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特朗普的关税大戏:热闹将退,余震可期

08/01 08:20
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Note: The English version is provided below.

"贸易战略疲劳症"在企业界体现

2025年春,美国企业界原本对特朗普的回归充满期待,认为这位“商人总统”将再次带来减税、放松监管和经济增长。然而现实却迅速反转:突如其来的高额关税、政策反复无常,以及对外贸易关系的紧张,令企业高管们陷入了前所未有的战略疲劳。

据彭博社商业周刊报道,2025年4月,美国联邦储备银行达拉斯分行对德州制造业企业进行的一项调查显示,尽管工厂活动仍在增长,但企业对未来的预期却急剧恶化。超过60%的受访企业表示,他们预计未来六个月内成本将显著上升,利润空间将被压缩。

比起关税本身,更令CEO们感到疲惫的是政策的不确定性。“我们现在的战略规划周期从三年缩短到了六个月,甚至更短,”一位能源行业高管坦言;一些企业已经开始推迟扩产计划,甚至暂停对外投资。尤其是那些依赖全球供应链的制造企业,正面临“重新本地化”与“成本失控”的两难困境。“我们被迫考虑在美国本土建厂,但这意味着资本支出将增加40%以上,”一家电子元件制造商的COO表示。

耸动的税率竞猜大戏

自2025年4月暂停“对等”关税以来,特朗普总统及其政府承诺将达成一系列贸易协议。然而,截至目前仅有少数协议被宣布,其中只有两项已正式签署。对于大多数协议,没有更多细节条款披露。

以下是特朗普Truth Social账号上的最新税率(截止美西时间7月31日晨间):

英国:已签署贸易协议,对来自英国的商品征收10%的关税。

中国:已签署临时贸易协议,对来自中国的商品征收30%的关税,有效期至8月12日。

墨西哥:本周四特朗普宣称,30%关税暂不实行,临时的25%关税因为”墨西哥总统在会谈中的良好表现”将延长90天。

越南:征收20%的关税,尚不清楚越南政府是否已同意。

菲律宾与印度尼西亚:宣布达成贸易协议,对两国商品征收19%的关税。

马来西亚:面临25%的关税,但该国通过积极和特朗普协商,期待将关税下调至最高15%-20%

日本、欧盟与韩国:宣布达成贸易协议,对商品征收15%的关税,并计划对部分行业关税给予额外减免,部分已生效或即将生效。

巴基斯坦:特朗普宣布达成贸易协议,但尚不清楚将对其商品征收何种关税。

泰国与柬埔寨:美国商务部长本周三表示已达成协议,但未提供具体细节,也不清楚两国政府是否已同意。

显而易见,此次关税战延续了其执政方式的颠覆性。过去几十年,美国在出台关税政策时,通常依照”国会主导、总统执行、并受国际规则约束”的制定过程,并含有明确的执行规则、争端解决机制、投资保护条款等详细条款。更重要的是,协议宣布前,政府会提前发布公告,设立30至90天的公众意见征询期,鼓励企业、行业协会与专家学者提交反馈,并举办听证会。这些公开、透明的政策制定程序,为包括美国企业在内的全球企业家提供了可预期的政策环境,大家都得以做长期的经营规划。

现在,公众看到的是税率竞猜游戏、动辄撤回的实施日期、语焉不详的协议细节、无法证实的投资承诺……这些迥异传统的行为模式,将以往枯燥而严肃的政策制订过程,添加了大量嘈杂热闹的戏码(包括震慑和惊吓对手、提前炫耀不明战果等等)——毫无意外,它也必然动摇各国企业和政府制订长期策略的信心和保障。

短期乐观情绪 vs. 长期市场警告

值得关注的是,尽管主流经济学家和市场评论员不断发出关于经济放缓、贸易摩擦和政策不确定性的警告,但美国股市依然表现强劲,甚至呈现出牛市特征。根据彭博社和其他主流财经媒体的分析,目前市场过分乐观的指标已显现:

  • 市场估值偏高:标普500的前瞻市盈率超过22倍,远高于历史均值(约16倍)。所谓”前瞻市盈率”(Forward P/E),是指当前股价与未来12个月预期每股收益(EPS)的比值,它反映的是市场对未来盈利的预期在当前盈利增长并不明朗的背景下,22倍的估值显示市场估值过于乐观 
  • 科技股、AI概念股、无盈利的成长型公司股票领涨这些股票在市场上涨时涨幅领先市场下跌时跌幅也更大显示市场的风险偏好极高。 
  • 散户交易活跃:Robinhood等面向个人投资者的在线交易平台火爆,它以“零佣金交易”而闻名,聚集大量年轻投资者和新手交易者 
  • 波动率指数(Volatility Index)偏低:尽管地缘政治与政策风险上升,投资者普遍不担心短期风险。历史上,VIX极低时往往预示着市场过于乐观,然而针对突发事件会反应过度。 

中国元器件企业:操作层面的若干防线

市场风险指数飙高至此,中国企业如何自处?

除了常规的“出海建厂”、“技术自研”等老生常谈,一些操作层面或许紧急且重要的隐性战术需要提升议事日程:

 一,原产地规则的精细化管理正成为规避关税的关键。即便是中国企业,只要能在越南、墨西哥等地完成足够比例的本地增值,就有可能规避美方关税。如果一个产品在越南完成了组装,使其从“零部件”变为“完整模块”,并改变了用途(如从裸芯片变为通信模块),则可能被认定为越南原产,但如果只是简单包装、贴标签、测试或焊接,通常不构成实质性转变,仍被视为中国原产。

二,中低端产品去美国化正在成为一种理性选择。在元器件行业,利润率低、附加值小的产品往往最容易成为关税打击的目标。继续将这类产品出口至美国,不仅风险高、收益低,还可能拖累整体业务。因此,很多企业开始主动将中低端产品转向东南亚、印度、中东等新兴市场,同时将对美出口聚焦于车规级功率器件、工业级连接器等高附加值领域。

三,更艰难的挑战来自于产业链关键环节的断供风险。中国元器件企业在EDA工具、测试设备、封装材料等关键环节仍依赖美系供应商,一旦遭遇制裁则生产链瞬间中断。对此,部分领先企业已开始建立“灰色清单”,梳理所有潜在断供点,并同步推进国产或非美替代验证。实事求是的说,这些威胁必须一国政府从外交谈判层面加以有效支援。

最后,客户结构的优化也成为企业战略重构的重要一环。在过去十年中,许多中国元器件企业高度依赖美系整机厂与Tier 1客户。然而在当前政治环境下,即便这些客户或供应商本身不愿脱钩中国,也可能被迫“断供”或转向其他供应商。因此,提升本土与欧洲客户占比,审慎建立自己的出海优先级和路线图,已成为所有中企的必修课。

可以说,特朗普政府在用一己之力,以“痛定思痛”的方式提醒所有企业和政府:关税可以被取消,禁令可以被豁免,但战略惯性一旦形成,就很难逆转。对于中国元器件企业而言,真正的挑战就是在不确定性中主动构建自己的确定性。

 

Trump’s Tariff Theater: The Spectacle Fades, but Aftershocks Remain

From Policy Euphoria to Strategic Fatigue 

When Donald Trump returned to the White House in early 2025, many U.S. business leaders anticipated a familiar agenda: tax relief, deregulation, and a pro-growth stance. Instead, they were met with a flurry of sudden tariff hikes, unpredictable trade pronouncements, and intensifying geopolitical friction. The result? A growing sense of “strategic fatigue” across corporate boardrooms. 

A Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas survey from April revealed that while Texas manufacturing remained in expansion territory, over 60% of respondents foresaw rising input costs and tighter margins within six months. “Our planning horizon has collapsed—from three years to six months, if that,” said an executive in the energy sector. A COO at a consumer electronics firm added, “Reshoring is on the table, but it would inflate our capex by more than 40%.” 

From Structured Trade Policy to Social Media Roulette 

Since halting the “reciprocal tariffs” initiative in April, the Trump administration has pledged a new wave of bilateral trade deals. Yet as of July 31 (Pacific Time), only two agreements have been formally signed. Most others exist only as vague declarations—often first revealed via the president’s Truth Social posts. 

Here’s the current tariff landscape, based on those posts: 

  • United Kingdom: 10% tariff under a signed agreement  
  • China: 30% tariff under a temporary deal, expiring August 12  
  • Mexico: 25% tariff extended for 90 days amid “positive talks”  
  • Vietnam: 20% tariff announced; no confirmation from Hanoi  
  • Philippines & Indonesia: 19% tariffs under announced deals  
  • Malaysia: 25% tariff, with negotiations reportedly aiming for 15–20%  
  • Japan, EU, South Korea: 15% tariffs, with sector-specific relief in progress  
  • Pakistan, Thailand, Cambodia: Deals announced, but no disclosed terms or confirmations  

This improvisational approach marks a stark departure from the traditional U.S. trade policy framework, which typically involves congressional oversight, public consultations, and WTO compliance. Today, that structure has been replaced by a volatile mix of tweet-driven diplomacy, ambiguous timelines, and shifting enforcement—leaving businesses without the predictability they need for long-term investment. 

Markets Applaud, Economists Caution 

Despite the policy turbulence, equity markets remain buoyant. The S&P 500’s forward price-to-earnings ratio has surged past 22—well above its long-term average of 16—suggesting investor optimism may be outpacing fundamentals. 

Signs of frothy sentiment include: 

  • High-beta tech and AI stocks leading gains, despite weak earnings  
  • Retail trading surges on platforms like Robinhood, fueled by zero-commission access and speculative momentum  
  • Volatility remains muted: The VIX index is near multi-year lows, even as geopolitical and policy risks mount  

This divergence between market exuberance and macroeconomic caution has prompted warnings from analysts who fear a sharp correction if sentiment turns. 

China’s Component Makers: Quietly Rewiring Strategy 

For Chinese electronics and component suppliers, the question is no longer whether to adapt—but how quickly. 

In addition to expanding overseas and boosting R&D, several tactical shifts are gaining traction: 

  • Rules of Origin Engineering: To sidestep U.S. tariffs, firms are restructuring supply chains to meet local content thresholds in countries like Vietnam and Mexico. Products that undergo substantial transformation—such as chip packaging into communication modules—may qualify as non-Chinese origin. Mere relabeling or testing doesn’t suffice.  
  • De-Americanizing Low-End Exports: Low-margin goods are being redirected to markets in Southeast Asia, India, and the Middle East. U.S.-bound shipments are increasingly focused on high-value segments like automotive-grade power devices and industrial connectors.  
  • Supply Chain Contingency Mapping: With dependencies on U.S. EDA tools, testing gear, and packaging materials, firms are identifying potential choke points and accelerating the development of domestic or non-U.S. alternatives. Executives acknowledge, however, that true resilience will require diplomatic coordination.  
  • Customer Base Diversification: Heavy reliance on U.S. Tier 1 clients is now seen as a strategic liability. Even willing partners may be compelled to decouple. As a result, Chinese firms are prioritizing domestic and European clients and rethinking their global go-to-market strategies. 

The Deeper Risk: Strategic Inertia 

Tariffs can be renegotiated. Sanctions may be lifted. But once strategic behavior shifts, it rarely reverts. For China’s component industry, the challenge isn’t just weathering this cycle—it’s building structural certainty in an era where policy volatility is the new normal. 

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