Proceedings of the 32nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences - 1999
Proceedings of the 32nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences - 1999
)RUPDO0RGHO/DQJXDJHDQG7RROVIRU'HVLJQ$JHQW
V6FHQDULRVLQ&DOO
&HQWHU6\VWHPV
1LNROD\$QLVLPRY .RQVWDQWLQ.LVKLQVNL$OHF0LORVODYVNL
*HQHV\V7HOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQ/DERUDWRULHV,QF
0DUNHW6WUHHW6DQ)UDQFLVFR&$86$
)D[
(0DLO^DQLVLPRYNRWFDOHF`#JHQHV\VODEFRP
$EVWUDFW
'XULQJWKHODVWIHZ\HDUVWKHUHFRQWLQXHVWREHUHPDUNDEOHJURZWKLQWHOHSKRQHFDOOFHQWHUV\VWHPV7KHUHDUHPDQ\DSSOL
FDWLRQVRIFDOOFHQWHUVLQGLIIHUHQWDUHDVRIEXVLQHVVVXFKDVLQWHOHPDUNHWLQJLQVXUDQFHFXVWRPHUVHUYLFHHOHFWURQLFFRP
PHUFHHWF0RUHRYHULQVRPHFDVHVLWLVUHDVRQDEOHWRWKLQNRIDFDOOFHQWHUDVDQLQWHJUDWHGSDUWRIDZKROHEXVLQHVVV\V
WHP UHVSRQVLEOH IRU WKH WHOHSKRQHLQWHUIDFH ZLWK WKH RXWVLGH ZRUOG 7\SLFDOO\ D FDOO FHQWHU FRQVLVWV RI D VHW RI RSHUDWRUV
FDOOHGDJHQWVZKRSURFHVVLQERXQGFDOOVIURPFOLHQWV&DOOSURFHVVLQJPD\LQYROYHWKHXVHRIFRPSXWHUV\VWHPVHJGDWD
EDVHRWKHUGHYLVHVHJID[PDFKLQHVLQWHUDFWLYHYRLFHUHVSRQVHXQLWVDVZHOODVFRPPXQLFDWLRQZLWKRWKHUDJHQWVHJ
GHOLYHUDFDOOWRPRUHTXDOLILHGDJHQWPDNLQJDFRQVXOWHGFDOO7KHFDOOSURFHVVLQJPD\DOVRSURGXFHRXWERXQGFDOOV7KH
WUHDWPHQW RI HDFK FDOO EHLQJ SURFHVVHG LV KHDYLO\ UHJXODWHG E\ VFHQDULRV FDOOHG VFULSWV ZKLFK DUH VSHFLDOO\ GHVLJQHG IRU
VSHFLILFNLQGVRIWKHFDOOV7KHGHVLJQRIVXFKVFULSWVLVRQHRIWKHPDLQSUREOHPVLQFDOOFHQWHUPDLQWHQDQFH7RFRSHZLWK
WKLVSUREOHP ZH QHHG VSHFLDO WRROV LH VFULSWLQJ ODQJXDJH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ HGLWRU UHODWHG HQYLURQPHQW ,Q WKLV SDSHU ZH
SUHVHQWDQRQJRLQJSURMHFWDLPHGDWWKHGHVLJQRIVXFKDSODWIRUP:HLQWURGXFHD3HWULQHWEDVHGPRGHOIRUIRUPDOUHSUH
VHQWDWLRQRIVFULSWVDQGDORJLFDOVWUXFWXUHRIWKHFDOOFHQWHU7KHPRGHOFDOOHGVFULSWQHWLVEDVHGRQREMHFWRULHQWHG3HWUL
QHWGLDOHFWEHORQJLQJWRDFODVV RI KLJKOHYHO 3HWUL QHWV ,Q SDUWLFXODU WKH PRGHO DOORZV RQHWR IRUPDOO\ UHSUHVHQW VFULSWV
WKHLUFRPPXQLFDWLRQZLWKDJHQWVDQGRWKHUUHVRXUFHVH[FHSWLRQ KDQGOLQJWLPHFRQVWUDLQV :H DOVRFRQVLGHU VRPHLPSOH
PHQWDWLRQLVVXHV,QSDUWLFXODUZHRXWOLQHDYLVXDOLFRQLFODQJXDJHVSHFLDOO\GHVLJQHGIRUVFULSWVSHFLILFDWLRQ7KHVHPDQ
WLFVRIWKHODQJXDJHLVEDVHGRQVFULSWQHWV$QDJHQWRIWKHFDOOFHQWHUFDQEHSHUFHLYHGDVD VSHFLILF UHVRXUFH DQGLVLP
SOHPHQWHG ZLWKWKH DLG RI,QWHUQHW,QWUDQHW WHFKQRORJ\ 7R LOOXVWUDWH WKH XVH RI VXJJHVWHG WRROV VRPH W\SLFDO H[DPSOHV RI
VFULSWVDUHSUHVHQWHGLQFOXGLQJVFHQDULRVIRULQERXQGDQGRXWERXQGWHOHPDUNHWLQJ
VWDWLRQV DUH FRQQHFWHG E\ H[WHQVLRQ OLQHV DQG GLUHFWRU\
,QWURGXFWLRQ
QXPEHUV DQG WR ZKLFK LQFRPLQJ DQG RXWJRLQJ WUXQN
OLQHV PD\ FDUU\ WHOHSKRQH FDOOV EHWZHHQ WKH VZLWFK DQG
2YHU WKH ODVW IHZ \HDUV SKRQH FDOOFHQWHU V\VWHPV KDYH
WKH SDUWLHV ZKR FDOO LQ ,Q DGGLWLRQ PRVW PRGHUQ KLJK
FRQWLQXHG WR JURZ DW D UHPDUNDEOH SDFH 6HYHUDO PDQX
FDSDFLW\ FDOO FHQWHUV KDYH DJHQW VWDWLRQV WKDW LQFOXGH
IDFWXUHUVDQGVHUYLFHSURYLGHUVDUHGHYHORSLQJDQG LQWUR
FRPSXWHUSODWIRUPVRIWHQ3&VHTXLSSHGZLWKYLGHRGLV
GXFLQJ V\VWHPV ZLWK HQKDQFHG IXQFWLRQDOLW\ SULQFLSDOO\
SOD\XQLWV9'8V7KH3&9'8SODWIRUPV DUH W\SLFDOO\
WKURXJK ZKDW LV NQRZQ DV FRPSXWHUWHOHSKRQ\ LQWHJUD
LQWHUFRQQHFWHG XVXDOO\ E\ D ORFDO DUHD QHWZRUN /$1
WLRQ&7,>@7KHJHQHUDOSXUSRVHRIDFDOOFHQWHULVWR
7KHUHPD\DOVREHVHUYHUVRIYDULRXVVRUWVHJGDWDEDVH
FRQQHFW RSHUDWRUV FDOOHG DJHQWV ZLWK PHPEHUV RI WKH
RU ID[ VHUYHU IRU YDULRXV SXUSRVHV RQ WKH /$1 DQG WKH
SXEOLF FDOOHG FOLHQWV LH SHRSOH LQWHUHVWHG LQ XVLQJ WKH
/$1PD\DOVREHFRQQHFWHGWRD&7,VHUYHULQWXUQFRQ
VHUYLFHV RI WKH FDOO FHQWHU 7\SLFDOO\ D FDOO FHQWHU LV
QHFWHGWRWKHFHQWUDOVZLWFKWKURXJKD&7,OLQN
EDVHG RQ DW OHDVW RQH WHOHSKRQ\ VZLWFK WR ZKLFK DJHQW
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU
0-7695-0001-3/99 $10.00 (c) 1999 IEEE
Proceedings of the 32nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences - 1999
Proceedings of the 32nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences - 1999
:LWKLQDFDOOFHQWHUDJHQWVSURFHVVWHOHSKRQH FDOOV IURP
RIVFULSWVZLWKFRPSOH[FRPPXQLFDWLRQVEHWZHHQDJHQWV
FOLHQWVDQGFDUU\RXWFDOOUHODWHGEXVLQHVV
KDUGZDUH DQG RWKHU UHVRXUFHV ,Q WKLV SDSHU ZH SUHVHQW
WKH SURJUHVV ZH KDYH PDGHLQ DQ RQJRLQJ SURMHFW DLPHG
7KH W\SLFDO SURFHVVLQJ RI FDOOV LQFOXGHV XVLQJ GDWD IURP
DWGHVLJQLQJVXFKDSODWIRUP
FRPSXWHU V\VWHPV LQFOXGLQJ GDWDEDVHV LQFRUSRUDWLQJ
RWKHUGHYLFHVVXFKDVID[DQGHPDLODQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQ
,IZHH[DPLQHVFULSWVRIDW\SLFDOFDOOFHQWHUZHVHHWKDW
ZLWK RWKHU DJHQWV 7KH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ RI WKH DJHQW GXU
WKHLU NH\ IHDWXUHV LQFOXGH WKH IOH[LEOH XVH RI UHVRXUFHV
LQJ FDOO SURFHVVLQJLVKHDYLO\ GLUHFWHG E\ D VSHFLILF VFH
GXULQJ FDOO SURFHVVLQJ H[WHQVLYH PDQLSXODWLRQ RI FDOOV
QDULR VSHFLDOO\ GHYHORSHG IRU VXFK FDOOV E\ WHOHPDUNHW
LQFOXGLQJ DWWDFKHG GDWD DOORZDQFH IRU H[FHSWLRQV FRP
LQJ H[SHUWV 7KHVH VFHQDULRV DUH UHIHUUHG WR DV VFULSWV
SOH[LW\RIUHDOZRUOGVFULSWVSDUDOOHOFDOOSURFHVVLQJDQG
7KH VDPH DJHQW FDQ ZRUN ZLWK YDU\LQJ FDOO W\SHV FRQ
VWULFW UHTXLUHPHQWV IRU UHDOWLPH FDOO SURFHVVLQJ ,W LV
WUROOHG E\ GLIIHUHQW VFULSWV 7KXV D FDOO FHQWHU LV D GLV
FOHDUWKDWVFULSWLQJWRROVVKRXOGEHGHVLJQHGDFFRUGLQJWR
WULEXWHG V\VWHP XVXDOO\ EXLOW RQ WRS RI D ORFDO DUHD QHW
D IRUPDO DSSURDFK 7KLV SDSHU LV GHYRWHG WR GHYHORSLQJ
ZRUN WKDW FRQQHFWV DJHQW VWDWLRQV VHUYHU FRPSXWHUV DQG
VXFKDQDSSURDFK XVLQJWKH WKHRU\ RI 3HWULQHWV>@
WHOHSKRQHHTXLSPHQW
0RUH VSHFLILFDOO\ LQ WKLV SDSHU ZH EXLOG D 3HWUL QHW
EDVHGIRUPDOPRGHOIRUUHSUHVHQWLQJFDOOFHQWHUVFULSWV
,W LV LQWHUHVWLQJ WKDW FRQFHSW RI ZRUNIORZ PDQDJHPHQW
>@FDQEHYHU\XVHIXOLQGHVLJQLQJFDOOFHQWHUV,QIDFW
D FDOO FHQWHU FDQ EH XQGHUVWRRG DV D VSHFLILF FDVH RI D
ZRUNIORZ V\VWHP ZKLFK VXEVWLWXWHV WHOHSKRQH FDOOV IRU
6WUXFWXUHRIDFDOOFHQWHU
GRFXPHQWV FLUFXODWLQJ LQ WKH V\VWHP :H VKRXOG DOVR
PHQWLRQ WKDW EHFDXVH RIILFH DFWLYLW\ YHU\ RIWHQ LQYROYHV
ZRUNLQJZLWKLQERXQGDQGRXWERXQGFDOOVWKHSURFHVVLQJ
RI VXFK FDOOV VKRXOG EH QDWXUDOO\ LQFRUSRUDWHG LQWR
ZRUNIORZPDQDJHPHQWV\VWHPV
,Q WKLV VHFWLRQ ZH SUHVHQWDQDEVWUDFWPRGHO RI D W\SLFDO
FDOO FHQWHUWKDW ZLOO VHUYH DV D VXEMHFW IRU WKH IRUPDOL]D
WLRQ SURFHVV )URP QRZ RQ WKH FDOO FHQWHU ZLOO EH UH
IHUUHGWRDVDV\VWHP
7KHSUHVHQWSDSHULVGHYRWHG WR FDOO FHQWHUPDQDJHPHQW
DQGLVVSHFLILFDOO\GLUHFWHGWRZDUG VFULSWLQJ IRU FDOO FHQ
WHUV8VXDOO\VFULSWVDUHZULWWHQLQDUHODWLYHO\KLJKOHYHO
SURJUDPPLQJ ODQJXDJH 7KH FRPSOH[LW\ RI D FDOO FHQWHU
SUHVHQWVD FKDOOHQJH IRUDQ\ SURJUDPPLQJWRRO 0RUHR
YHU DV ZLWKDQ\ RWKHU VRUW RI SURJUDPPLQJ ZKHQ D EXJ
DSSHDUV RUD FKDQJH LV PDGHLQWKH SXUSRVH RU RSHUDWLRQ
HLWKHU RI D FDOO FHQWHU RU D VHJPHQW RI FDOO FHQWHU RSHUD
WLRQV LW LV RIWHQ QHFHVVDU\ WR UHZULWH D ODUJH QXPEHU RI
VFULSWV 7KLV HQGHDYRU LV QR VPDOO WDVN DQG PD\ WDNH D
FRQVLGHUDEOHWLPH0RUHRYHUVXFKUHSURJUDPPLQJLQWUR
GXFHV QXPHURXV RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU HUURUV ERWK LQ SUR
JUDPPLQJDQGLQWKHOD\RXWRIWKHVFULSW
7\SLFDOO\ D V\VWHP RSHUDWHV ZLWK D VHW RI UHVRXUFHV
7KHVH
DUH
HTXLSPHQW
HJ
SKRQHV
ID[
PDFKLQHV
VZLWFKHV D ORFDO DUHD QHWZRUN HWF VRIWZDUH FRPSR
QHQWVGDWDEDVH WH[W HGLWRU HWFDQG SHUVRQQHOLQYROYHG
LQ V\VWHP RSHUDWLRQ DJHQWV DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ $OO FRP
PXQLFDWLRQV RI WKH V\VWHP LV DFFHVVHG WKURXJK WKHVH UH
VRXUFHV $ W\SLFDO &DOO&HQWHU HQYLURQPHQW LV VKRZQ RQ
)LJXUH
)URPWKHSRLQWRIYLHZRIDSSOLFDWLRQVWKHV\VWHPFDQEH
SHUFHLYHG DV D FROOHFWLRQ RI FRPPXQLFDWLQJ REMHFWV :H
ZLOO GLYLGH DOO REMHFWV RI WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ OHYHO LQWR WZR
W\SHVUHVRXUFH REMHFWV DQG FDOO REMHFWV 7KH IRUPHUUHS
*LYHQ WKH QDWXUH RI FDOO FHQWHU PDQDJHPHQW DQG VFULSW
LQJLQSDUWLFXODULWLVKLJKO\GHVLUDEOHWRUHGXFHWKHFRP
SOH[LW\ DQG DPRXQW RI HIIRUW UHTXLUHG WR GLUHFW WKHVH DF
WLYLWLHV ,W LV HVSHFLDOO\ LPSRUWDQW WR VLPSOLI\ WKH DFWLYL
WLHV RI DJHQWV VXFK DV HQJDJHPHQW ZLWK FOLHQWV DQG WR
SURYLGH HQRXJK IOH[LELOLW\ VR WKDW FKDQJHV DQG DGDSWD
WLRQV FDQ EH HDVLO\ DQGTXLFNO\ PDGH ZLWKRXW IHDU RI HU
URU7RKDQGOHWKLVLVVXHZHQHHGVSHFLDOWRROVVXFKDVD
YLVXDOODQJXDJHJUDSKLFDOHGLWRUDQGRWKHUV(VVHQWLDOO\
WKHUHTXLUHPHQWLVWREXLOGDSODWIRUPIRUDJHQHUDWLRQRI
&7,DSSOLFDWLRQVRIYDULHGW\SHV6XFK WRROV IRUWKH JHQ
HUDWLRQRI&7,DSSOLFDWLRQVDOUHDG\H[LVWEXWIRUWKHPRVW
UHVHQWV REMHFWV FRUUHVSRQGLQJ SK\VLFDO UHVRXUFH RI WKH
V\VWHP ZKLOH WKH ODWWHU UHSUHVHQWV REMHFWV LQWHQGHG IRU
FDOOSURFHVVLQJ
7KH EHKDYLRU RI HDFK REMHFW LV UHJXODWHG E\ D VFHQDULR
VSHFLILFDWLRQ FDOOHGD CVFULSW
7KHUH PD\ EH VHYHUDO RE
MHFWV ZRUNLQJ LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK RQH DQG WKH VDPH
VFULSW )RU H[DPSOH IRU D VFULSW GHVFULELQJ WKH EHKDYLRU
RIDWHOHSKRQHWKHUH PD\ EH VHYHUDO REMHFWV FRUUHVSRQG
LQJWRDFWXDOWHOHSKRQHVLQWKHV\VWHPDVFULSWVSHFLI\LQJ
WKH FDOO SURFHVVLQJPD\ KDYH VHYHUDO REMHFWV SURFHVVLQJ
GLIIHUHQWFDOOVRIWKHVDPHW\SH
SDUW WKH\ GR QRW WDNH LQWR DFFRXQW WKH GLVWULEXWHG QDWXUH
RIFDOOFHQWHUVDQGWKHUHIRUH GRQRW DOORZ WKH SURGXFWLRQ
0-7695-0001-3/99 $10.00 (c) 1999 IEEE
Proceedings of the 32nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences - 1999
Proceedings of the 32nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences - 1999
'DWD3URFHVVLQJ6HUYHUV
3XEOLF6ZLWFKHG
'DWD%DVH $SSOLFDWLRQ
7HOHSKRQH1HWZRUN
6ZLWFK
6HUYHUV
9RLFH3URFHVVLQJ
6HUYHUV
&7,OLQN
UN
R
WZ
H
Q
U
WH
X
S
P
R
&
H
RQ
SK V
H
O
7H OLQH
7HOHSKRQ\
7HOHSKRQH
:RUNVWDWLRQ
6HUYHU
7HOHSKRQH
:RUNVWDWLRQ
$JHQWV
ZRUNSDOFHV
7HOHSKRQH
:RUNVWDWLRQ
)LJXUH$FDOOFHQWHUHQYLURQPHQW
:HZLOODVVXPHWKDWHDFKVFULSWLVLGHQWLILHGE\DXQLTXH
QDPH ZLWKLQ WKH V\VWHP 0RUHRYHU ZH DVVRFLDWH ZLWK
HDFK VFULSW D GRPDLQ RI REMHFW QDPHV WR LGHQWLI\ HDFK
REMHFW ZLWKLQ WKH VFULSW 7KLV DGGUHVVLQJ VFKHPH DOORZV
XVWRXQLTXHO\LGHQWLI\REMHFWVZLWKLQWKHZKROHV\VWHP
FRPSOH[ V\VWHP DV D VHW RI VXEV\VWHPV FRPPXQLFDWLQJ
YLDWKHFOLHQWVHUYHUSURWRFRO>@
)RU VWUXFWXUHG VSHFLILFDWLRQ RI FRPSOH[ VFULSWV
ZH VXJJHVW WKH FRQFHSW RI KLHUDUFKLFDO WUDQVLWLRQ >@
8QGHU WKLV FRQFHSW D QHW FDQ EH UHSUHVHQWHG DV D VHW RI
GLVMRLQWHGVXEQHWVZLWKOLQNVEHWZHHQKLHUDUFKLFDOWUDQVL
WLRQVDQGVXEQHWVIRUPLQJDKLHUDUFKLFDOVWUXFWXUH)LULQJ
DQ\ KLHUDUFKLFDO WUDQVLWLRQ UHVXOWV LQ H[HFXWLRQ RI LWV LQ
)RUPDO0RGHO
WHUQDO QHW 7KLV FRQVWUXFWLRQ PDNHV VFULSW UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ
PRGXODU DQG DOORZV IRU WKH VLPSOH PRGLILFDWLRQ DQG UH
)RU IRUPDO VSHFLILFDWLRQ RI VFULSWV RI &7,DSSOLFDWLRQV
XVHRIVSHFLILFDWLRQV
ZH GHYHORSHG D 3HWUL QHWEDVHG PRGHO FDOOHG VFULSWQHW
>@FRPELQLQJVRPHIHDWXUHGIURPRWKHU3HWULQHWPRGHOV
>@ 7KH PRGHO FRQVLVWV RI WKH IROORZLQJ IRXU TXLWH
UHFHLSW RI XQVROLFLWHG HYHQWV ZH VXJJHVW D PDFURSODFH
RUWKRJRQDOFRQVWLWXHQWV
FRQVWUXFWLRQ>@
+LJK OHYHO DQG REMHFW RULHQWHG 3HWUL QHW PRGHO
FDOOHG FRRSHUDWLYH QHWV >@ WKDW DOORZV WR UHSUHVHQW
)RU SURFHVVLQJ H[FHSWLRQV LQ VFULSWV VXFK DV
7R UHSUHVHQW UHDOWLPH FRQVWUDLQWV WKDW DUH YHU\
FULWLFDO IRU VFULSWV ZH LQFRUSRUDWH 0HUOLQ
V WLPH FRQ
VWUXFWVLQWRRXUPRGHO>@
0-7695-0001-3/99 $10.00 (c) 1999 IEEE
Proceedings of the 32nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences - 1999
Proceedings of the 32nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences - 1999
,Q WKH IROORZLQJ ZH FRQVLGHU VRPH RI WKHVH FRQVWLWXHQWV
ZLWK
LQGHWDLODQGVKRZKRZWKH\FDQEHXVHG
PRGXODUL]DWLRQ :H ZLOO FRQVLGHU WKH SUREOHP RI VWUXF
DQG
WKHUHIRUH
UHTXLUH
VRPH
PHDQV
RI
WXUDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIVFULSWQHWV,QWKLVUHVSHFWZHFDQ
SRLQWRXWWZRWHFKQLTXHVIRU PRGXODUL]DWLRQLQ 3HWULQHW
EDVHG PRGHOV ZH ZRXOG OLNH WR HPSOR\ KLHUDUFKLFDO
%DVLVRIVFULSWQHWV
WUDQVLWLRQV DQG PDFURSODFHV 7KH ILUVW WHFKQLTXH LV ZHOO
HODERUDWHGZLWKLQWKHIUDPHZRUNRIKLJKOHYHO3HWULQHWV
$VDEDVLVRIVFULSWQHWZHWDNHDQREMHFWRULHQWHGPRGHO
RI KLJK OHYHO 3HWUL QHWV NQRZQ DV FRRSHUDWLYH QHWV >@
WKDWDOORZVXVWRUHSUHVHQWDV\VWHPDVDVHWRIFRPPXQL
FDWLQJVXEQHWV,QSDUWLFXODUHDFKWUDQVLWLRQFDQEH DVVR
FLDWHG ZLWK WKH SURFHVV RI FRPPXQLFDWLRQ VHQGLQJ RU
UHFHLYLQJRIPHVVDJHZLWKRWKHUVFULSWQHWV
HJVHH>@ *HQHUDOO\ LW FRQVLVWV RI UHSUHVHQWLQJDKLHU
DUFKLFDO QHW DV D VHW RI GLVMRLQW VXEQHWV ZLWK OLQNV EH
WZHHQ WUDQVLWLRQV DQG VXEQHWV IRUPLQJ D KLHUDUFKLFDO
VWUXFWXUH )LULQJ RI VXFK D KLHUDUFKLFDO WUDQVLWLRQ FDXVHV
DQH[HFXWLRQRI LWV LQWHUQDOQHW WKDW FRQVLVWV RI WKH ILULQJ
RIDWUDQVLWLRQRUVWHS VHTXHQFH IURPLQLWLDO PDUNLQJWR
WKH WHUPLQDO RQH 6R XVLQJ WKLV WHFKQLTXH ZH FDQ UHSUH
6HQGLQJ
D
FRPPDQG
VVFULSWYFRPY
YQ ZKHUH VFULSWY VSHFLILHV D WDUJHW REMHFW DQG
FRPYYQLVDFRPPDQGZLWKSDUDPHWHUV
5HFHLYLQJ
D
FRPPDQG
UVFULSWYFRPY
YP WKDW JLYHV D FRPPDQG ZLWKSDUDPHWHUV IURP WKH
REMHFWVFULSWY
VXEQHWV
$WWKH VDPH WLPH LQ FDOOSURFHVVLQJ ZH PD\ IDFH VLWXD
WLRQVZKLFKDUHDV\QFKURQRXVWRQRUPDOSURFHVVLQJDQG
D UHDFWLRQ WR VXFK HYHQWV VKRXOG DOVR EH VSHFLILHG )RU
H[DPSOH WKHUH PD\ EH VLWXDWLRQV ZKHQ GXULQJ WKH GLD
ORJXHEHWZHHQDJHQWDQGFOLHQWWKHWHOHSKRQHOLQHLVGLV
7KLV HQDEOHV XV WR VSHFLI\ D FRPPXQLFDWLRQ EHWZHHQ D
&7,DSSOLFDWLRQ DQGD VHUYHU XVLQJ D FOLHQWVHUYHU SURWR
FRO>@0RUHRYHULWLVSRVVLEOHWRDVVRFLDWHDWUDQVLWLRQ
ZLWKDFUHDWLRQRIQHZREMHFWVIRUVRPHVFULSWQHW
VHQW VFULSW QHWV DV D VHW RI KLHUDUFKLFDO RUJDQL]HG VFULSW
&UHDWLQJ D QHZ REMHFW FVFULSWYYYN
ZKHUH VFULSWY LGHQWLILHV D FUHDWLQJ REMHFW DQG YYQ
LWVLQLWLDOSDUDPHWHUV
FRQQHFWHGHJVXGGHQO\FOLHQWSXWVGRZQDUHFHLYHUDV
ZHOO DV PRUH VRSKLVWLFDWHG VLWXDWLRQV ZKHQ WKH SURFHVV
LQJ RI FXUUHQW FDOOV LV LQWHUUXSWHG DQG WKH DJHQW LV IRU
ZDUGHGWRSURFHVVQHZFDOOVZLWKKLJKHUSULRULW\0RUHR
YHU SURFHVVLQJ RI VXFK EURNHQ FDOOV FRXOG EH UHFRP
PHQFHG XSRQ DYDLODELOLW\ RI DJHQWV 7R VSHFLI\ VXFK
VLWXDWLRQVLQVFULSWQHWVVSHFLDOFRQVWUXFWVDUHQHHGHG7R
DFFRPSOLVK WKLV ZH VXJJHVW XVLQJ WKH FRQFHSW RI PDF
URQHWVUHSRUWHGLQ>@DQGJHQHUDOL]HGRQKLJKOHYHO3HWUL
7KXVHDFKVFULSWRID&7,DSSOLFDWLRQFDQEHGHVFULEHGDV
DFRUUHVSRQGLQJVFULSWQHW,QWKLVFDVHWKHSURFHVVRIFDOO
SURFHVVLQJ FDQ EH XQGHUVWRRG DV FUHDWLQJ DQ REMHFW LQ
MHFWLQJDWRNHQLQKHDGSODFHRIVFULSWQHWDQGPRYLQJLW
WKURXJK WKH QHW 6RPH H[DPSOHV RI VFULSWQHWV DUH SUH
VHQWHGLQ>@
QHWV>@
3HWUL QHWV ZLWK PDFURSODFHV 1RWLRQV RI PDFURQHWV DQG
PDFURSODFHV KDYH EHHQ LQWURGXFHG LQ >@ IRU VSHFLILFD
WLRQ RI VXFK VLWXDWLRQV ZKHUH VWDUWLQJ WKH H[HFXWLRQ RI
RQHSURFHGXUHPD\LQWHUUXSWH[HFXWLRQRI DQRWKHU SURFH
GXUH6\QWDFWLFDOO\DPDFURQHW LV GHILQHG VLPLODU WRQHWV
ZLWK KLHUDUFKLFDO WUDQVLWLRQV KRZHYHU ZH XVH PDFUR
:H DOORZ PXOWLODEHOLQJ RI QHW >@ LH ODEHOLQJ ZKHUH
HDFK WUDQVLWLRQ PD\ EH ODEHOHG E\ D VHW RI H[SUHVVLRQV
VXFK DV VHQGLQJ DQG UHFHLYLQJ D PHVVDJH RU FUHDWLQJ D
QHZ REMHFW 7KLV H[WHQVLRQ FDQ VLPSOLI\ VSHFLILFDWLRQV
DQGPDNHWKHPPRUHFRPSDFW
FRXOG EH SHUFHLYHG DV D VHW RI 3HWUL QHWV HTXLSSHG ZLWK
KLHUDUFKLFDOOLQNVRIWKHW\SHSODFH
QHW
*UDSKLFDOO\ D PDFURQHW FDQ EH UHSUHVHQWHG DV D VHW RI
%\ FROOHFWLQJ FRPPXQLFDWLQJ VFULSWQHWV ZH FDQ SUR
GXFHDVFULSWV\VWHPWKDWUHSUHVHQWVDFDOOFHQWHUVORJLFDO
VWUXFWXUH,QWKLVVWUXFWXUHZHFDQGLVWLQJXLVKDSSOLFDWLRQ
VFULSWV DQG V\VWHP VFULSWV UHSUHVHQWLQJ V\VWHP VHUYLFHV
VXFKDVUHVRXUFHPDQDJHPHQWDQGFDOOURXWLQJ
SODFHV LQVWHDG RI WUDQVLWLRQV ,Q RWKHU ZRUGV D PDFURQHW
0DFURQHWVH[FHSWLRQKDQGOLQJ
$W WKLV SRLQW ZH VKRXOGQRWHWKDW VFULSWV GHVFULELQJ UHDO
VFHQDULRV DUH XVXDOO\ H[WUHPHO\ FRPSOLFDWHG WR ZRUN
LQFOXGHG QHWV HDFK LQWHUQDO QHW EHLQJ GUDZQ ZLWKLQ D
FLUFOH RI FRUUHVSRQGLQJ PDFURSODFHV 7KH KHDG SODFH RI
DQLQWHUQDOQHWLVPDUNHGE\DQLQFRPLQJH[WUDDUF
7KHILULQJUXOHVRIPDFURQHWVDUHDVIROORZV
$ PDFURSODFH LV FRQVLGHUHG WR KDYH D WRNHQ LI LWV
LQWHUQDOQHWDOVRKDVDWRNHQ
DGGLQJ D WRNHQ WR D PDFURSODFH UHVXOWV LQ DGGLQJ D
WRNHQWRWKHKHDGSODFHRIWKHLQWHUQDOQHW
0-7695-0001-3/99 $10.00 (c) 1999 IEEE
Proceedings of the 32nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences - 1999
Proceedings of the 32nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences - 1999
UHPRYLQJ D WRNHQ IURP PDFURSODFH UHVXOWV LQ UH
LQFRPLQJ DUFV ZLWK FRUUHVSRQGLQJ YDOXHV IURP 6P VHH
PRYLQJDWRNHQIURPWKHLQWHUQDOQHWQRPDWWHU ZKDWSR
)LJXUH7KHQZHDGGWRWKLVDSUHFRQGLWLRQRIRXWJRLQJ
VLWLRQLWLVLQ
WUDQVLWLRQW
6
P DQ H[SUHVVLRQ RI WKH W\SH YP
6
ZKHUH
6P )LULQJ RI WKH WUDQVLWLRQ W UHVXOWV LQ UHPRYLQJ D
,WLVFOHDUWKDWWKHFRQFHSWRI DPDFURSODFH LVKHOSIXO IRU
WRNHQIURPDSODFHRI6
1RWHWKDWZHFDQ
UHPHPEHU
WKH
UHSUHVHQWLQJ YDULRXV VLWXDWLRQV ZKHUH DQ LQWHUUXSWLRQ LV
DFWXDO SODFH ZKHUH WKH WRNHQ ZDV EHIRUH LW KDG EHHQ UH
LQYROYHG
PRYHG )RU DQ DUF FRPLQJ LQ WR WKH PDFURSODFH P WKH
FRUUHVSRQGLQJ LWHP RI WKH WXSOH LV VWDWHG LQ D VXLWDEOH
+LJK OHYHO PDFURQHWV 8VLQJ VWDQGDUG SRVVLELOLWLHV RI
PDQQHU )RU LQVWDQFH LI LWLV HTXDO WR D SODFH VL
KLJKOHYHOQHWVZH JHQHUDOL]H WKHQRWLRQ RI PDFURSODFHV
DGGLQJRIDWRNHQWRPDFURSODFHPZLOOUHVXOWLQLQMHFWLQJ
6P WKH
DOORZLQJ XVWR VSHFLI\ PRUH JHQHUDO FRQVWUXFWLRQV )LUVW
DWRNHQLQWRVLRIWKHLQWHUQDOQHW $SDUW IURPD FRQVWDQW
ZHZLOOEHDEOHWREXLOGFRQVWUXFWLRQVZKHUHH[HFXWLRQRI
ZHFDQZULWHDYDULDEOHRIWKHW\SHW\SHPWKDWDOORZVXVWR
DQ LQWHUQDO QHW FDQ EH LQWHUUXSWHG RQO\ LQ VSHFLILHG UH
GHWHUPLQH WKH LQFRPLQJ SODFH G\QDPLFDOO\ 6SHFLILFDOO\
JLRQV 6HFRQG ZH FDQ VSHFLI\ D KHDG SODFH RI LQWHUQDO
ZH FDQUHSODFH WDNHQWR LWV SRLQW RI RULJLQDWLRQ VHH )LJ
QHWV G\QDPLFDOO\ KHOSLQJ XV WR LQMHFW D WRNHQ LQWR DQ\
XUH 0RUH VWULFWGHILQLWLRQ RI KLJKOHYHO PDFURQHWV FDQ
GHVLUHGSODFH
EHIRXQGLQ>@
:LWKWKHDLG RI D PDFURSODFH RQH FDQ HDVLO\ VSHFLI\ WKH
6
QH[WVLWXDWLRQLQDQDJHQW
VVFHQDULR
YP
YP
YP
WRDQLQLWLDOVWDWH,QWKLVFDVHWKHSURFHVVLQJRIWKHLQWHU
6
YP
UXSWHGFDOOLVFDQFHOOHG
YP
,QWHUUXSWLRQRIDVFULSWH[HFXWLRQRQO\LILWLVLQ VSH
FLDOUHJLRQVRIWKHVFULSW
6
6
,QWHUUXSWLRQ RI D VFULSW H[HFXWLRQ QDWXUDOO\ ZLWK DQ
DSRORJ\ WR D FOLHQW DW DQ\ VWDJH ZLWK VXEVHTXHQW UHWXUQ
,QWHUUXSWLRQ RI D VFULSW H[HFXWLRQ ZKLOH QRWLQJ WKH
SODFH RI LQWHUUXSWLRQ DQG SRVVLEOH FXUUHQW SDUDPHWHUV RI
WKH FDOO SURFHVVLQJ 7KLV LQIRUPDWLRQ FDQ EH XVHG IRU
IXWXUHUHFRPPHQFLQJRIWKHSURFHVVLQJRIWKHFDOO
)LJXUH0DFURSODFHDQGLQWHUQDOQHW
7LPHFRQVWUDLQWV
/HWPEHDPDFURSODFHDQG1P
6P7P)PEHLWVLQWHUQDO
VXEQHW)RUDQLQWHUQDOQHWZHLQWURGXFHDGDWDW\SHW\SHP
7R UHSUHVHQW UHDOWLPH FRQVWUDLQWV WKDW DUH YHU\ FULWLFDO
ZLWK D GRPDLQ HTXDO WR D VHW RI LQWHUQDO SODFHV
IRU VFULSWV ZH LQFRUSRUDWH 0HUOLQ
V WLPH FRQVWUXFWV >@
'RPW\SHP
^VVQ`/HWXVDGGWRWKHWRNHQLQWHU
LQWR RXU PRGHO ,Q SDUWLFXODU HDFK WUDQVLWLRQ LQ D VFULSW
QDO QHW DQ LWHP RI W\SH W\SHP WKH YDOXH RI WKH LWHP LV
QHWFDQEHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKDSDLU>WPLQWPD[@WKDWSURYLGHVD
H[DFWO\ HTXDO WR WKH SODFH ZKHUH WKH WRNHQ LV VLWXDWHG
WLPH LQWHUYDO HQDEOLQJ WKH WUDQVLWLRQ 7KLV HQDEOHV XV WR
7KLVFDQEHHDVLO\LPSOHPHQWHGE\DVVLJQLQJWRWXSOHVRI
VSHFLI\WLPHRXWVLQVFULSWH[HFXWLRQ
6P
JHWBDJHQW(t)
VDJHQWJHW
W
UDJHQWRN[
W
JHWBDJHQW
VDJHQWJHW
UDJHQWRN[
W
W
>t @
QRN
W
>t,t @
LL
)LJXUH5HVRXUFHFDSWXULQJ
0-7695-0001-3/99 $10.00 (c) 1999 IEEE
Proceedings of the 32nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences - 1999
Proceedings of the 32nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences - 1999
8VLQJ WKLV FOLHQW VHUYHU VFKHPH RI FRPPXQLFDWLRQ DQG
WLPH FRQVWUDLQWV ZH FDQ EXLOG D PHFKDQLVP RI UHVRXUFH
FDSWXULQJUHOHDVH 2Q )LJXUH L WKH VFKHPH RI DJHQW
FDSWXULQJ ZLWKLQWLPH LQWHUYDO LV GHSLFWHG 7KH FDSWXU
LQJ LV VWDUWHG E\ VHQGLQJ F FRPPDQG JHW ILULQJ RI WKH
WUDQVLWLRQWWRWKHVFULSWDJHQWWKDWGHILQHVWKHEHKDYLRU
RI WKH DJHQWV ,I ZLWKLQ WKH WLPH LQWHUYDO > @ D SRVLWLYH
UHSO\ LV UHFHLYHG URN[ ILULQJ W WKHQ WKH DJHQW ZLWK
WKDW LGHQWLILHU [ LV FRQVLGHUHG WR EH FDSWXUHG ,I ZLWKLQ
WLPH LQWHUYDO QRWKLQJ KDSSHQV WKHQ WUDQVLWLRQ W ILUHV
KHQFH WKHUH DUHQR DJHQWV DYDLODEOH 7KLV FRQVWUXFWLRQ LV
FDOOHGJHWBDJHQW ,IQRWLPHLQWHUYDOLV VSHFLILHG WKHQ
WKHWUDQVLWLRQ WZLOOQHYHUILUHDQGWKXV FDQ EHUHPRYHG
VHH)LJXUHLL
([DPSOH ,Q WKLV H[DPSOH ZH EXLOG D VFULSWQHW FRUUH
VSRQGLQJ WR D VFULSW IRU WKH SURFHVVLQJ RI D UHWDLO FDWD
ORJXHVDOHVFDOOFHQWHU>@,QWKLVFRQWH[WPDQ\FXVWRP
HUV FDOO WR LQTXLUH DERXW WKH DYDLODELOLW\ RI LWHPV LQ D
FDWDORJXH VWDWXV RI WKHLU RUGHU GHOLYHU\ RSWLRQV DQG
VLPLODUURXWLQHTXHVWLRQV6XFKVLPSOHFDOOVFDQ EH SURF
HVVHGDXWRPDWLFDOO\E\ D YRLFH SURFHVVLQJ V\VWHP 2WKHU
FDOOV HVSHFLDOO\ WKRVH LQYROYLQJ QHZ FXVWRPHUV ZKR
QHHG VSHFLDO DVVLVWDQFH PXVW EH SURFHVVHG E\ DQ RSHUD
WRU,Q)LJXUHZHSUHVHQWDVFULSWQHW FRUUHVSRQGLQJWR
SURFHVVLQJ WKLV W\SH RI FDOO :KHQ WKH V\VWHP HQWHUV D
FDOO LQWR D VFULSW D WRNHQ DSSHDUV LQ D KHDG SODFH V LW
SOD\V D JUHHWLQJ DQG JLYHV D FKRLFH RI SUHVVLQJ
RU WKH WUDQVLWLRQ W 7KHVH FKRLFHV FRUUHVSRQG WR
FDOOVFRQFHUQLQJDYDLODELOLW\RILWHPVWKHVWDWXVRIDFXU
UHQWRUGHURURWKHUW\SHVRIFDOOVUHVSHFWLYHO\
([DPSOHV
,Q WKH ILUVW WZR FDVHV WKH FDOO LV SURFHVVHG DXWRPDWLFDOO\
,Q WKH VHFWLRQ ZH GLVFXVV DPHWKRGRORJ\ RI UHSUHVHQWLQJ
KLHUDUFKLFDO WUDQVLWLRQV W DQG W 7KH WKLUG FDVH QHHGV
VFULSWV DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH PRGHO ZH DUH LQWURGXFLQJ ZLWK
WKH LQWHUYHQWLRQ RI DQ RSHUDWRU ZKR LV FDSWXUHG E\ WKH
WKHDLGRIVRPHUHDOLVWLFVFULSWH[DPSOHV
H[SUHVVLRQ VDJHQWJHW +HUH WKH DJHQW LV WKH QDPH RI
WKH VFULSWQHW IRU UHVRXUFHV FRUUHVSRQGLQJ WR RSHUDWRUV
([DPSOH 2Q )LJ WKH VFULSW FRUUHVSRQGLQJ WR UH
JHW WKH QDPH RI FDSWXULQJ FRPPDQG ,I WKHUH LV D IUHH
VRXUFH RI RSHUDWRUV DJHQWV LV GHSLFWHG 7KH DJHQWV FDQ
RSHUDWRU LQ WKH V\VWHP KH LV FDSWXUHG $W WKLV SRLQW WKH
EH LQ WKUHH VWDWHV 5($'< %86< 1275($'< 15
FDOO LV WUDQVIHUUHG DQG WKH RSHUDWRU ZRUNV ZLWK WKH FXV
IRU VKRUW 7KH WUDQVLWLRQ IURP 5($'< WR %86< LV
WRPHUKLHUDUFKLFDOWUDQVLWLRQ W $WWKH HQG RI WKH FRQ
FDXVHGE\UHFHLYLQJDFRPPDQGJHWIURPDQREMHFW;DQG
YHUVDWLRQ WKH RSHUDWRU LV UHOHDVHG W ,I WKHUH DUH QR
VHQGLQJ LWDUHSO\ RN 1RWH WKDW WKLV WUDQVLWLRQ LV ODEHOHG
IUHHRSHUDWRUVWWKHV\VWHPSOD\VDUHFRUGHGVRXQGILOH
E\ WZR ODEHOV WKDW FRUUHVSRQG WR UHFHLYLQJ DQG VHQGLQJ
ZLWKDSSURSULDWHH[SODQDWLRQV
FRPPDQGV ,Q D %86< VWDWH WKH DJHQW FDQ UHWXUQ WR D
5($'< VWDWH E\ UHFHLYLQJ D FRPPDQG U;IUHH IURP
,Q WKLV H[DPSOH WZR SRVVLELOLWLHV IRU DJHQW FDSWXULQJ
WKHDSSOLFDWLRQ0RUHRYHULQD%86<VWDWHWKHDJHQWFDQ
ZLWKLQ WKH WLPH LQWHUYDO
PRYH WR D 1275($'< VWDWH HJ VZLWFKLQJ WR PRUH
ER[HV 7KH FDSWXULQJ LV LQLWLDWHG E\ VHQGLQJ D JHW FRP
XUJHQW ZRUN LQIRUPLQJ WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ E\ VHQGLQJ D
PDQG WR WKH DJHQW VFULSW WKDW GHILQHV WKH EHKDYLRU RI
FRPPDQGQRWBUHDG\7KHSODFH6VD\VWKDWWKHRSHUDWRU D
WKHDJHQWV,IDSRVLWLYHUHSO\URNLVUHFHLYHGZLWKLQWKH
FDQ ZRUN ZLWK VFULSW $ WKH RSHUDWRU E FDQ ZRUN ZLWK
WLPHLQWHUYDOUHSUHVHQWHGE\> @WKHQWKHDJHQWZLWKWKDW
VFULSW%DQGFFDQZRUNZLWKERWKVFULSWV$DQG%
LGHQWLILHULVFRQVLGHUHGWREHFDSWXUHG,IZLWKLQWKH WLPH
t
DUH VKRZQ ZLWKLQ GDVKHG
LQWHUYDOQRWKLQJ KDSSHQV WKHQ WUDQVLWLRQ QRN ILUHV LQGL
FDWLQJ WKDW QR DJHQWV DUH DYDLODEOH 7KLV FRQVWUXFWLRQ LV
FDOOHGJHWBDJHQW
$*(17
D$ E%
F$ F%
[\
5($'<
$
,PDJLQHWKDWDQDJHQWLQYROYHGLQFDOOSURFHVVLQJSUHVVHV
D QRW UHDG\ EXWWRQ RQ KLV WHOHSKRQH DQG EHFRPHV XQ
[\
DYDLODEOH 7KLV HYHQW FRUUHVSRQGV WR ILULQJ WKH WUDQVLWLRQ
%86<
W$WWKLVSRLQWWKHVFULSWWULHVWRILQGDQRWKHUDJHQWW
%
[
&
[\=
U=JHWV=RN
[
[\=
[\
U=IUHH
,IDQRWKHU DJHQW LV LQGHHGDYDLODEOH FRQWURO RI WKH VFULSW
LV UHWXUQHG WR WKH VDPH SODFH ZKHUH LW ZDV LQWHUUXSWHG
DQG FDOO SURFHVVLQJ FRQWLQXHV 7KH VWDWH ZKHUH WKH FDOO
SURFHVVLQJZDVLQWHUUXSWHGLVVDYHGLQWKHYDULDEOHY
UHDG\
15
VQRWBUHDG\
)LJXUH6FULSWQHWRIDJHQW
0-7695-0001-3/99 $10.00 (c) 1999 IEEE
Proceedings of the 32nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences - 1999
Proceedings of the 32nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences - 1999
GLDORJ
JUHHWLQJV
W
GLDORJ
0
0
JHWBDJHQW
VDJHQWJHW
W
UDJHQWRN
GLDORJ
VDJHQWIUHH
W
>@
WUDQVIHU
QRN
W
VRUU\
W
>@
VRUU\
>@
JHWBDJHQW
QRN
VDJHQWJHW
UDJHQWRN
Y
Y
Y
UDJHQWQRWBUHDG\
>@
Y
UGLVFRQQHFW
VDJHQWIUHH
)LJXUH([DPSOHRID6FULSW1HWLQ&DWDORJXH6DOHV&RQWH[W
$OWHUQDWLYHO\ LPDJLQH WKDW D FOLHQW VXGGHQO\ KDQJV XS
GXULQJDFDOO7KLVHYHQWFRUUHVSRQGVWRILULQJWKH WUDQVL
VFULSWVZLWKVHPDQWLFVEDVHGRQ3HWULQHWEDVHGPRGHO
$IURQWHQGJUDSKLFDOODQJXDJHIRUVSHFLILFDWLRQ
WLRQW)LULQJRIWKLVWUDQVLWLRQGLVUXSWVWKHH[HFXWLRQ RI
WKH VFULSW LQFOXGLQJ WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ GHILQHG DERYH UH
OHDVHV LWV DFWLYH DJHQW LI DQ\ DQG WKHQ WHUPLQDWHV WKH
LQJODQJXDJH DQGDOORZV WR EXLOG VFULSWV LQ D VLPSOH DQG
FDOOSURFHVVLQJ
FRQYHQLHQWZD\
$ JUDSKLF VFULSW HGLWRU WKDW VXSSRUWV WKH VFULSW
)RUPPDQDJHU IRU FUHDWLQJ D VHW RI IRUPV WR EH
LQWHUFKDQJHG EHWZHHQ DSSOLFDWLRQ DQG DJHQW VWDWLRQ GXU
,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ,VVXHV
LQJDFDOOSURFHVVLQJ
,Q WKLV VHFWLRQ ZH EULHIO\ VNHWFK VRPH WRROV IRU JHQHUD
WLRQ FDOO FHQWHU DSSOLFDWLRQV EDVHG RQ GHYHORSHG IRUPDO
HPHUJLQJ LQERXQG DQG RXWERXQG FDOOV LQ WKH UXQWLPH
PRGHO ,Q SDUWLFXODU ZH GHYHORSHG D SURJUDPPLQJ V\V
VWDJH
$ VFULSW HQJLQH WKDW H[HFXWHV VFULSWV XSRQ
WHPIRUEXLOGLQJVFULSWVIRUSURFHVVLQJ ERWK LQERXQG DQG
RXWERXQG FDOOV ZLWK H[WHQVLYH LQWHUYHQWLRQ RI OLYLQJ
7KHJUDSKLFDOVFULSWLQJODQJXDJHDOORZV RQH WRUHSUHVHQW
DJHQWV7KHV\VWHPIXQFWLRQVLQDQ,QWUDQHWHQYLURQPHQW
D VFULSW DV D JUDSK ZKHUH HDFK QRGH GHSLFWHG E\ LFRQ
LV EDVHG RQ WKLQFOLHQW WHFKQRORJ\ DQG XVHV D JUDSKLF
FRUUHVSRQGV WR HOHPHQWDU\ FRPPXQLFDWLRQ ZLWK RWKHU
ODQJXDJH WR GHVFULEH DJHQW ZRUN VFULSWV 0RUH VSHFLIL
REMHFWVHJGHYLVHREMHFWDJHQW$UURZVEHWZHHQLFRQV
FDOO\WKHV\VWHPFRPSULVHVWKHIROORZLQJFRPSRQHQWV
GHILQHDFDXVDOUHODWLRQEHWZHHQFRPPXQLFDWLRQDFWLRQV
0-7695-0001-3/99 $10.00 (c) 1999 IEEE
Proceedings of the 32nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences - 1999
Proceedings of the 32nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences - 1999
)LJXUH*UDSKLFDOVFULSWHGLWRU
$PRQJ RWKHU IHDWXUHV RI WKH ODQJXDJH ZH FDQ PHQWLRQ
IHDWXUHVZKLFKLQKHULWHGIURPWKHIRUPDOPRGHO
3DUDOOHO FRQVWUXFWV DOORZLQJ RQH WR UHSUHVHQW
PXOWLWKUHDGLQJDQGV\QFKURQL]DWLRQEHWZHHQWKUHDGV
WXUHRIFRPSOH[DSSOLFDWLRQVIRUFDOOFHQWHUV
,Q WKH QHDUHVW IXWXUH ZH SODQ WR SD\ PRUH DWWHQWLRQ WR
DUFKLWHFWXUDODVSHFWV LQ WKH SURFHVV RI IRUPDOL]DWLRQ WDN
LQJ LQWR FRQVLGHUDWLRQ GLIIHUHQW UHODWHG DUFKLWHFWXUDO DS
SURDFKHV>@
+LHUDUFKLFDO FRQVWUXFWV ZKLFK DOORZ RQH WR
EXLOGVFULSWVLQDPRGXODUIDVKLRQ
DSSURDFK HQDEOHV D GHVLJQHUWR UHSUHVHQW D ORJLFDO VWUXF
&RQVLGHULQJ DOPRVW DOO &7,DSSOLFDWLRQV DUH UHDO WLPH
V\VWHPV ZH PXVW WDNH LQWR FRQVLGHUDWLRQ WLPH DQG VWR
([FHSWLRQKDQGOLQJFRQVWUXFWVZKLFKHQDEOHRQH
WR VSHFLI\ WKH UHDFWLRQ RI WKH VFULSWV RQ UHFHLYLQJ DV\Q
FKURQRXVDQGXQVROLFLWHGHYHQWV
FKDVWLF DVSHFWV RI WKH PRGHO XQGHU GLVFXVVLRQ LH LW LV
GHVLUDEOH WR FDOFXODWH DYDLODELOLW\ RI D FDOO FHQWHU IRU
VSHFLILF VRUW RI FDOOV DJHQW
V ORDGLQJ RSWLPDO FRQILJX
UDWLRQ RI FDOOFHQWHU HWF %\ H[WHQGLQJ RXU PRGHO WR
2Q)LJXUHZHSUHVHQWWKHVQDSVKRWRI WKH VFULSW HGLWRU
ZLWK
WKH
IUDJPHQW
RI
WKH
VFULSW
GLVFXVVHG
LQ
WKH
ZDUGV VWRFKDVWLF 3HWUL QHWV WKHVH LVVXHV FDQ EH DG
GUHVVHG
H[DPSOH
$FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV 7KH DXWKRUV DUH JUDWHIXO WR (YJHQ\
3HWURYLNK DQG 3DYHO 3RVWXSDOVNL IRU WKH\ KHOSIXO GLVFXV
VLRQV)LUVW DXWKRUKDGDOVR D EHQHILW IURP 5XVVLDQ )XQG
&RQFOXGLQJ5HPDUNV
IRU%DVLF5HVHDUFKJUDQW1R
,QWKLVSDSHUZHKDYHSURSRVHGWKH3HWULQHWEDVHGPRGHO
IRU GHVLJQ GLIIHUHQW GLVWULEXWHG &7, DSSOLFDWLRQV 7KLV
0-7695-0001-3/99 $10.00 (c) 1999 IEEE
Proceedings of the 32nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences - 1999
Proceedings of the 32nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences - 1999
5()(5(1&(6
-/3HWHUVRQ 3HWUL 1HW 7KHRU\ DQG WKH 0RGHOLQJ RI
6\VWHPV3UHQWLFH+DOO,QF
>@
:03 YDQ GHU $DOVW 7KH $SSOLFDWLRQ RI 3HWUL
1HWV WR :RUNIORZ 0DQDJHPHQW 7R DSSHDU LQ WKH
-RXUQDO
RI
&LUFXLWV
6\VWHPV
DQG
&RPSXWHUV
0RQRJUDSK
:5HLVLJ 3HWUL 1HWV $Q ,QWURGXFWLRQ ($7&6
RQ
7KHRUHWLFDO
&RPSXWHU
6FLHQFH
6SULQJHU9HUODJ
1$$QLVLPRY $Q $OJHEUD RI 5HJXODU 0DFURQHWV
&6LEHUWLQ%ODQF$&OLHQW6HUYHU 3URWRFRO IRU WKH
IRU)RUPDO6SHFLILFDWLRQRI&RPPXQLFDWLRQ3URWR
&RPSRVLWLRQ RI 3HWUL 1HWV ,Q 0$MPRQH 0DUVDQ
FROV&RPSXWHUVDQG$UWLILFLDO,QWHOOLJHQFH9RO
HG ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ $SSOLFDWLRQ
1RSS
DQG 7KHRU\ RI 3HWUL 1HWV /HFWXUH 1RWHV LQ
WK
&RPSXWHU6FLHQFH9ROSS
1$QLVLPRY..LVKLQVNL $0LORVODYVNL 3HWUL 1HW
%DVHG 0RGHO IRU 'HVLJQ RI &7,DSSOLFDWLRQV LQ
&6LEHUWLQ%ODQF&RRSHUDWLYH1HWV,Q 5 9DOHWWH
WK
3URF RI WKH ,QW &RQIHUHQFH &RPSXWDWLRQDO (QJL
HG ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ $SSOLFDWLRQ
QHHULQJRQ6\VWHPV$SSOLFDWLRQ&(6$
-XO\
DQG 7KHRU\ RI 3HWUL 1HWV /HFWXUH 1RWHV LQ
/LOOH)UDQFH
&RPSXWHU
6FLHQFH
9RO
6SULQJHU
9HUODJ
SS
1$$QLVLPRY .3.LVKLQVNL $0LORVODYVNL 3$
3RVXSDOVNL 0DFURSODVHV LQ +LJK /HYHO 3HWUL 1HWV
$SSOLFDWLRQ IRU 'HVLJQ ,QERXQG &DOO &HQWHU ,Q
5:DOWHUV
&RPSXWHU
7HOHSKRQH
,QWHJUDWLRQ
$UWHFK+RXVH
3URF ,QW &RQIHUHQFH RQ ,QIRUPDWLRQ 6\VWHPV
$QDO\VLV DQG 6\QWKHVLV ,6$6
2UODQGR )ORU
LGD86$-XO\SS
1$QLVLPRY0.RXWQ\2Q&RPSRVLWLRQDOLW\DQG
3HWUL 1HWV LQ 3URWRFRO (QJLQHHULQJ ,Q 3URWRFRO
6SHFLILFDWLRQ
7HVWLQJ
DQG
9HULILFDWLRQ
;9
&KDSPDQ +DOOSS
&$ (OOLVDQG *- 1XWW 0RGHOLQJ DQG (QDFWPHQW
RI:RUNIORZ6\VWHPV,Q0$MPRQH0DUVDQHG
WK
,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ $SSOLFDWLRQ DQG
7KHRU\ RI 3HWUL 1HWV /HFWXUH 1RWHV LQ &RP
SXWHU 6FLHQFH 9RO SS 6SULQJHU9HUODJ
%HUOLQ
(QWHUSULVH &RPSXWHU 7HOHSKRQ\ )RUXP 6 5H
YLVLRQ 0HGLD 6HUYLFHV & /DQJXDJH $SSOLFDWLRQ
3URJUDPPLQJ,QWHUIDFH
.-HQVHQ &RORXUHG 3HWUL 1HWV %DVLF &RQFHSWV
$QDO\VLV 0HWKRGV DQG 3UDFWLFDO 8VH 9RO %DVLF
&RQFHSWV
($7&6
0RQRJUDSK
RQ
7KHRUHWLFDO
&RPSXWHU6FLHQFH6SULQJHU9HUODJ
(0DUJXOLHV 9RLFH 3URFHVVLQJ $SSOLFDWLRQV )ODWL
URQ3XEOLVKLQJ,6%1
300HUOLQ '-)DUEHU 5HFRYHUDELOLW\ RI &RP
PXQLFDWLRQ3URWRFROV ,PSOLFDWLRQ RI D 7KHRUHWL
FDO6WXG\,(((7UDQV &RPPXQ &20
0-7695-0001-3/99 $10.00 (c) 1999 IEEE