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Table 4.1 Results of the lexical variation metric based on the phone string Figure 4.1 Algorithm used to measure the lexical variation based on the phone strings of the words of the Swadesh list

Table 4 1 Results of the lexical variation metric based on the phone string Figure 4.1 Algorithm used to measure the lexical variation based on the phone strings of the words of the Swadesh list

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Table 2.1: Summary of the participants
Table 2.1: Summary of the participants
Figure 2.1 Part of the list provided as input to the BrowseHTMList application. The first column contains Swades! list item ids, and the second column contains the HTML page file names Figure 2.2 Part of the list produced as output from the BrowseHTMList application. The first column contains Swadesh list item ids, the second and third columns contain the timestamps in milliseconds of browsing the page relative to the time of loading the list
Figure 2.1 Part of the list provided as input to the BrowseHTMList application. The first column contains Swades! list item ids, and the second column contains the HTML page file names Figure 2.2 Part of the list produced as output from the BrowseHTMList application. The first column contains Swadesh list item ids, the second and third columns contain the timestamps in milliseconds of browsing the page relative to the time of loading the list
* BrowseHTMList is downloadable at: https://browsehtmlist.codeplex.com/
* BrowseHTMList is downloadable at: https://browsehtmlist.codeplex.com/
Figure 2.4 Snapshot from a TextGrid for the production of Swadesh item number 3 as produced by one of the participants. Starting from bottom up: Tier 3 contains the results of the mark pauses step. Tear 2 is the result of the TextGrid generated based on BrowseHTMList. Tear 1 is the TextGrid used to segment the WAV signal
Figure 2.4 Snapshot from a TextGrid for the production of Swadesh item number 3 as produced by one of the participants. Starting from bottom up: Tier 3 contains the results of the mark pauses step. Tear 2 is the result of the TextGrid generated based on BrowseHTMList. Tear 1 is the TextGrid used to segment the WAV signal
pronunciation of ji:m (z) is considered to be a voiced alveolar affricate ds (Holes 2004, p. 58).
pronunciation of ji:m (z) is considered to be a voiced alveolar affricate ds (Holes 2004, p. 58).
Figure 2.5 The utterance “baSd®” provided by EA01 in translation for Swadesh item number 20. The utterance is articulated as two voiced segments, the two voiced segments are merged When there are more IPA voiced segments than acoustic voiced segments, the solution is
Figure 2.5 The utterance “baSd®” provided by EA01 in translation for Swadesh item number 20. The utterance is articulated as two voiced segments, the two voiced segments are merged When there are more IPA voiced segments than acoustic voiced segments, the solution is
Figure 2.6 The utterance “katlr” provided by EA01 in translation for Swadesh item number 18. The Schwa is devoiced
Figure 2.6 The utterance “katlr” provided by EA01 in translation for Swadesh item number 18. The Schwa is devoiced
Figure 2.7 The utterance “bat‘n” provided by EA01 in translation for Swadesh item number 85. The utterance final nasal is devoiced Figure 2.8 The utterance “gs‘Ir” provided by GAO1 in translation for Swadesh item number 33. The utterance initial voiced stop is devoiced
Figure 2.7 The utterance “bat‘n” provided by EA01 in translation for Swadesh item number 85. The utterance final nasal is devoiced Figure 2.8 The utterance “gs‘Ir” provided by GAO1 in translation for Swadesh item number 33. The utterance initial voiced stop is devoiced
Figure 2.11 The utterance “samaka” provided by EA01 in translation for Swadesh item number 45. With illustration of the two methods of evaluating the loudness
Figure 2.11 The utterance “samaka” provided by EA01 in translation for Swadesh item number 45. With illustration of the two methods of evaluating the loudness
Figure 2.12 The utterance “samaka” provided by EA01 in translation for Swadesh item number 45. With illustration of the prediction of the preliminary vowel landmarks using the two methods
Figure 2.12 The utterance “samaka” provided by EA01 in translation for Swadesh item number 45. With illustration of the prediction of the preliminary vowel landmarks using the two methods
Table 2.3: The values of the manually calculated vowel formant frequencies for all vowels for each participant
Table 2.3: The values of the manually calculated vowel formant frequencies for all vowels for each participant
Table 2.3: (cont.) The values of the manually calculated vowel formant frequencies for all vowels for each participant Table 2.4: Results of the prediction algorithm
Table 2.3: (cont.) The values of the manually calculated vowel formant frequencies for all vowels for each participant Table 2.4: Results of the prediction algorithm
Table 2.5: Results of testing the prediction algorithm
Table 2.5: Results of testing the prediction algorithm
Table 2.6: The values of the manually calculated vowel formant frequencies for all vowels for each participant
Table 2.6: The values of the manually calculated vowel formant frequencies for all vowels for each participant
Table 3.1 The lexical variation metric between the varieties of Arabic
Table 3.1 The lexical variation metric between the varieties of Arabic
Table 3.2 The lexical variation metric between the varieties of Arabic based on words provided only by the English form of the Swadesh list
Table 3.2 The lexical variation metric between the varieties of Arabic based on words provided only by the English form of the Swadesh list
Table 3.3 The lexical variation metric between the participants in the experiment
Table 3.3 The lexical variation metric between the participants in the experiment
Table 4.2 The range of 95% confidence level of the lexical variation metric between the pairs of varieties
Table 4.2 The range of 95% confidence level of the lexical variation metric between the pairs of varieties
Table 4.3 Results of the pronunciation variation metric based on phone strings
Table 4.3 Results of the pronunciation variation metric based on phone strings
Table 4.4 95% confidence intervals for the measure of pronunciation variation based on phone strings between pairs of varieties
Table 4.4 95% confidence intervals for the measure of pronunciation variation based on phone strings between pairs of varieties
Figure 4.4 Results of the lexical and pronunciation variation metrics based on the phone strings
Figure 4.4 Results of the lexical and pronunciation variation metrics based on the phone strings
Figure 4.3 Algorithm used to measure the pronunciation variation based on phone strings of cognate words in the Swadest list
Figure 4.3 Algorithm used to measure the pronunciation variation based on phone strings of cognate words in the Swadest list
Table 5.1: Default values of the parameters
Table 5.1: Default values of the parameters
Figure 5.2 Illustration of the separation factor
Figure 5.2 Illustration of the separation factor
Table 5.2 WPls calculated based on phonemic representations of vowels
Table 5.2 WPls calculated based on phonemic representations of vowels
Table 5.3 Results of the measure of pronunciation variation based on the mathematical representation of sound
Table 5.3 Results of the measure of pronunciation variation based on the mathematical representation of sound
Table 5.4 95% confidence intervals for the measure of pronunciation variation based on the mathematical representation of sound
Table 5.4 95% confidence intervals for the measure of pronunciation variation based on the mathematical representation of sound
Figure 5.4 Distribution of vowels indicating relevant places of articulation and degrees of constriction to factor the vowels into the mathematical representation of sound
Figure 5.4 Distribution of vowels indicating relevant places of articulation and degrees of constriction to factor the vowels into the mathematical representation of sound
Table 5.5 Summary of the results, based on formants
Table 5.5 Summary of the results, based on formants
Table 5.6 Results of the measure of pronunciation variation based on the non-categorical representation of vowels
Table 5.6 Results of the measure of pronunciation variation based on the non-categorical representation of vowels
Table 5.7 95% confidence intervals for the measure of pronunciation variation based on the non-categorical representation of sound
Table 5.7 95% confidence intervals for the measure of pronunciation variation based on the non-categorical representation of sound
Table 6.1 Summary of the closeness of the Arabic varieties to each other
Table 6.1 Summary of the closeness of the Arabic varieties to each other
Table 6.2 Sample from LA-GA data set
Table 6.2 Sample from LA-GA data set
deserves further investigations.
deserves further investigations.
Dimension 2: Degree of constriction at the place of articulation Dimension 6: Trill/Flap
Dimension 2: Degree of constriction at the place of articulation Dimension 6: Trill/Flap
Related topics:
Computer ScienceEgyptian ArabicArabic DialectologyArabic LinguisticsModern Standard ArabicLexical DistanceLexical VariationLinguistic DistanceGulf ArabicPronunciation Variation
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