Figure 6 This study’s findings then do conform to those of Cavallaro and Ng (2009), which featured only female guises and included only university student participants. Like the university student participants in that prior study, this study’s participants (both university students and those without university education) rated the female SSE guise significantly higher than the female SCE guise for both Status and Solidarity traits. For our participants without university education, this was also the case for male guises. The fact that male guise Solidarity trait ratings by our university student participants did not quite follow this pattern, however, indicates that SCE does in fact convey some degree of covert prestige in at least one segment of Singaporean society, and that Singaporeans, like the Russians and Americans investigated by Andrews (2003), are less permissive of non-standardised language use by females than males.