publikationen in Tradition der antipreußischen Geschichtsschreibung einen kontinuierlichen Bogen vom Deutschen Orden über Bismarck bis hin zu Adolf Hitler (vgl. Sarnowsky, 1996). Für einen katholischen Kirchenhistoriker dieser Zeit war der Deutsche Orden nicht mehr als eine “eroberungslustige, kreuzgeschmückte Bande”, welche die ehemals slavisch-stämmigen Gebiete von Polen, Livland und Pruzzen unterwarf, ausbeutete und zwangsmissionierte (Ekdahl, 1991, S. 295).

The chapter delves into a probe of the religious history of the Duchy of Opava. The 17th century brought extensive confessional changes in the Bohemian lands. The contribution highlights archival sources that can help to better understand these changes in the Opava region and provide insights into why such changes occurred more slowly there than in Bohemia and Moravia. The study focuses primarily on information drawn from parish registers, various lists categorized by faith, records of converts or non-Catholics, and personal sources. Many of these sources, which have so far been underutilized in historiography, offer valuable information on the confessional situation in 17th-century Opava.

Das bemerkenswerte Buch "Die Autonome Orthodoxe Kirche Estlands" eröffnet seine umfangreichen Darstellungen mit den Worten eines einfachen estnischen Bauern, die dieser 1946 einem katholischen Priester sagte, der Estland verlassen mußte: "Ein so kleines Land, das nichts von niemandem wollte, das nur darum bat, frei zu bleiben... So bitte ich Dich, wenn Du diese freien Menschen siehst, sag ihnen, was wir hier leiden; sag ihnen, wir waren glücklich, wir waren frei, wir forderten nichts von niemandem; aber jetzt sind wir beraubt worden, man hat uns alles genommen, wir haben nicht einmal eine Stimme, um uns hörbar zu machen." Der Priester, der diese Worte in die freie Welt mitnahm, war ein Jesuit: Charles Bourgeois aus Paris; er war im orientalischen Ritus geweiht und gab, zusammen mit Kapuzinerpatres, die Zeitschrift "Ühine Kirik" heraus, der es um Schritte zur Einheit mit der Heiligen Orthodoxen Kirche Estlands ging. Bourgeois gehörte jener zweiten Periode von insgesamt 17 Jesuiten an, die von 1923 bis 1961 in Estland wirken konnten. Unter ihnen sind die wohl bekanntesten Eduard Profittlich, der Erzbischof wurde, 1942 im Gefängnis zu Kirov umkam und jetzt selig gesprochen wird, und der Luxemburger Henri Werling, der von allen Jesuiten die zweitlängste Zeit in Estland verbracht hat und auf dem Liiva-Friedhof in Tallinn begraben liegt. Profittlich und seine Mitbrüder wußten nur wenig von den Jesuiten der ersten Periode, die 1583 nach Dorpat kamen.

Das bemerkenswerte Buch "Die Autonome Orthodoxe Kirche Estlands" eröffnet seine umfangreichen Darstellungen mit den Worten eines einfachen estnischen Bauern, die dieser 1946 einem katholischen Priester sagte, der Estland verlassen mußte: "Ein so kleines Land, das nichts von niemandem wollte, das nur darum bat, frei zu bleiben... So bitte ich Dich, wenn Du diese freien Menschen siehst, sag ihnen, was wir hier leiden; sag ihnen, wir waren glücklich, wir waren frei, wir forderten nichts von niemandem; aber jetzt sind wir beraubt worden, man hat uns alles genommen, wir haben nicht einmal eine Stimme, um uns hörbar zu machen." Der Priester, der diese Worte in die freie Welt mitnahm, war ein Jesuit: Charles Bourgeois aus Paris; er war im orientalischen Ritus geweiht und gab, zusammen mit Kapuzinerpatres, die Zeitschrift "Ühine Kirik" heraus, der es um Schritte zur Einheit mit der Heiligen Orthodoxen Kirche Estlands ging. Bourgeois gehörte jener zweiten Periode von insgesamt 17 Jesuiten an, die von 1923 bis 1961 in Estland wirken konnten. Unter ihnen sind die wohl bekanntesten Eduard Profittlich, der Erzbischof wurde, 1942 im Gefängnis zu Kirov umkam und jetzt selig gesprochen wird, und der Luxemburger Henri Werling, der von allen Jesuiten die zweitlängste Zeit in Estland verbracht hat und auf dem Liiva-Friedhof in Tallinn begraben liegt. Profittlich und seine Mitbrüder wußten nur wenig von den Jesuiten der ersten Periode, die 1583 nach Dorpat kamen.

UDK 949.712(05) UDC Zgodovinski HISTORICAL REVIEW časopis GLASILO ZVEZE ZGODOVINSKIH DRUŠTEV SLOVENIJE Mednarodni uredniški odbor: dr. Kornelija Ajlec (SI), dr. Tina Bahovec (SI), dr. Bojan Balkovec (SI) (tehnični urednik), dr. Rajko Bratož (SI), dr. Ernst Bruckmüller (AT), dr. Liliana Ferrari (IT), dr. Ivo Goldstein (HR), dr. Žarko Lazarević (SI), dr. Dušan Mlacović (SI) (namestnik odgovornega urednika), dr. Božo Repe (SI), dr. Franc Rozman (SI), Janez Stergar (SI), dr. Imre Szilágyi (H), dr. Peter Štih (SI) (odgovorni urednik), dr. Marta Verginella (SI), dr. Peter Vodopivec (SI), dr. Marija Wakounig (AT) Za vsebino prispevkov so odgovorni avtorji, prav tako morajo poskrbeti za avtorske pravice za objavljeno slikovno in drugo gradivo, v kolikor je to potrebno. Ponatis člankov in slik je mogoč samo z dovoljenjem uredništva in navedbo vira.

Three documents are presented related with the 1522 siege of the island and city of Rhodes, last stronghold in the eastern Mediterranean hold by the knights order of Saint John of Jerusalem, purported by the turkish navy of Suleyman the Magnificent. Specially important is the desperate letter of the grand master Philippe des Villiers de l'Isle-Adam sent westward in a shooner the same day of the arrival of the turkish navy to Rhodes. Keywords: The Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem, Order of Rhodes, Order of Malta; Philippe des Villiers, Joan Torres; Suleyman the Magnificent; Commandries of Orla, Colliure and Bon Pas; Commandry of Espluga de Francoli. Abb. 2 Handschriftliche Kopie des Briefes des Großmeisters von Rhodos, aufbewahrt im Historischen Protokollarchiv von Barcelona (AHPB), Notar Joan Lunes 296/47. Das Historische Protokollarchiv des Notariatskollegiums von Barcelona ist ein bemerkenswertes Archiv, in dem nicht nur private Angelegenheiten aufbewahrt werden,

The territory known as Livonia, on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea, emerged as a result of the Baltic Crusades in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. It was a region of multiple nations, languages and cultures, and the scene of their mutual interaction, connected to the Holy Roman Empire, the papal curia, Scandinavia and Lithuania, and mediating the Hanseatic trade with Russia. This book is a significant new study of the multiple facets of Baltic history, taking in social history, urban and rural culture, peasant economy and literacy, with novel perspectives on crusading, political history and the chief agents of power, notably the Teutonic Order. This first comprehensive treatment of Livonian history in English will serve as a valuable source of information for undergraduate and postgraduate students as well as a resource for studying the Baltic Crusades and crusader territories in general.

See: https://www.brepols.net/products/IS-9782503578064-1

Problematyka rewaloryzacji i adaptacji ginących zabytków na Lubelszczyźnie na przykładzie młyna w Turce gm. Wólka. Cz. II Disappearing monuments in the Lublin region on the example of the mill in Turka, Wólka commune. Part II Streszczenie. Niniejszy manuskrypt przedstawia projekt adaptacji młyna wodnego w Turce gm. Wólka i nawiązuje do badań o sąsiednim zabytku -zespole dworsko-parkowym w Sobianowicach. W tym przypadku również zaproponowano konkretne działania rewaloryzacyjne mające na celu połączenie funkcjonalne tych dwóch obiektów. W tym celu opracowano następujące analizy: stanu istniejącego, historyczną, komunikacyjną, formalno-prawną, a także wykonano ogólną ewidencję aktualnej roślinności wokół młyna. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań powstały wytyczne do dalszego postępowania. Oprócz braku środków finansowych i inwestora główną przeszkodą w uratowaniu zabytku jest sytuacja własnościowa. Działka, na której znajduje się młyn, należy do kilku właścicieli. Pomimo tych przeszkód dzięki niedalekiej lokalizacji względem siebie dworu i młyna nad rzeką Bystrzycą oraz idei powiązania ich wspólnymi cechami użytkowymi, funkcjonalnymi i adaptacjom na cele hotelowe i gastronomiczne -mogłyby one stać się atrakcją turystyczną regionu.

This paper argues that the main cause for the uprising in Danish Estonia (1343) were extraordinary royal taxes collected from the whole of the Danish realm at the beginning of the reign of King Valdemar IV. Furthermore, this article claims that the Teutonic Order captured the viceroy of Danish Estonia during the early stages of the uprising and used the revolt to take control of Danish Estonia.

This article analyses archivists' and historians' experiences of archival absence in nineteenth-century Europe. It takes off in well-known processes of centralisation, nationalisation and dislocations of archives to discuss how experiences of missing documents and holdings have shaped historiographical practice and thought. Drawing on theorisations of archival silences, imagined records and materiality, the article argues that although ideas about the past are immaterial, archivists' and historians' perceptions of history relied on archival materiality. This is illustrated by two case studies of fragmented, supranational holdings: the establishment of the Central Archive of the Teutonic Order in Habsburg Vienna, and lost archives in the Baltic provinces of Romanov Russia. The article shows how practices such as mappings of holdings, negotiations of restitutions and provenance, and publications of source editions materialised absence. Enquiries into absence certainly generated new knowledge about archives, past dislocations and loss. However, the article also demonstrates that investigations of absence have produced ignorance and further absences. In conclusion, the article argues the benefits of absence studies. The cases illuminate that absence was a material issue with an intricate relationship to imagined documents and holdings. Moreover, the article recognises a long history of archival silences, which may take different forms and affect different groups throughout history. Lastly, the article addresses the issue of representation and argues the value of disregarding the nation when historicising theoretically pressing issues such as archival absence and its materiality.

Saschiz, once one of the most important Saxon settlements of eastern Transylvania, located 23 km away from Sighisoara, was included decades ago in the UNESCO world heritage list. On a rocky hill northwest of the village rises its refuge fortress, whose beginnings have been archaeologically ascribed to the early 15 th century based on the research undertaken in 1999-2000, the first investigation of this kind undertaken on site. In 2018, the fortress entered restoration, and in 2023 a large-scale archaeology research project was initiated, involving excavations both inside the area of the preserved

On the basis of the preserved archival materials, a hoard is reconstructed that had been found in 1896 or 1897 in Gorzów Śląski near the railway station and was not preserved to this day. Official letters and documents make it possible to establish (in general terms) the contents of the hoard and the clay vessel in which it was found, to examine in detail seven gold coins, as well as to determine the time of their hiding after 1431. The coins from the hoard are then placed in the context of the issue and circulation of silver and gold money in Europe as well as in the context of Gorzów Śląski’s history.

The paper considers the clash between Cuman and Western Latin troops in the Balkans in the first two decades of the 13 th century by focusing on the following questions. What was the role of the Cumans in the Bulgarian-Latin conflict of 1205-13? What was the real extent of nomadic involvement in the different stages of the war? Can we analyse this military conflict as a clash between the nomadic and Western, knightly warfare? Next, the study focuses on the Teutonic-Cuman conflict of 1211-25 in the Burzenland region of Eastern Transylvania. The paper analyses this war, drawing parallels with the Cuman-Latin clashes in the Bulgarian-Latin wars of 1205-13. In conclusion, the author presents a balanced assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of Cumans and Latins in the Balkans in the first decades of the 13 th century.

Cette communication propose d’analyser les occurrences du terme latin dignitas, en relation avec un fait précis ou une période historique. L’objectif n’est donc pas d’interroger le discours historique en tant que tel, mais bien l’écriture de l’histoire – c’est-à-dire certains des procédés par lesquels des auteurs romains produisent du sens à partir d’événements – et ainsi la construction d’une mémoire collective. Deux axes seront explorés : d’une part, affiner notre compréhension de la manière dont certains auteurs interprètent des faits connus à travers des textes rarement mobilisés ; d’autre part, réévaluer la valeur d’usage de la dignitas, c’est-à-dire comprendre comment sa mention renforce l’efficacité d’une démonstration (trivialement, faire passer une idée efficacement). Ainsi, il faut lire ces mentions comme autant de choix (conscients et pensés), comme des stratégies discursives, plutôt que comme des usages spontanés ou mécaniques.

Rok 2015 jest wyjątkowy, jeśli chodzi o upamiętnienie życia Jana Rodowicza, ponieważ przyniósł, do tego w niewielkim odstępie czasowym, aż trzy publikacje książkowe, poświęcone zasłużonemu żołnierzowi Szarych Szeregów i batalionu Armii Krajowej "Zośka"1. Wszystkie te prace-powstałe niezależnie od siebie-są biografiami, choć autorzy różnie odnieśli się do poszczególnych fragmentów życia "Anody". Piotr Lipiński skupił się na kwestiach dotyczących niejasnych okoliczności śmierci Rodowicza. Barbara Wachowicz duży nacisk położyła na ukazanie "Anody" w kontekście jego rodzinnych tradycji. Mariusz Olczak natomiast gros swojej narracji poświęcił kwestiom konspiracyjnej działalności Rodowicza podczas okupacji niemieckiej, jak również szczegółowo opisał relacje między byłymi członkami batalionu "Zośka" (tzw. zośkowcami) od akcji ujawnienia się aż do rozpoczęcia przez funkcjonariuszy Ministerstwa Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego w grudniu 1948 r. represji przeciwko weteranom Zgrupowania AK "Radosław". Publikacja Mariusza Olczaka, jako jedyna spośród wyżej wspomnianych, zawiera rozbudowany aparat naukowy. Recenzowana książka nie została podzielona na rozdziały, lecz-jak można się zorientować podczas lektury (Autor nie przedstawił we wstępie struktury swojej pracy)na kilka głównych części, wewnątrz których wyodrębniono wątki szczegółowe. We wstępie Mariusz Olczak omawia m.in. cel, który postawił sobie, rozpoczynając prace nad publikacją. Zależało mu na odtworzeniu możliwie największej liczby faktów z życia Rodowicza, które zostały udokumentowane w zachowanym materiale źródłowym. Autor wspomina o historii rodu Rodowiczów i opisuje najbliższą rodzinę "Anody", jego edukację oraz przedwojenną działalność w harcerstwie. Kolejną część poświęca na charakterystykę konspiracyjnej aktywności Rodowicza podczas okupacji niemieckiej do wybuchu powstania warszawskiego, gdy był on członkiem Grup Szturmowych Szarych Szeregów, a następnie batalionu "Zośka". Przedstawia wszystkie najważniejsze akcje bojowe z udziałem "Anody"-m.in. pod Arsenałem, "Celestynów", "Sieczychy", "Wilanów", "Pogorzel" oraz "Julę". Trzecia część zawiera opis powstańczych walk w stolicy z udziałem "Anody". W następnej części znajdujemy analizę powojennego życiorysu Rodowicza. Mariusz Olczak ukazuje okoliczności podjęcia przez "Anodę" decyzji o ujawnieniu się władzom komunistycznym, a następnie opisuje jego działania po wyjściu z konspiracji. Zwraca m.in. uwagę na wznowienie przez Rodowicza przerwanej edukacji (rozpoczął studia na Politechnice Warszawskiej) i jego aktywność społeczną. Ta ostatnia przejawiała się głównie we współorganizowaniu ekshumacji ciał poległych kolegów powstańców (które zalegały wciąż pod gruzami), zorganizowaniu nieoficjalnego "Archiwum Baonu »Zośka«", a także uczestnictwie w wyjazdach rekreacyjnych z udziałem ocalałych kolegów

Kokkuvõte. 14. sajandi prantsuse ristisõjapropagandist Philippe de Mézières kirjeldab oma peateoses "Vana palveränduri unenägu" ("Songe du viel pelerin") Läänemere ruumi ja Saksa ordut, maalides viimasest silmatorkavalt ilustatud pildi. Artikli eesmärk on selgitada sellise kujutluspildi tagamaid, kasutades intellektuaalse ajaloo meetodeid. Mézières ammutab kirjutades ainest nii isiklikust kogemustest kui ka kaasaegses kirjakultuuris levinud motiividest. Idealiseerides Saksa ordut, kritiseerib Mézières lääne aadli kombeid ning edendab ühtlasi oma isiklikku nägemust kristlaskonna reformist ja pühast sõjast. Saksa ordu on seeläbi haaratud diskursusesse, milles põimuvad ristisõja ja kolonialismi elemendid.

In his Chronicon Livoniae, Henry of Livonia frequently mentions the presence of Estonian and Latvian children defeated by the crusaders. Typical of crusader chronicles, his references to children are brief and sporadic, often appearing as part of lists of non-combatant victims of atrocities. The examples can be roughly divided into three groups: children baptized with their parents, peasant children slaughtered or enslaved with their mothers either by crusaders or pagans, and highborn children who were taken hostage into German-speaking areas to restrain their relatives from attacking the crusaders. The last two groups in particular reflect the conventional associations with the roles of children in the histories of the crusades.

This paper offers a detailed study on donations of lands, goods, rights and income in the Holy Roman Empire and in Scandinavia to religious institutions of Livonia during the 13th century. The major donators were princes and higher nobles from the North-Eastern parts of Germany and Sweden, who personally participated in the Livonian Crusade. But lesser noblemen, and a few noble women, as well as some merchants were also active donators to Livonian religious institutions. The recipients of these grants were the bishops of Riga and the Premonstratensian Cathedral Chapter of Riga, the Cistercian Abbey of Daugavgrīva, the Order of the Brethren of the Sword, the Livonian branch of the Teutonic Order and the Holy Spirit Hospital in Riga. The grants served as a source of income for these Livonian religious institutions and played a valuable part in financing their efforts in Christianization and crusading in Livonia. The most valued grants lay in areas on the western coast of the Baltic Sea, where these institutions invested in the further development of their goods by establishing mills and granges and claiming new farmland. These possessions remained important sources for revenue up to the Middle of the 14th century (for Northern Germany) and even up to the Middle of the 15th century (for Sweden).

Издание, подготовленное российскими учёными, представляет собой научную публикацию документов на средненижненемецком языке о взаимоотношениях Великого Новгорода и Ганзы в 1392–1409 гг. (63 документа). Эти источники содержат ценные и мало используемые в отечественной литературе сведения о торговле Новгорода, о его социально-политическом строе, правовой системе и взаимоотношениях с соседями — Псковом, Великими княжествами Московским, Тверским и Литовским, Ливонским отделением Тевтонского ордена. Послания немецкой купеческой общины в Новгороде в ливонские ганзейские города, переписка властей этих городов, орденских властей друг с другом и с властями Новгорода, иные документы публикуются на современном научном уровне, главным образом по оригиналам из архивов Таллина и Риги, и сопровождаются переводом на русский язык и комментариями исторического и лингвистического характера.

In 1940 Romania was forced to cede a third of its territory. The article looks at how memory or recalling the past is used as a tool to understand the traumatic experiences of the refugees from the areas occupied by the Soviet army to Romania in the 1940s. Some of them remained in Bessarabia, while hundreds of thousands fled their home by crossing the border with Romania. As a case study I used the story of my grandfather, the son of Alexei Mârza, priest in Beștemac village, near Cahul. His manuscript memoir contains 671 pages in A5 format and numerous family photos. On the last page we read "February 27, 1989, with God's help, I turned 68 years old. Glory to You! Thank You for all that You have done for me! Your servant, Nicolae".

Streszczenie Artykuł stanowi kompleksowe omówienie późnoromańskiej chrzcielnicy znajdującej się w kościele parafialnym pw. św. Mikołaja w Grudziądzu. Autor wnikliwie analizuje kontekst historyczny chrzcielnicy, jej cechy stylistyczne oraz wyniki badań petrograficznych potwierdzające jej gotlandzkie pochodzenie. Artykuł łączy metody historyczno-artystyczne, interpretacje ikonograficzne i odniesienia liturgiczno-historyczne, przedstawiając przekonujące argumenty za ponowną oceną daty, miejsca pochodzenia i programu symbolicznego chrzcielnicy.

L'analisi della presenza dell'Ordine Teutonico a Bologna, documentato nel XIII secolo, presenta notevoli difficoltà metodologiche, principalmente dovute alla frammentarietà delle fonti e al carattere spesso indiretto delle testimonianze documentarie. La ricostruzione qui proposta si basa su corpora documentari distinti: riferimenti topografici in documenti notarili, lo studio di Antonio Ivan Pini sui rapporti tra ordini militari e ambiente universitario, il Cartularium Bononiensis, gli Acta Franciscana e Tabulariis Bononiensibus. Ciascuna di queste fonti presenta specifici orientamenti che devono essere tenute in considerazione per una corretta interpretazione storica. Gli Acta Franciscana, in particolare, documentano i Teutonici quasi esclusivamente nel contesto delle clausole testamentarie di esclusione, riflettendo la strategia francescana di sostituzione degli ordini militari come beneficiari preferiti della carità cittadina. Questo bias documentario, lungi dal ridurre il valore delle fonti, offre una prospettiva preziosa sulle dinamiche competitive tra ordini religiosi e sui meccanismi di marginalizzazione sociale che caratterizzarono il tardo XIII secolo.

Die mittelalterliche Backsteinarchitektur des südlichen Ostseeraums erweckt als kulturelles und technisches Phänomen mindestens seit mehreren Jahrhunderten das Interesse von Forscherkreisen. Würde man nach den konkreten Anfängen dieses Interesses fragen, so würden die meisten Fachleute wohl auf die im 19. Jahrhundert vorgenommenen Forschungen von Ferdinand von Quast, Friedrich Adler, August Essenwein, Conrad Steinbrecht, Hans Lutsch oder Otto Stiehl verweisen. Diese hatten allerdings einen wichtigen Vorgänger in der Barockzeit, nämlich den Danziger Baumeister Bartel Ranisch, der zwar kein Gelehrter im damaligen oder heutigen Sinne war, dessen Arbeiten aber die Grundlagen für spätere Studien zur mittelalterlichen Backsteinarchitektur legten. Ranisch war hauptberuflich Baumeister mit Schwerpunkten im Bereich des Kirchenbaus und öffentlicher Bauten, er ging aber vor allem als Verfasser der 1695 erschienenen Abhandlung Beschreibung Aller Kirchen-Gebäude Der Stadt Dantzig 2 in die Geschichte ein, mit der er sich als Inventarisator, aber auch als Amateur-Historiker und vor allem als Experte für mittelalterliche Gewölbebautechniken einen Namen machte.

Il volume "I Cavalieri Templari nel Regno di Sicilia" di Giovanni Guerrieri rappresenta un importante contributo alla storiografia templare italiana. Pubblicato per la prima volta dalla Editrice Vecchi nel 1909, questo studio ha attraversato più di un secolo di storia editoriale, trovando nuova vita nelle successive ristampe: l’edizione Arktos del 2000 (con introduzione e note di Gaspare Cannizzo) e l’edizione anastatica “Sulla rotta del Sole (collana "Le anastatiche").
L'opera del Guerrieri è basata esclusivamente su documenti storici ed attraverso di essi è possibile ricostruire anche una mappa degli insediamenti templari nel Regno di Sicilia. Questo metodo scientifico, già all'avanguardia per l'epoca, rende il lavoro ancora oggi prezioso per gli studiosi del templarismo meridionale.
La presente edizione nasce dalla consapevolezza che il testo originale di Guerrieri, pur nella sua validità scientifica, presenta significative difficoltà per il lettore contemporaneo. L'opera è scritta in un italiano aulico tipico dell’epoca, ancora profondamente impregnato di termini desueti e costruzioni sintattiche caratteristiche della prosa ottocentesca. Questo registro linguistico, se da un lato conferisce solennità e dignità letteraria al testo, dall'altro può costituire una barriera per l'accesso ai contenuti storici da parte dei lettori moderni.
Il lavoro di revisione linguistica qui proposto si pone l'obiettivo di rendere il testo piú fruibile ai lettori contemporanei, mantenendo integro il valore scientifico dell'opera e rispettando il pensiero dell'autore. L'intervento ha riguardato la semplificazione di costruzioni sintattiche particolarmente elaborate, l'adeguamento di termini desueti o di difficile comprensione, la modernizzazione della punteggiatura e dell'organizzazione testuale, preservando tuttavia la terminologia tecnica e storica specifica dell'epoca.
Come ricercatore e storico rigoroso, Guerrieri "non si perde nelle fantasticherie troppo spesso usuali quando si tratta di Templari e templarismo", preferendo ancorarsi saldamente alla documentazione archivistica. Questo approccio metodologico fa del suo studio un punto di riferimento ancora valido, nonostante i progressi della ricerca storica successiva.
Tuttavia, ogni opera va contestualizzata nel proprio tempo e valutata anche nei suoi inevitabili limiti.
Questa nuova edizione si propone quindi come un ponte tra la ricerca storica pionieristica di inizio Novecento e le esigenze conoscitive del lettore contemporaneo. L'opera di Guerrieri, liberata dalle barriere linguistiche che ne impedivano la piena fruizione, può così continuare a offrire il suo contributo alla comprensione della presenza templare nel Regno di Sicilia, in un dialogo costante tra rigore filologico e accessibilità divulgativa.

This article explores the concept of war aims in the historiography of the Teutonic Order, focusing on narrative sources from the late Middle Ages. Taking Clausewitz’s famous distinction between the purpose and the objective of war as a starting point, the study examines how chroniclers of the Teutonic Order articulated the motives, goals, and legitimations of military campaigns in Prussia and Livonia. Far from presenting war as mere divine judgment or feudal obligation, these texts increasingly emphasized political rationales, strategic planning, and negotiated peace settlements. By analyzing specific episodes and phrases—such as “unde den Vride machten wider in dem Lande” (“and so they made peace again in the land”)—the article shows how historiography functioned as a means of explaining, justifying, and sometimes contesting the Order's use of force. The findings contribute to a more nuanced understanding of medieval military thought and the narrative construction of authority in the Order’s chronicle tradition.

This article explores identity models in Prussian regional historiography between 1466 and 1525, a period marked by the political division of Prussia into Royal Prussia and Ducal (Teutonic) Prussia. Despite the formal separation, both regions continued to conceptualize themselves as part of a shared "Terra Prussiae," a notion rooted in the territorial boundaries of the former Teutonic Order State. Drawing on narrative sources from cities and clerical authors alike, the study reveals how historical writing preserved the ideal of a unified Prussian identity long after the Order’s decline made its restoration increasingly unlikely. Special attention is given to the interplay between political realities and historiographical traditions, as well as the shifting functions of historical narratives in legitimizing regional autonomy or loyalty to external powers.

This article addresses the complex textual transmission of the Chronica Livoniae by Hermann de Wartberge, a crucial late-medieval source on the history of Livonia. The study reassesses the manuscript tradition, focusing particularly on the unique codex Danzig 135, now preserved in Toruń. The analysis demonstrates that this manuscript cannot be regarded as a direct authorial copy, contrary to earlier assumptions. By comparing structural and textual variants across surviving versions, the article reconstructs a plausible transmission path and identifies stages of textual modification, scribal adaptation, and editorial intervention. Special attention is given to the relationship between Wartberge’s chronicle and later historiographical compilations, such as those by Balthasar Russow and Christian Kelch. The study situates Hermann’s work within the broader context of Teutonic Order historiography and emphasizes the dynamic interplay between Latin and vernacular traditions in shaping Livonian historical memory.

The study deals with charters associated with ecclesiastical administration in Jihlava in the 13th, and at the beginning of the 14th century. In 1233 the church in Jihlava was bought by the Želiv Monastery from the Teutonic Knights. After the discovery of silver, these properties gained in importance and the monastery therefore tried to secure its rights and property through a number of charters. There are conflicting opinions in the literature about the authenticity of some of these charters. The study addresses the issue of the authenticity of individual documents and mentions the first dispute about their rights and property in Jihlava conducted by the Želiv Premonstratensian monks with the Bishop of Prague in the first two decades of the 14th century.

Working as a history teacher in two gymnasiums in Orhei District and also as a PhD student, in the field of History at the University "Valahia" of Târgoviște (Romania) I had the opportunity to discover the epic of history textbooks. Recently, the scientific concerns are directly related to the study of history textbooks in the Republic of Moldova and Romania, the concepts of war and peace in the historical educational ensemble and cultural, national, European and universal values. Recent personal publications highlight elements of natural, cultural and ethnocultural heritage emanating from all history textbooks. My research and articles are focused on similarities and differences of history curricula on both banks of the Prut and the reform of historical education in these countries with a special focus on the development, production and dissemination of history textbooks.

Kein Teil dieses Werkes darf ohne schriftliche Einwilligung des Verlages in irgendeiner Form (Fotokopie, Mikrofilm oder ein anderes Verfahren) reproduziert oder unter Verwendung elektronischer Systeme digitalisiert, verarbeitet, vervielfältigt oder verbreitet werden. Die Angaben zu Text und Abbildungen wurden mit großer Sorgfalt zusammengestellt und überprüft. Dennoch sind Fehler und Irrtümer nicht auszuschließen. Für den Fall, dass wir etwas übersehen haben, sind wir für Hinweise dankbar. Satz: Monika Aichinger, arts + science weimar GmbH Druck: Beltz Grafische Betriebe GmbH, Bad Langensalza ISBN: 978-3-89739-986-0 Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek: Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über abrufbar. Die Vignette zeigt ein Detail des Winterremters, Hochmeisterpalast auf der Marienburg.