Figure 1.1 Functions of Coastal Systems It has been found that the actual worth of coastal resources is rarely calculated as Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of areas is calculated by sector and not by the source. An attempt was made by the South African government in 2000 to assess the worth of coastal resources and it was found that Coastal resources contributed about ZAR168 billion (ZAR — South African Rand) annually, which was almost 35% of Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Further the indirect benefits (ecosystem services like erosion control and waste treatment) from the coastal resources was worth ZAR134 billion. data collection through primary surveys, interviews, secondary sources, etc. The research has been divided into four stages (Figure 1.2), the first being literature study under which the concept of coastal management, techniques adopted for coasta management, etc. are looked into in detail in Notification of 2011. In is selected based on set data collection through ooked into. The coastal management framework in India is also this stage along with emphasis on the provisions of the latest CRZ this stage, the Karnataka Coast is also studied and a case study aree criteria which are elaborated further in 4.1. The next stage involves primary surveys, interviews, secondary sources, etc. Source: Author. Compilation from FAO, 2004 Table 2.2 Coastal Management practices in various countries Table 2.3 Comparison of Permissible Activities under Coastal Legislations of India Table 2.4 Comparison of Coastal Legislations of India Source: Author, based on Coastal Notifications: 1991, 2008 and 2011 Special Areas Areas requiring special consideration for the purpose of protecting the critical coastal environment and difficulties faced by local communities: Figure 2.3 Framework for Analysis As most regulations in terms of ‘activities permitted/ not permitted' are similar from 1991 and 2011; changes before 1991 and 2011 can be considered relevant. Also among the indicators, data on facility status is available village wise in Census abstracts and therefore this indicator has been studied at the region level whereas the rest of the indicators are studied at the level of the case study area. effect are listed (Figure 2.3). These indicators shall be studied in the further chapters in order to analyse the impact of the notification. 3.2 Status of Coastal Regulation Zone Notification 2011 in Karnataka State The state has a State Coastal Zone Management Authority constituted and functioning since 2002 with District Coastal Zone Management Committees also established. The CZMPs had also been prepared and approved and are currently under revision as per the new notification. The Coastal Zone Management Plan along with the local level CZMPs had been prepared for the state in 2006. These plans have been revised as per CRZ Notification, 2011 and are waiting for clearance from the SCZMA. Table 3.2 Violations of CRZ Notification 1991, Karnataka Source: Author based on interviews, Feb 2013 Table 3.1 Status of provisions of CRZ Notification, 2011 in Karnataka State Table 3.3 Status of projects applying for NOC during 2012-2013 at Regional Office, Udupi Distric' Udupi is one of the three coastal districts of Karnataka and has a population of around 11.8 lakh (Census of India, 2011) with a decadal growth of 5.90% and literacy rate of 86.29%. The density in the district is 311 persons per sq. km. The district has a 90km long coastline consisting of 63 fishing villages and around 5000 families involved in fishing activity. Fisheries sector contributes to about 16 percent of primary sector contribution to the district’s GDP. The entire coast of the district has the coastal notification applicable on them and the coastal regulation zones have been demarcated by the authorities as discussed in Section 3.2 (Figure 3.4 shows zones along Kunadapura Taluk). The large number of tidally influenced water bodies, in the form of rivers and streams, found abundantly in these coastal areas result in large areas being under the jurisdiction of the notification. Figure 3.3 Settlement Pattern in Coastal Taluks of Udupi District indicating concentration of settlements Figure 3.4 Demarcation of Coastal Regulation Zones, Kundapura Taluk Table 3.4 Impact on facility development in Villages with significant CRZ areas, Udupi District The analysis of the villages shows that there is no significant impact on the infrastructure facilities in the villages with CRZ areas when compared to villages without any CRZ areas. The decadal chance in the infrastructure available in the villages is not relative to the amount of area of the village under the CRZ notification. Table 4.1 Case study selection - Determination of population affected by CRZ Village Gangolli has significant share of both land area under CRZ a enclosed on three sides by water, with Arabian Sea on the west and south and east. Also, as per Fisheries Statistical Bulletin 2010-11, Udupi nd population. It is Haladi river on the District; Gangolli ha: a population of around 9000 persons associated with fisheries or fishing allied sector. The estuary adjoining the village which is know as the Gangolli Estuary is lis estuaries of country identified under MAB programme of UNESCO. T large number of species of flora and fauna; and also is one of important birds. The area is close to Kundapura Municipality which exerts develo ted as one of the 17 he area is home tc places for migratory pment pressures on it. Considering the above criteria, Gangolli Village was chosen as the case study site. 4.2 Introduction - Gangolli Village, Udupi District Figure 4.1 Villages having CRZ applicable to them, Kundapur Taluk, Udupi Figure 4.2 Location of Gangolli Village and Connectivity The main languages spoken in the village are Kundpur Kannada, Urdu, Zamayati, Navayath and Konkani. The village has a diverse religious composition with significant percentage of Hindu, Muslim and Christian communities. The area has several old historic temples. Sri Venkataramana temple, popularly known as Malyara Mutt, is one of the oldest places of worship in the region. It was built during the Vijayanagar time. Maari Jathra is a big celebration in this temple, celebration will be held on 2-3 days. and Konkani. The village has a diverse religious composition with significant percentage of Figure 4.3 Ferry Service from Kodi, Kunadpura to Gangolli Village; Fisher women travelling to the port for work (Source: Author, Feb 2013) Gangolli is mainly known for its port and fishing activity. Village was originally called ‘Ganguli’. The area was fortified during reign of Keladi rulers in 16" century and was also a major fortification under Tipu Sultan, who established a ship building yard here. The fort was captured by the Portuguese and subsequently by British and was developed as a major trading and export centre (for rice, jiggery and coconut), with business connections with Bombay, Kerala, Gujarat, the Middle East, Lakshadweep and Tanzania. After Indian independence, trading activities suffered due to construction of NH 17 in 1960s. Later, in 1980s the village developed as a major fishing centre. The present day Gangolli is mainly known for its port and fishing activity. Figure 4.5 Population Trend, Gangolli village The population of the village has been increasing but the growth rate is decreasing (Figure 4.5). Population Density Figure 4.6 Trend — Population Density, Gangolli village Household Size has been decreasing with more families opting for individual family housing (Figure 4.8) Figure 4.8 Trend — Household Size, Gangolli village Table 4.2 Change in sector wise worker distribution, Gangolli village Figure 4.9 Work Force Participation Rate, Gangolli village average of 51.7% whereas WPR for Females is lower than average of 25.6% ( WPR is slightly lower than the National Average of 39.1%. WPR for Males is higher than average of 51.7% whereas WPR for Females is lower than average of 25.6% ( Figure 4.10 Educational Qualification of population, Gangolli village Source: Primary Survey, 2013 4.5 Socio-Economic Characteristics Annual Income Table 4.3 Area under CRZ Categories, Gangolli village Source: Author. Based on CZM Map 2009 (Editec to as per 2011 Notification) Figure 4.14 Variation in Land Value, Gangolli village Land Use Source: Author, based on Primary Survey (Feb 2013). Base: Google Earth Image, 2013 Figure 4.15 Land Use with extent of various CRZ Categories, Gangolli Village, 2013 new pieces of land being formed. As per the Source: Dwarakish et al., 2009 Figure 4.18 Awareness about CRZ Notification among local population, Gangolli Village (Source: Primary Survey, 2013) The provision of setting up a hotel in CRZ Ill (Non NDZ) areas can be limited to traditional communities, in order to avoid outside developers from exploiting the resources. This shall also cater in providing income to the local communities. The use of information systems shall play an important role in implementation of both the above recommendations and also of the notification itself. The information system can keep track of existing development, ownership, traditional community members and violations. Source: Author Figure 5.3 Recommended Framework for Resolving Issues *Awareness about notification (Also) Risk of accidents during construction or operation of the Project, which could affect human health or the environment Value of Mitigation and Compensation Measures Resource Utilization: Both Aquatic Environment and Terrestrial Environment COASTAL REGULATION ZONE NOTIFICATION, 2011
