Table 2.1: Summary of the participants Figure 2.1 Part of the list provided as input to the BrowseHTMList application. The first column contains Swades! list item ids, and the second column contains the HTML page file names Figure 2.2 Part of the list produced as output from the BrowseHTMList application. The first column contains Swadesh list item ids, the second and third columns contain the timestamps in milliseconds of browsing the page relative to the time of loading the list * BrowseHTMList is downloadable at: https://browsehtmlist.codeplex.com/ Figure 2.4 Snapshot from a TextGrid for the production of Swadesh item number 3 as produced by one of the participants. Starting from bottom up: Tier 3 contains the results of the mark pauses step. Tear 2 is the result of the TextGrid generated based on BrowseHTMList. Tear 1 is the TextGrid used to segment the WAV signal pronunciation of ji:m (z) is considered to be a voiced alveolar affricate ds (Holes 2004, p. 58). Figure 2.5 The utterance “baSd®” provided by EA01 in translation for Swadesh item number 20. The utterance is articulated as two voiced segments, the two voiced segments are merged When there are more IPA voiced segments than acoustic voiced segments, the solution is Figure 2.6 The utterance “katlr” provided by EA01 in translation for Swadesh item number 18. The Schwa is devoiced Figure 2.7 The utterance “bat‘n” provided by EA01 in translation for Swadesh item number 85. The utterance final nasal is devoiced Figure 2.8 The utterance “gs‘Ir” provided by GAO1 in translation for Swadesh item number 33. The utterance initial voiced stop is devoiced Figure 2.11 The utterance “samaka” provided by EA01 in translation for Swadesh item number 45. With illustration of the two methods of evaluating the loudness Figure 2.12 The utterance “samaka” provided by EA01 in translation for Swadesh item number 45. With illustration of the prediction of the preliminary vowel landmarks using the two methods Table 2.3: The values of the manually calculated vowel formant frequencies for all vowels for each participant Table 2.3: (cont.) The values of the manually calculated vowel formant frequencies for all vowels for each participant Table 2.4: Results of the prediction algorithm Table 2.5: Results of testing the prediction algorithm Table 2.6: The values of the manually calculated vowel formant frequencies for all vowels for each participant Table 3.1 The lexical variation metric between the varieties of Arabic Table 3.2 The lexical variation metric between the varieties of Arabic based on words provided only by the English form of the Swadesh list Table 3.3 The lexical variation metric between the participants in the experiment Table 4.1 Results of the lexical variation metric based on the phone string Figure 4.1 Algorithm used to measure the lexical variation based on the phone strings of the words of the Swadesh list Table 4.2 The range of 95% confidence level of the lexical variation metric between the pairs of varieties Table 4.3 Results of the pronunciation variation metric based on phone strings Table 4.4 95% confidence intervals for the measure of pronunciation variation based on phone strings between pairs of varieties Figure 4.4 Results of the lexical and pronunciation variation metrics based on the phone strings Figure 4.3 Algorithm used to measure the pronunciation variation based on phone strings of cognate words in the Swadest list Table 5.1: Default values of the parameters Figure 5.2 Illustration of the separation factor Table 5.2 WPls calculated based on phonemic representations of vowels Table 5.3 Results of the measure of pronunciation variation based on the mathematical representation of sound Table 5.4 95% confidence intervals for the measure of pronunciation variation based on the mathematical representation of sound Figure 5.4 Distribution of vowels indicating relevant places of articulation and degrees of constriction to factor the vowels into the mathematical representation of sound Table 5.5 Summary of the results, based on formants Table 5.6 Results of the measure of pronunciation variation based on the non-categorical representation of vowels Table 5.7 95% confidence intervals for the measure of pronunciation variation based on the non-categorical representation of sound Table 6.1 Summary of the closeness of the Arabic varieties to each other Table 6.2 Sample from LA-GA data set deserves further investigations. Dimension 2: Degree of constriction at the place of articulation Dimension 6: Trill/Flap
