Chapter 21: RLC Circuits
PHY2054: Chapter 21
Voltage and Current in RLC Circuits
AC
emf source: driving frequency f
= m sin t
If
circuit contains only R + emf source, current is simple
i=
If
= I m sin (t )
Im =
m
R
( current amplitude )
L and/or C present, current is not in phase with emf
i = I m sin (t )
Z,
= 2 f
Im =
m
Z
shown later
PHY2054: Chapter 21
AC Source and Resistor Only
Driving
voltage is = m sin t
i
Relation
of current and voltage
i = /R
i = I m sin t
Current
Im =
is in phase with voltage ( = 0)
PHY2054: Chapter 21
AC Source and Capacitor Only
q
= m sin t
Voltage is vC =
C
Differentiate to find current
q = C m sin t
i = dq / dt = CVC cos t
Rewrite
using phase (check this!)
i = CVC sin (t + 90 )
Relation
of current and voltage
i = I m sin (t + 90 ) I m =
Capacitive
Current
m
XC
( X C = 1/ C )
reactance: X C = 1/ C
leads voltage by 90
PHY2054: Chapter 21
AC Source and Inductor Only
Voltage
is vL = Ldi / dt = m sin t
Integrate
di/dt to find current:
di / dt = ( m / L ) sin t
i = ( m / L ) cos t
Rewrite
using phase (check this!)
i = ( m / L ) sin (t 90 )
Relation
of current and voltage
i = I m sin (t 90 ) I m =
Inductive
Current
m
XL
( X L = L)
reactance: X L = L
lags voltage by 90
PHY2054: Chapter 21
General Solution for RLC Circuit
We
assume steady state solution of form i = I m sin (t )
Im
is current amplitude
is phase by which current lags the driving EMF
Must determine Im and
in solution: differentiate & integrate sin(t-)
i = I m sin (t )
Plug
di
= I m cos (t )
dt
Im
q = cos (t )
Substitute
di
q
+ Ri + = m sin t
dt
C
I m L cos (t ) + I m R sin (t )
Im
cos (t ) = m sin t
C
PHY2054: Chapter 21
General Solution for RLC Circuit (2)
I m L cos (t ) + I m R sin (t )
Expand
Im
cos (t ) = m sin t
C
sin & cos expressions
sin (t ) = sin t cos cos t sin
cos (t ) = cos t cos + sin t sin
Collect
sint & cost terms separately
( L 1/ C ) cos R sin = 0
I m ( L 1/ C ) sin + I m R cos = m
These
High school trig!
cost terms
sint terms
equations can be solved for Im and (next slide)
PHY2054: Chapter 21
General Solution for RLC Circuit (3)
Solve
for and Im
tan =
R,
L 1/ C
R
X L XC
Im =
m
Z
XL, XC and Z have dimensions of resistance
X L = L
Inductive reactance
X C = 1/ C
Capacitive reactance
Z = R2 + ( X L X C )
This
Total impedance
is where , XL, XC and Z come from!
PHY2054: Chapter 21
Im =
AC Source and RLC Circuits
Maximum current
X L XC
tan =
R
X L = L
Phase angle
( = 2 f )
X C = 1/ C
Z = R2 + ( X L X C )
Inductive reactance
Capacitive reactance
Total impedance
= angle that current lags applied voltage
PHY2054: Chapter 21
What is Reactance?
Think of it as a frequency-dependent resistance
1
XC =
C
Shrinks with increasing
X L = L
Grows with increasing
( "XR " = R )
Independent of
PHY2054: Chapter 21
10
Pictorial Understanding of Reactance
Z = R2 + ( X L X C )
X L XC
tan =
R
R
cos =
Z
PHY2054: Chapter 21
11
Summary of Circuit Elements, Impedance, Phase Angles
Z = R2 + ( X L X C )
PHY2054: Chapter 21
X L XC
tan =
R
12
Quiz
Three
identical EMF sources are hooked to a single circuit
element, a resistor, a capacitor, or an inductor. The
current amplitude is then measured as a function of
frequency. Which one of the following curves corresponds
to an inductive circuit?
(1)
a
(2) b
(3) c
(4) Cant tell without more info
Imax
b
c
X L = L
( = 2 f )
I max = max / X L
f
For inductor, higher frequency gives higher
reactance, therefore lower current
PHY2054: Chapter 21
13
RLC Example 1
Below
are shown the driving emf and current vs time of
an RLC circuit. We can conclude the following
Current
leads the driving emf (<0)
Circuit is capacitive (XC > XL)
PHY2054: Chapter 21
14
RLC Example 2
R
= 200, C = 15F, L = 230mH, max = 36v, f = 60 Hz
X L = 2 60 0.23 = 86.7
X C = 1/ 2 60 15 106 = 177
Z = 2002 + ( 86.7 177 ) = 219
I max = max / Z = 36 / 219 = 0.164 A
XC > XL
Capacitive circuit
1 86.7 177
= tan
200
= 24.3
Current leads emf
(as expected)
i = 0.164sin (t + 24.3 )
PHY2054: Chapter 21
15
Resonance
Consider
impedance vs frequency
Z = R + ( X L X C ) = R + ( L 1/ C )
2
is minimum when L = 1/ C = 0 = 1/ LC
This
At
is resonance!
resonance
Impedance
= Z is minimum
Current amplitude = Im is maximum
PHY2054: Chapter 21
16
Imax vs Frequency and Resonance
Circuit
parameters: C = 2.5F, L = 4mH, max = 10v
f0
= 1 / 2(LC)1/2 = 1590 Hz
Plot Imax vs f
I max = 10 / R + ( L 1/ C )
2
R = 5
R = 10
Imax
R = 20
Resonance
f = f0
f / f0
PHY2054: Chapter 21
17
Power in AC Circuits
Instantaneous
power emitted by circuit: P = i2R
P = I m2 R sin 2 (d t )
More
Instantaneous power oscillates
useful to calculate power averaged over a cycle
Use
<> to indicate average over a cycle
P = I m2 R sin 2 ( d t ) = 12 I m2 R
Define
RMS quantities to avoid factors in AC circuits
I rms =
House
Vrms
Im
2
rms =
m
2
2
Pave = I rms
R
current
= 110V Vpeak = 156V
PHY2054: Chapter 21
18
Power in AC Circuits
Power
formula
Rewrite
2
Pave = I rms
R I rms = I max / 2
using I rms =
rms
Pave = rms I rms cos
Pave =
rms
R
cos =
Z
I rms R = rms I rms cos
Z
X L XC
R
cos
is the power factor
maximize power delivered to circuit make close to zero
Max power delivered to load happens at resonance
E.g., too much inductive reactance (XL) can be cancelled by
increasing XC (e.g., circuits with large motors)
To
PHY2054: Chapter 21
19
Power Example 1
R
= 200, XC = 150, XL = 80, rms = 120v, f = 60 Hz
Z = 200 + ( 80 150 ) = 211.9
I rms = rms / Z = 120 / 211.9 = 0.566 A
1 80 150
= tan
= 19.3
Current leads emf
Capacitive circuit
200
cos = 0.944
Pave = rms I rms cos = 120 0.566 0.944 = 64.1W
Same
2
Pave = I rms
R = 0.5662 200 = 64.1W
PHY2054: Chapter 21
20
Power Example 1 (cont)
R
= 200, XC = 150, XL = 80, rms = 120v, f = 60 Hz
How
much capacitance must be added to maximize the
power in the circuit (and thus bring it into resonance)?
Want
XC = XL to minimize Z, so must decrease XC
X C = 150 = 1/ 2 fC
C = 17.7F
X C new = X L = 80
Cnew = 33.2F
So we must add 15.5F capacitance to maximize power
PHY2054: Chapter 21
21
Power vs Frequency and Resonance
Circuit
parameters: C = 2.5F, L = 4mH, max = 10v
f0
= 1 / 2(LC)1/2 = 1590 Hz
Plot Pave vs f for different R values
R = 2
R = 5
Pave
R = 10
Resonance
R = 20
f = f0
f / f0
PHY2054: Chapter 21
22
Resonance Tuner is Based on Resonance
Vary C to set resonance frequency to 103.7 (ugh!)
Other radio stations.
RLC response is less
Circuit response Q = 500
Tune for f = 103.7 MHz
PHY2054: Chapter 21
23
Quiz
A
generator produces current at a frequency of 60 Hz with
peak voltage and current amplitudes of 100V and 10A,
respectively. What is the average power produced if they
are in phase?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
1000 W
707 W
1414 W
500 W
250 W
Pave = 12 peak I peak = rms I rms
PHY2054: Chapter 21
24
Quiz
The
figure shows the current and emf of a series RLC
circuit. To increase the rate at which power is delivered to
the resistive load, which option should be taken?
(1)
Increase R
(2) Decrease L
(3) Increase L
(4) Increase C
X L XC
tan =
R
Current lags applied emf ( > 0), thus circuit is inductive. Either
(1) Reduce XL by decreasing L or
(2) Cancel XL by increasing XC (decrease C).
PHY2054: Chapter 21
25
Example: LR Circuit
frequency EMF source with m=6V connected to a
resistor and inductor. R=80 and L=40mH.
Variable
At
what frequency f does VR = VL?
X L = L = R = 2000
At
f = 2000 / 2 = 318Hz
that frequency, what is phase angle ?
tan = X L / R = 1 = 45
What
is the current amplitude and RMS value?
I max = max / 802 + 802 = 6 /113 = 0.053A
I rms = I max / 2 = 0.037 A
i = 0.053sin (t 45 )
PHY2054: Chapter 21
26
Transformers
Purpose:
change alternating (AC) voltage to a bigger (or
smaller) value
Input AC voltage
in the primary
turns produces a flux
Vp = N p
Changing flux in
secondary turns
induces an emf
Vs = N s
B
t
Ns
Vs = V p
Np
PHY2054: Chapter 21
27
Transformers
Nothing
comes for free, however!
Increase
in voltage comes at the cost of current.
Output power cannot exceed input power!
power in = power out
(Losses usually account for 10-20%)
i pVp = isVs
is V p N p
=
=
i p Vs N s
PHY2054: Chapter 21
28
Transformers: Sample Problem
A
transformer has 330 primary turns and 1240 secondary
turns. The input voltage is 120 V and the output current
is 15.0 A. What is the output voltage and input current?
Ns
1240
Vs = V p
= 120
= 451V
Np
330
i pV p = isVs
Step-up
transformer
Vs
451
i p = is
= 15
= 56.4 A
Vp
120
PHY2054: Chapter 21
29
Transformers
This is how first experiment by
Faraday was done
He only got a deflection of the
galvanometer when the switch
is opened or closed
Steady current does not make
induced emf.
PHY2054: Chapter 21
30
Applications
Microphone
Tape recorder
PHY2054: Chapter 21
31
ConcepTest: Power lines
At
large distances, the resistance of power lines becomes
significant. To transmit maximum power, is it better to
transmit (high V, low i) or (high i, low V)?
(1)
high V, low i
(2) low V, high i
(3) makes no difference
Power loss is i2R
PHY2054: Chapter 21
32
Electric Power Transmission
i2R: 20x smaller current 400x smaller power loss
PHY2054: Chapter 21
33
