Figure 5 Manuscript under review for publication in New Directions in Linguistic Geography, edited by Greg Nie (Palgrave, expected publication summer 2022). Contact [email protected] before quoting. Maps in figure 5 are spatial representations of “language-based networks”, i.e. network: where nodes are individuals who are able to communicate using a given language and edges are weighted according to the individual’s reported degree of proficiency (the thicker the line the higher the proficiency). Language-based networks are point-symbol maps displaying survey data and one of their goals is to show just how diffuse knowledge of a given language is among people residing in a given area. To the best of my knowledge, maps of this kind have not been employe in previous linguistic cartographic work. Since Lower Fungom languages are spatially focused (i.e exclusively associated with a village-chiefdom, see above), each language network is centered or the relevant village-chiefdom, and all the speakers of that language are connected to it Individuals themselves are spatially represented in their village of residence. By representing al survey respondents on the map and distinguishing those who are part of the language-specifi. network (colored in orange) from those who are not (colored in gray), the representation make: use of two semiotic strategies that aim to provide information regarding diffusion of linguisti