THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

OVERVIEW TO THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

MUSCLE TYPES

There are three types of muscle tissue the skeletal tissue, cardiac tissue, and smooth muscles.

SKELETAL MUSCLES
Skeletal muscle fibers are package into the organs called skeletal muscles that attach into the body skeleton. Skeletal muscles is also known as striated muscle because its fibers appears to be striped, and as voluntary muscles because it Is only the muscle type subject to conscious control. Skeletal muscle fibers, like most living cells, are soft

Each muscle fibers is enclosed in a delicate connective tissues sheath called an ENDOMYSIUM. Several sheathed muscle fibers are then wrapped by a coarser fibrous membrane called PERIMYSIUM to form a bundle of fibers called a FASCICLE. Many fascicles are bound together by an even tougher overcoat of connective tissues called an epimysium, which covers the entire muscle. The epimysia blend into the strong, cord called TENDONS, or into sheet like APONEUROSES , which attached muscles

SMOOTH MUSCLES
Smooth muscles has no striations and is involuntary, which means that we cannot consciously control it.
Found mainly in the walls of : stomach

urinary bladder respiratory passages

Smooth muscles propels substances along a definite tract, or pathway with in the body. We best can describe smooth muscle using the terms visceral, non striated and involuntary.

CARDIAC MUSCLES
Cardiac muscles is found only one place in the body in the heart. The heart serves as a pump, propelling blood into the blood vessels and into the all tissues of the body. Cardiac muscles is like skeletal muscles in that it is involuntary and cannot be consciously controlled by most of us. Important key words to jog our memory for this muscle type are cardiac, striated and involuntary.

COMPARISON OF THREE TYPES OF MUSCLES

MUSCLE FUNCTIONS

MUSCLE plays four important roles in the body: it produces movements, maintains posture, stabilized joints and generates heat

MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF SKELETAL MUSCLES

KEY WORDS AND MEANINGS: SARCOLEMMA oval nuclei can be seen just beneath the plasma membrane MYOFIBRILS nearly fill the cytoplasm , are nuclei pushed aside by long ribbon like organelles. LIGHT (I) and DARK (A) BANDS the length of the perfectly aligned micro fibrils give the muscle cells as a whole its striped appearance. SARCOMERES actually chains of tiny

MYOFILAMENTS a thread like protein within each of our boxcar sarcomeres Two types : THICK FILAMENTS - are made mostly of bundled molecules of the protein myosin THIN FILAMENTS are composed of the contractile protein called actin. Also called actin filaments. SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM - a specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

SKELETAL MUSCLE ACTIVITY

Muscle cells have some special functional properties that enable them to perform their duties.

THE NERVE STIMULUS AND THE ACTION POTENTIALS KEY WORDS AND MEANINGS : MOTOR UNIT one neuron and all the skeletal muscle cells it stimulates NEUROMASCULAR JUNCTIONS is called when a long thread like extension of the neuron, reaches the muscle, each of which forms junctions with the sarcolemma of a different muscle cells. SYNAPTIC CLEFT the gap between junctions that is filled with tissue

NEUROTRANSMITTERS a chemical reaction when the nerve impulse reaches the axonal terminals ACETYLCHOLINE the specific neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle cells. ACTION POTENTIALS upset that generates an electrical current.

MECHANISM OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION: THE SLIDING FILAMENT

When muscle fibers are activated by the nervous system, the cross bridges attached to myosin binding sites on the thin filaments, and the sliding begins.

CONTRACTION OF A SKELETAL MUSCLE AS WHOLE

GRADED RESPONSE Skeletal muscles are organs that consist of thousand of muscle cells and they react to stimuli with graded response, or different degrees of shortening. In general, graded muscle contraction can be produce in two ways. by changing the frequency of muscle stimulation and by changing the number of muscle cells being stimulated

MUSCLE RESPONSE TO INCREASINGLY RAPID STIMULATION MUSCLE TWITCHES Muscle twitches (single, brief, jerky, contractions ) sometimes occurs as a result ff certain nervous system problems. When the muscle is stimulate so rapidly that no evidence of relaxation is seen and the contractions are completely smooth and sustained is said to be in fused or complete tetanus or in tetanic contraction. Until this point is reached the muscles is to be exhibiting unfused or incomplete tetanus

PROVIDING ENERGY FOR MUSCLE CONTRACTION

Working muscles used these three pathways for ATP regeneration.

direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate aerobic respiration and anaerobic glycolysis and lactic acid formation

MUSCLE FATIGUE AND OXYGEN DEPT

MUSCLE FATIGUE a muscle is fatigue when it is unable to contract ever though it is still stimulated. And if we exercise our muscles strenuously for a long period of time OXYGEN DEPT occurs during prolonged muscle contraction a person is not able to take in oxygen fast enough to keep the muscle supplied by oxygen they need when they are working vigorously.

TYPES OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION

ISOTONIC the myofilaments are successful in their sliding movements, the muscle shortens, and movement occurs. E.g. bending of knees, rotating of arms, and smiling. ISOMETRIC the myosin filaments are skidding their wheels and the tension of the muscles keeps increasing. E.g. muscles are contracting isometrically when you lift a 400 pound dresser alone

MUSCLE TONE

a state of continuous partial contraction a result of different muscle units, which are scattered through the muscle, being stimulated by the nervous system in a systemic ways.

EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON MUSCLES

AEROBIC OR ENDURANCE types of exercise such as participating in aerobic class, jogging, or biking. Result in stronger, more flexible muscles, with greater resistance to fatigue. RESISTANCE the bulging of muscles of a body builder or professional weight lifter. Exercises in which the muscles are pitted against some immovable object. Because endurance and resistant exercises produce different patters of muscle

MUSCLE MOVEMENTS, TYPES AND NAMES

FIVE GOLDEN RULES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE ACTIVITY All muscle cross at least one joint typically, the bulk of the muscle lies proximal to the joint crossed all muscles have at least two attachments the origin ( is attachment to the immovable and less movable joint) and the insertion (attach to the movable joints) muscles can only pull, they never pushed during contraction, the muscle insertion moves toward the origin.

TYPES OF BODY MOVEMENT

FLEXION the sagittal plane, the angle of the joint and brings two bone closer together EXTENSION movement that increase the angle or distance between two bones or body parts ROTATION movement of bone around its longitudinal axis ABDUCTION is moving a limb away from the median plane of the body. ADDUCTION the movement of a limb towards the body midline,

SPECIAL MOVEMENTS