Difference between Rigidity and Fluidity of Matter Last Updated : 03 Sep, 2021 Summarize Comments Improve Suggest changes Share Like Article Like Report We know that matter may change form since it is made up of microscopic particles. But what are the properties of these matter particles? What exactly is the science behind it? Let's learn more about them down below. The matter is defined as everything that has mass and takes up space. Different types of matter include pens, paper, clips, land, air, ice, and so on. Every substance is made up of microscopic particles. These particles are so small that they are invisible to the human eye. Let's look at the many properties of matter particles. Characteristics of Particles of Matter The following are the properties of matter particles: All matter is made up of extremely tiny particles that may exist independently: A matter is made up of very tiny particles which may be atoms or molecules, for example- when we dissolve a spoon of salt or sugar in a glass of water.Spaces exist between matter particles: The particles of matter are very small beyond imagination these particles have space between them.Matter particles are always moving: This is because of the kinetic energy possessed by the particles which increases on increasing the temperature and so particles move much faster.Matter particles are attracted to one another: The attractive forces bind the particles of matter in a single body and also lead to the arrangement of particles. The particles of matter have a force acting between them.Rigid Matter Rigid matter can also be called Solid matter. In Solid, the particles are very closely packed. And, thus the force of attraction between particles is very strong. Due to its closely packed nature, it has a definite shape and volume. The solids have a high density and can not be diffused. e.g. A rubber band is a solid because it can change its shape under force and regain its shape when force is removed if excessive force is applied it breaks. This is an exceptional case of the solid. Properties of Rigid Matter are: Definite shape, size, volume, and distinct boundaries.Negligible compressibility.Solids have a tendency to maintain their shape when subjected to outside force.They are rigid, difficult to change their shape.Mass per unit volume of a substance is called density.Intermolecular force is high in solids.Kinetic energy is very low in solids.Solids do not possess the property of diffusion.Fluid Matter Liquid matter can also be called as Liquid matter. In Liquids, the particles are less closely packed as compared to solid. And, thus Force of attraction between particles is also less strong. They do not have a definite shape but have a definite volume. Also, Density is lower than solids and can diffuse. Properties of Fluid Matter are: Do not have a definite shape or distinct boundaries but have a fixed volume.They can be compressed.In Science the common name of gases and liquids is fluid.Liquids are not Rigid but have the property of flowing that’s why liquids are called fluids.Intermolecular force is less than the solids.In liquid kinetic energy is more than solid.Liquid has moderate density.Liquids possess the property of diffusion.They can take any shape.The gases Oxygen and Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere diffuse and dissolve in water. Due to these gases, aquatic plants and animals are able to survive.Diffusion is much more in liquid than in solid due to the free movement of particles of liquid.Difference between Rigidity and Fluidity Lets now understand some key differences between Rigidity and Fluidity as, Rigidity Fluidity 1.Rigidity is the ability of a solid to maintain its form as it changes. That is, when an external force is applied to a solid substance, the form will remain unchanged.Fluidity is a characteristic that allows a molecule's particles to move around in space. Fluidity refers to the ease with which particles may move about in a material.2.It is the strongest force of attraction between particles and this property makes the solid rigid.Fluidity cannot resist a shear force or stress without moving as can a solid. Therefore, a lesser force of attraction and more space between particles makes the liquid and gas flow easily. 3.It is usually classified as Solids.It is usually classified as liquids or gases. 4.Rigidity gives the perfect shape to solids, as the particles in the solid are tightly packed.Fluidity does not give the perfect shape to solids, as the particles in the liquid or gas are loosely packed.5.Thus, the matters which exhibit such property are called Rigid matters. e.g. Solids.Thus, the matters which exhibit such property are called Fluid matters. e.g. Liquid and gas.Sample Questions Question 1: What do you mean by "Rigidity"? Answer: The tendency of a substance to retain/maintain their shape when subjected to outside force is called Rigidity. Question 2: What is the physical state of water at (a) 250°C (b) 100°C. Answer: (a) Physical state of water at 250°C is a gaseous state because the boiling point of water is 100°C. Therefore at a temperature higher than its boiling point, it exists as gas. (b) At 100°C both liquid and gaseous states are present. These are in a state of equilibrium. So at 100°C both liquid water and vapours are present. Problem 3: What produces more severe bums, boiling water or steam? Answer: Steam at 100°C will produce more severe bums as extra heat is hidden in it called latent heat whereas the boiling water does not have this hidden heat. Question 4: Why does our palm feel cold when we put some acetone or petrol or perfume on it? Answer: Both acetone and perfume are low boiling liquids. When they are poured on the palm, they evaporate readily and for this change of state they take the energy from the palm and we get a cooling sensation. Question 5: What is the reason behind Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any solid.? Answer: Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any solid because they undergo sublimation i.e they directly change into vapours without passing through the liquid state. Comment More infoAdvertise with us Next Article Prove That Liquids have No fixed Shape but have a Fixed Volume A anshitaagarwal1609 Follow Improve Article Tags : School Learning Class 9 Chemistry Chemistry-Class-9 Similar Reads CBSE Class 9 Chemistry Notes Chemistry is a branch of science that studies the structure of substances and what happens to them in different conditions or when mixed with each other. The fundamental elements of Matter, Atoms, and Molecules are the main focus of Class 9 Chemistry Notes. These Chemistry notes will help not even t 5 min read Chapter 1: Matter in our SurroundingsMatter is Made of Tiny ParticlesIn our surroundings, we come across different shapes, sizes, heights, structures, and textures. According to scientists everything in this universe is made up of a material called Matter. We can see that matter occupies some space and mass, in another way we can say that matter has some ‘volume’ and 8 min read Why Solids, Liquids and Gases Have Different PropertiesWhenever we look around we see different substances variant to each other on the basis of their shape, structure, volume, etc. If we look into examples, oils are present in a liquid state, stones in solid, and air is present in gaseous form. We also observe various substances changing their state un 7 min read Classification of MatterThe world is full of different objects around us, which we compare to others in varied shapes, sizes, and even textures. Scientists discovered out that everything that is around and in the universe is made out of a kind of material they termed as 'matter.' The definition of matter goes by way of two 9 min read Brownian MovementThe random or zig-zag motion of a particle in a colloidal solution or in a fluid is called Brownian motion or Brownian movement. This motion was first discovered by a botanist Robert Brown in 1827 while observing the movement of pollen grains in the water with a microscope, hence, the name Brownian 5 min read States of Matter: Solid, Liquid, Gas and PlasmaMatter is made up of tiny particles. These particles are such small that we cannot see them by the naked eye. What ever we see in nature is made up of matter. Different matter exist in different form. These forms are called states of matter. States of MatterState of Matter or Phases of Matter is def 9 min read EvaporationEvaporation occurs when a liquid turns into a gas. Have you ever noticed that when a glass is left on the counter, the water begins to evaporate? It's evaporation, not thirsty fairies dwelling in your kitchen. Evaporation is the process by which molecules undergo a spontaneous transition from the li 10 min read Effects of Relative Humidity and Wind SpeedWe all have studied the presence of humidity or water vapor in the atmosphere. But have ever observed it. It is simple just take some ice water or cold water in a beaker and leave it for few minutes at room temperature. Soon after some time, we will see water droplets on the outer surface of the bea 6 min read How Does Evaporation Cause Cooling?"How Does Evaporation Cause Cooling?" this question troubled thinkers and philosophers since ancient times when the concept of evaporation was not even named evaporation. But in modern times we know that Evaporation Cause Cooling because the particles (atoms and molecules) present at the surface of 10 min read Effect of Change of TemperatureBased on these three types of matter can be interconverted by varying the pressure and temperature of interparticle forces and particle arrangement, matter can be characterized as solid, liquid, or gas. By varying the pressure and temperature, these three types of matter can be interconverted. Raisi 6 min read Melting PointMelting point is the temperature at which any solid changes its form from solid to liquid. The melting point of any solid is the temperature at which it changes its temperature from solid to liquid at constant pressure, (generally at constant pressure). At the melting point, the liquid and solid pha 10 min read What is Vaporization?Change of state in a substance is a physical change in a matter. These changes accommodate reversible changes, that is the changes that can be changed from one physical state to another. It does not involve any chemical changes. The changes occur due to variations observed in the temperature or pres 7 min read CondensationCondensation is the process in which water vapour cools down to become liquid. Condensation in Chemistry can be viewed as the reverse process of evaporation, where liquid water heats and acquires vapour form. Condensation occurs when any of the two conditions come true, i.e., the air is cooled to it 7 min read Effects of Change of PressureWhen we look around us, we notice a wide range of objects in all shapes, sizes, and textures. Everything is made up of a material called matter. From the air, we breathe to the food we eat, and even a single drop of water is all that matters. As we glance around, we can see that all of the items sta 7 min read Difference between Rigidity and Fluidity of MatterWe know that matter may change form since it is made up of microscopic particles. But what are the properties of these matter particles? What exactly is the science behind it? Let's learn more about them down below. The matter is defined as everything that has mass and takes up space. Different type 5 min read Prove That Liquids have No fixed Shape but have a Fixed VolumeThe liquid state of matter has a fixed size, in terms of the occupied volume. The state of matter occupies constant space or volume. A liquid contains a fixed number of molecules, irrespective of the container it is placed in, in case there is no addition or deletion of the liquid in the container. 3 min read Diffusion in Solids, Liquids, and GasesWhile the meal is being cooked in the kitchen, people may smell the food while sitting in the drawing-room. Because of diffusion in the air, the vapour from the food reaches us and gives us the fragrance of food. People can smell a burning incense stick from a distance. When they burn an incense sti 7 min read What is the Unit of Temperature?Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold something is. It is a physical quantity. Temperature can be measured in terms of the kinetic energy of the particles. It defines the rate of movement of particles moving inside a material. It is considered to be an average measure. The higher the temperatu 5 min read What is the Relationship Between Celsius and Kelvin Scale of Temperature?Although you may be familiar with the notion of temperature, many people confuse it with heat. Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold one thing is in comparison to another (its thermal energy content), whereas heat is the movement of thermal energy between objects of various temperatures. Tempe 6 min read Liquification of GasesMatter is defined as anything that occupies space and has mass. Modern scientists divide matter into two categories: physical properties and chemical properties. The matter is classified as solids, liquids, or gases based on its physical properties. Solids include things like sugar, sand, iron, and 7 min read How to demonstrate the Presence of Water Vapour in Air?Water vapour is the most potent of the greenhouse gases in Earth’s atmosphere. The maximum capacity of water vapour that can be contained in the air depends on the temperature of the air. Warm air can contain more water vapour. Water continually keeps on cycling through the atmosphere. It evaporates 5 min read What is Plasma and Bose-Einstein Condensate?We are very familiar with the term matter. Everything around us can be considered as a matter. Generally, it's misconceived that the study of matter only involves three states of it which are solid, liquid, and gaseous. But, matter does exist in other forms of states in nature besides these three. T 9 min read Chapter 2: Is Matter Around Us Pure?MixturesA mixture is a compound that is made up of two more chemical compounds or substances that do not combine together chemically. It is the physical combination of two or more substances that can retain their individual identities while they are mixed to form solutions, suspensions, or colloids. In this 6 min read Solution: Properties of SolutionA solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. A solution is formed of two components: the solute and the solvent. The substance dissolved in the solution is called the solute, whereas the component in which the solute is dissolved is known as a solvent. In this article, we will lear 10 min read Saturated and Unsaturated SolutionsSaturated and Unsaturated Solutions are the types of solutions based on the concentration of solute in the solvent for any given solution. A saturated solution is one that contains the maximum amount of solute capable of being dissolved at a given temperature, whereas unsaturated solutions contain l 7 min read Concentration of a SolutionConcentration of Solution is a measure of the amount of solute that has been dissolved in the given amount of solvent. In simple words, it means determining how much of one substance is mixed with another substance. As Concentration is a frequently used term in chemistry and other relevant fields, a 14 min read SuspensionsSuspension is a heterogeneous mixture of a fluid that contains solute particles that are considerably large for the process of sedimentation. Suspensions are considered to be heterogeneous in nature because they contain at least two different substances. The particles in a suspension are easily visi 6 min read ColloidsColloids or Colloidal Solution is a type of mixture in which insoluble components are suspended on a microscopic scale in some another component. Colloids are essential components in the daily lives of the common man, as we use or consume colloids and we even don't know. From Jellys to Mayonese to t 11 min read How will you distinguish a Colloid from a Solution?A colloid is a mixture in which one material is suspended throughout another substance and contains scattered insoluble particles. The whole mixture is referred to as a colloidal solution. A colloid has a dispersed phase (suspended particles) and a continuous phase, unlike a solution, which has only 7 min read Classification of ColloidsBefore we get into the specifics of how we classify colloids, it's important to first define what a colloid is. A colloid is a material made up of big molecules mixed with another substance in chemistry. This encompasses a wide range of items, many of which you may already have in your house, which 8 min read Tyndall EffectTyndall effect is the scattering of light by a colloid or an extremely tiny solution of particles. It is also known as the Tyndall phenomenon and is similar to Rayleigh scattering, in that the intensity of the scattered light is inversely proportional to the wavelength's fourth power, with blue ligh 6 min read Separation of MixturesSeparation of Mixtures or method of separation is the process of separating or extracting different components of a mixture using some physical methods. The type of mixture and variations in the chemical characteristics of the mixture's components determine the separation method to be used. Separati 14 min read How to separate a Mixture of Two Solids?As we look at our surroundings, we see many things with different shapes, sizes and textures. Everything in this universe is made up of material which scientists call matter. The air we breathe, the food we eat, stones, clouds, stars, plants and animals, even a small drop of water or a particle of s 8 min read Separation by a suitable solventMany of the substances we come into contact with mix. Two or more chemicals are combined together in these combinations. In other cases, such a blend may not be possible to employ in both households and businesses. For our purposes, we may just need one (or two) distinct elements of a combination. T 5 min read Separation of Mixtures using Sublimation and MagnetsSublimation is the separation technique where a substance makes a transition from the solid to the gas state directly. The substance does not undergo the liquid stage. Therefore, it is used to illustrate a solid-to-gas transition between the states of a substance. This process is endothermic in natu 11 min read How to Separate a Mixture of a Solid and a Liquid?In our daily life, we use different products. And, always keep in search of pure products as mostly also found written on the packaging of items. But scientifically the term pure is used for those matters which are made up of particles that have the same chemical nature or formation. Hence, the majo 10 min read Filtration: Definition, Process, Diagram and ExamplesFiltration is a method to separate the components of a mixture where the solvent part is liquid and the solute is an insoluble solid. Let's know more about Filtration Definition, Process, Application and examples in detail below. Filtration In simple words, Filtration is the process in which solid p 5 min read Water PurificationWater is carried through canals or lengthy pipelines in a water purification system, which contains various pollutants and suspended particles from rivers and lakes. River water is commonly used to supply cities with drinking and dining water. This water is unsafe for drinking or dining because it c 6 min read CentrifugationCentrifugation is a technique used to separate components of a mixture based on their size, shape, viscosity and density. It works by spinning the mixture at high speed in a machine called a centrifuge, which creates a force called centrifugal force. This force pushes denser components outward, away 12 min read Difference Between Homogeneous and Heterogeneous MixtureMixture is a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded together. These substances can be elements, compounds, or both. There are two types of mixtures: Homogeneous and Heterogenous Mixture. In homogeneous mixture, components are uniformly distributed and not easily disting 4 min read Difference Between Compound and MixtureThe matter is divided into three main types Compounds, Mixtures, and Elements. Pure substances are compounds. Impure substances are Mixtures. The key difference between compounds and mixtures is that a compound is made up of molecules, each of which is composed of two or more different types of chem 7 min read Factors affecting SolubilityA solution is a liquid that is a homogeneous combination of one or more solutes and a solvent. A frequent example of a solution is sugar cubes added to a cup of tea or coffee. Solubility is the characteristic that allows sugar molecules to dissolve. As a result, the term solubility may be defined as 6 min read Separation by EvaporationEvaporation is the process of the separation of a solid substance that is dissolved in water. The application is based on the fact that solids do not vaporize easily, whereas liquids do. On performing evaporation, the solid substance is left behind as a residue. It is a vaporization technique where 7 min read CrystallizationCrystallization is a technique for purification of the substances. It is a technique that separates a solid from its solution. The process in which the solid dissolve in the liquid arranges itself in well-defined 3-D structures called the crystal is called crystallization. When any substance undergo 9 min read ChromatographyChromatography is the separation of mixtures by distribution between two or more immiscible phases. In chemical laboratories, where it is used for analysis, isolation, and purification, chromatography is the most used separation technique. It is also frequently used in the chemical process industry 15 min read DistillationDistillation is the method of separating mixtures, in which the conversion of a liquid into vapour is afterwards condensed back to liquid form. distillation method is used for the purification of metals. Distillation is preferable where both solid and liquid have to be extracted from the solution. A 9 min read Separation of Mixtures of Two or More LiquidsMost of the time, the substances we encounter are not in their purest form. They are essentially a chemical synthesis of two or more substances. Surprisingly, mixtures can take on a number of forms. As a result, many types of separation processes are used to separate a mixture of substances. When it 8 min read Fractional DistillationFractional Distillation is a technique used in the separation of miscible liquids. The process requires repeated distillations and condensations of the mixture. The separation of the mixture happens when the mixture is heated at a certain temperature where fractions of the mixture start to vaporize 7 min read Pure and Impure SubstancesSubstance is a matter which is associated with a set of definite properties and composition. Every pure compound and element is a substance. Substances are the materials composed of atoms and molecules. Every substance is recognized by a specific weight and volume. It cannot be segregated into other 4 min read What is an Element?Element in chemistry are substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by any chemical method by the application of heat or light. For instance, melting a piece of gold still remains the gold element. These substances are composed of a singular type of atoms i.e., they are monoatomic 12 min read Metals, Non-Metals and MetalloidsMatter is defined as any substance that has mass and occupies space by having a volume in classical physics and general chemistry. Daily objects that can be touched are ultimately made up of atoms, which are made up of interacting subatomic particles, and matter refers to atoms and everything made u 8 min read Properties of Metals and Non-MetalsMetals and Non-metals have different properties and reactivity with other elements. This difference between the physical and chemical properties of elements depends on their position in the periodic table. The physical properties of substances (or elements) include tendencies like conductivity, dens 7 min read Chapter 3: Atoms and MoleculesLaws of Chemical CombinationLaws of Chemical Combination are one of the most fundamental building blocks of the subject of chemistry. As in our surrounding different matter reacts with each other and form various kind of different substances. Laws of Chemical Combination are the collection of laws that explains how these subst 7 min read Law of Conservation of MassLaw of Conservation of Mass: The law of conservation of mass states that the mass can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. This implies, in a closed system the mass of the elements involved initially in a chemical reaction is equal to the mass of the product obtained by the react 9 min read Verification of the Law of Conservation of Mass in a Chemical ReactionLaw of conservation of mass states that "The mass can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction" French chemist Antoine Lavoisier was the first to state the law of conservation of mass in his book. There is just a rearrangement in the atoms of substances for the formation of compounds. 7 min read Law of Constant ProportionsWe are all aware that matter is made up of atoms. Surprisingly, Greek philosophers proposed the concept of atom in the fifth century BC (BCE). Their notion, however, was philosophical rather than scientific. John Dalton proposed the first scientific theory of the atom. Few of Dalton's atomic postula 10 min read What is Atom?Atoms are tiny particles that comprise all the things in the known universe. Atoms of an element are responsible for all chemical reactions occurring in nature. We know that atoms are made up of three fundamental particles namely, ElectronsProtonsNeutronsThese particles are also called subatomic par 8 min read Atomic MassAtomic mass is the total mass of all subatomic particles of an atom, including protons, neutrons, and electrons. However, the mass of electrons is incredibly small, so it's typically neglected when determining an atom's overall mass. The unit commonly used to express atomic mass is the Atomic Mass U 9 min read How Do Atoms Exist?If you are going to build a house, you will undoubtedly need to manage a big number of bricks. This is due to the fact that it may be classified as a building component for your well-planned shelter. Similarly, atoms are the basic building units of stuff that surrounds us. Think of anything, and it 8 min read Cations vs AnionsIons are charged species that are formed by the transfer of electrons from the outermost shell. Ions are either positive or negative in nature depending on the overall charge of the ion. If an atom loses an electron it has excess proton forming positive ions whereas if an atom gains an electron it h 9 min read What are Ionic Compounds?In chemistry we usually come across terms called ions, anions, cations, ionic compounds study of such compounds is a must to understand various concepts. Let us understand why ions are formed generally, atoms are made up of particles called electrons, protons and neutrons. The number of electrons an 7 min read What are Monovalent Ions?Ions are a type of ion that is studied in science. Chemistry is made up of atoms and electrons that have gained or lost weight due to the removal or addition of one or more valence electrons, which results in either a positive or a negative charge. Ions with a negative charge are known as anions, wh 5 min read What are Divalent Ions?The study and research on the periodic table have come with various conclusions like the discovery of elements, atomic model, the structure of the atom, subatomic particles, etc. By the time there have been notable discoveries by scientists and researchers which made the study much relevant. The the 5 min read Trivalent Ions - Cations and AnionsThe theories proposed till now explains the physical and chemical properties of different elements found.The studies by different scientists have contributed to the expansion of the periodic table and described various other participants of atomic chemistry. Such as molecules, isotopes, ions, radica 5 min read Polyatomic IonsAn ion is a chemical entity that has a positive or negative charge of a certain magnitude. The term 'ion' can refer to atoms or molecules that have non-zero net charges attached to them. As a result, all ions contain either more protons than electrons in their overall atomic or molecule structure or 6 min read Formulas of Ionic CompoundsThe study of the modern periodic table shows all the elements dhows their own kind of nature. Among them, most of the atoms of the elements cannot exist freely in a stable state. Hence, for the purpose of obtaining stability, they share their valence electron with the atoms of other elements. This s 6 min read Chemical FormulaChemical formula is a way to describe chemical ratios of atoms that make up a specific chemical compound or molecule in chemistry. Chemical element symbols, numbers, and sometimes other symbols, such as parentheses, dashes, brackets, commas, plus (+), and minus (-) signs, are used to represent the c 6 min read Chemical Formula of Common CompoundsChemical Formulas of compounds are symbolic representations of their chemical composition. They tell us about which elements the chemical compound is made of and in what ratio. In this article, we will learn about the chemical formulae of some common compounds in detail. Table of Content What is Che 6 min read Molecular MassMolecular Mass is the mass of all the atoms present in a molecule. In ancient India and Greece, philosophers have first given the idea of atoms and deeply studied them. Around 500 BC.Everything around is made up of very small units these units are atoms in the language of science, very small in the 8 min read Mole ConceptMole concept is the method used to express the amount of substance. This has been experimentally proving that one gram atom of any element, as well as one gram molecule of any substance, contains the same amount of entities. The experimentally decided number is found to be 6.022137 × 1023. After the 10 min read Problems Based on Mole ConceptsIndian philosopher Maharishi kanad postulated that if a matter is divided into further smaller pieces, it will have smaller parts. However, there shall come a point when the matter no longer can be divided further and that smallest part is called Parmanu. By the end of the 18th century, scientists r 7 min read Dalton's Atomic TheoryIn the year 1808, the English scientist and chemist John Dalton proposed Dalton's atomic hypothesis, a scientific theory on the nature of matter. It asserted that all matter is made up of atoms, which are tiny, indivisible units. According to Dalton's atomic theory, all substances are made up of ato 8 min read Drawbacks of Dalton's Atomic TheoryThe idea of atoms dates back two millennia, long before John Dalton introduced the concept of atoms in 1803. Kanada, an ancient Indian philosopher, discussed the existence of indivisible particles, which he referred to as "anu." The rule of conservation of matter was introduced by French scientist L 6 min read Significance of the Symbol of ElementsAn element in chemistry refers to the purest form of a substance containing only atoms and cannot be broken down further by any means. These elements are classified according to their properties (both chemical and physical) and arranged according to their atomic number (Z) in the modern periodic tab 6 min read Difference Between Molecules and CompoundsMolecules are the smallest building blocks that form the matter around us. They are the simplest particles that carry the properties of matter. Molecules are joined together to form the Compound. A molecule is the smallest unit of matter formed by joining various atoms together whereas the compounds 6 min read How to Calculate Valency of Radicals?To construct the formulas of ionic compounds, we must first understand the valencies of the positive and negative ions that combine to produce the ionic compounds. As a result, we'll start with ion valencies. The valency of an ion is equal to its charge. If an ion has one unit charge, its valency is 5 min read What is the Significance of the Formula of a Substance?Everyone may think that if the atom is very tiny in size, what is its importance of it? So, this is because the entire world is made up of atoms and molecules. As known that one cannot see them with the naked eyes but they are always present around. They may be in the surrounding, substances that ev 5 min read Gram Atomic and Gram Molecular MassAvogadro's number is critical to understanding the structure of molecules as well as their interactions and combinations. e.g. because one atom of oxygen will combine with two atoms of hydrogen to form one molecule of water (H2O), one mole of oxygen (6.022 × 1023 of O atoms) will mix with two moles 7 min read Chapter 4: Structure of the AtomCharged Particles in MatterCan we deduce from these actions that rubbing two items together causes them to become electrically charged? The presence of charged particles in an atom was discovered thanks to the efforts of many scientists. By 1900, it was established that the atom was an indivisible particle that contained at l 8 min read What is Atom?Atoms are tiny particles that comprise all the things in the known universe. Atoms of an element are responsible for all chemical reactions occurring in nature. We know that atoms are made up of three fundamental particles namely, ElectronsProtonsNeutronsThese particles are also called subatomic par 8 min read Thomson's Atomic ModelThe Thomson atomic model was introduced by William Thomson in 1900, providing a theoretical description of the atom's internal structure. This model was supported by Sir Joseph Thomson, who had discovered the electron earlier.The electron was discovered during J.J. Thomson's cathode ray tube experim 4 min read Rutherford Atomic ModelRutherford Atomic Model was proposed by Ernest Rutherford in 1911. It is also called the Planetary Model of the Atom. It introduced the concept of a dense, positively charged nucleus at the center of an atom, with electrons orbiting around it, forming the basis for modern atomic theory. In this arti 6 min read Drawbacks of Rutherford's Atomic ModelIn Rutherford's Model of the Atom, Rutherford performed an experiment based on that experiment some of the hypotheses are given. At that time those hypotheses are considered revolutionary as there was an experiment to back that hypothesis. But as the experiment performed by Rutherford is rudimentary 10 min read Bohr's Model of an AtomThe Bohr model of the atom, introduced by Niels Bohr in 1913, refined Rutherford’s nuclear model by incorporating quantised orbits for electrons. Bohr proposed that electrons move in fixed paths around the nucleus without radiating energy, which explained the stability of atoms and the discrete spec 4 min read NeutronsNeutrons are fundamental subatomic particles of the atom. An atom is made up of electrons, protons and neutrons. James Chadwick, an English physicist, discovered the neutron in 1932. Neutrons are particles with no charge and higher mass. They are represented by n. They reside inside the nucleus of t 8 min read ValencyValency of an element is a measure of an atom's ability to combine with other atoms to create molecules or chemical compounds. The characteristics of an element that indicate how many more atoms can join one of its atoms in a covalent bond are known as valence, or valency, in chemistry. The term, wh 9 min read Valence ElectronsAny of the fundamental negatively charged particles in the outermost area of atoms that participate in the creation of chemical bonds are referred to as valence electrons. Changes in the atomic structure are confined to the outermost, or valence, electrons regardless of the kind of chemical connecti 10 min read Mass NumberMass Number of an atom is the total number of protons and neutrons present in an atom. We know that an atom consists of electrons, protons, and neutrons but the mass of the atom is contributed by protons and neutrons as the mass of electrons is very low hence it doesn't contribute to the mass of an 11 min read Relation Between Mass Number and Atomic NumberAtoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter, and they may combine in a variety of ways to produce various substances. You must be aware that all atoms are made up of electrons, protons, and neutrons. But did you know that the presence of these subatomic particles may explain an element's pro 8 min read IsobarsIsobars are a group of elements that have the same mass number but different atomic numbers. In an isobar, we have different numbers of protons but the same number of nucleons, i.e. the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of isobars of the elements are the same. An example of is 5 min read Why do all the Isotopes of an Element have similar Chemical Properties?The fundamental building units of matter are atoms and molecules. The existence of many types of matter is due to the various atoms that contain them. The atom was no longer seen as a simple, indivisible unit by 1900. It did, however, contain at least one subatomic particle, the electron. J.J. Thoms 6 min read Why Isotopes have different Physical Properties?The atom is divided into two parts: the atomic structure and the extra nucleus. Positively charged protons and neutral neutrons make up the atomic structure. Electrons in the extra nucleus are negatively charged. Atoms, like all elements and compounds, have mass. Because of protons, the mass of an a 5 min read What is Fractional Atomic Mass?The smallest possible amount of matter which still retains its identity as a chemical element, consisting of a nucleus surrounded by electrons is called an atom. These are the atoms that make up an element. An element is a material with the same number of protons in all of its atoms. Protons, electr 9 min read Radioactive IsotopesRadioactive Isotopes or Radioisotopes are the isotopes of the elements that are not stable, i.e. they emit some radiation and change the composition of their nucleus. Radioactive isotopes are defined as the isotopes of any chemical element that have different masses and unstable nuclei and release e 8 min read Discovery of ElectronsThe basic idea of the discovery of the elementary particles was generated by Dalton's Atomic Theory. John Dalton in 1808 gave the first scientific theory about atoms, in which, he stated that atoms are the smallest particle of any matter. They are indivisible and indestructible. According to Dalton 7 min read What is a Proton?Protons are the fundamental particles that reside inside the nucleus of any atom. They are the positive charge particle and are responsible for balancing the negative charge of the electron to make the atom electrically neutral. Proton was discovered by the famous scientist Ernest Rutherford. Atoms 6 min read Rutherford's Alpha Particle Scattering ExperimentErnest Rutherford, a British scientist who won the Nobel Prize in 1908, conducted the alpha particle scattering experiment, which led to the development of the Rutherford Atomic Model. His primary goal was to understand how electrons were arranged within an atom. Rutherford's gold foil experiment, w 6 min read Atomic NucleusThe nucleus of an atom is a small, dense, round region located in the centre of an atom. It has two subatomic particles, protons and neutrons. Protons are electrically positively charged ions having a mass of approximately one atomic mass unit (amu). Neutrons are electrically neutral.The atomic nucl 10 min read How did Neil Bohr explained the Stability of Atom?Bohr model of the atom was explained by Neil Bohr in 1915. It came into existence with the modification of Rutherford’s model of the atom. Rutherford’s model introduces the nuclear model of the atom, in which he explained that a nucleus (positively charged) is surrounded by negatively charged electr 7 min read Electron ConfigurationElectron Configuration of an element tells us how electrons are filled inside various orbitals of the atom. The distribution of electrons inside various orbital of atoms is very useful in explaining various properties of the atoms and their combination with other atoms. The electron configuration of 8 min read Potassium and Calcium - Atomic Structure, Chemical Properties, UsesAn atom is the smallest part of an element or compound that takes part in a chemical reaction. They are made of tiny particles known as protons, neutrons, and electrons. The Greek philosopher Democritus was the first person to use the term atom. The structure of the atom was discovered by John Dalto 8 min read Noble GasInert gases are chemically unreactive. Noble gases, also termed inert gases are group 0 elements. There are six types of noble gases, helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and radioactive radon (Rn). The noble gases are the type of elements belonging to group 18. Under standa 4 min read What is meant by Chemical Combination?The composition of an element's nucleus and the arrangement of electrons around it are referred to as its atomic structure. Protons, electrons, and neutrons are the building blocks of matter's atomic structure. The nucleus of the atom is made up of protons and neutrons, which is surrounded by the at 6 min read Difference between Electrovalency and CovalencyWe're all familiar with how electrons in an atom are organised into orbitals or shells. Valence electrons are the electrons that exist in the atom's outermost orbit. According to the Bohr-bury theory, the outermost shell may hold a maximum of 8 electrons. When the outermost shell is entirely filled, 8 min read Like