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Avionics Databus Solutions
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Network Overview and Topology Virtual Link Concept Redundancy / Integrity Checking Protocol Layers Payload Organisation
AFDX a registered trademark of Airbus Deutschland GmbH
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AFDX Avionics Full Duplex Switched Ethernet
100Mbit/sec / 10Mbit/sec, first 1GBit/sec implementations available ! Built around commercial Ethernet (MAC, IP, UDP, SNMP) with provisions for deterministic behaviour www.aim-online.com Media is Copper or Fibre Optic 3 Types of Network elements
End Systems (E/S) Switches Links
Why AFDX? High Speed Commercial Ethernet with provisions for guaranteed Deterministic Timing and Redundancy required for Avionics applications
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AFDX Avionics Full Duplex Switched Ethernet
related Standards (most important), www.arinc.com
AIRCRAFT DATA NETWORK PART 7 AVIONICS FULL DUPLEX SWITCHED ETHERNET (AFDX) NETWORK ARINC SPECIFICATION 664P7 PUBLISHED: June 27, 2005 AIRCRAFT DATA NETWORKS PART 2 ETHERNET PHYSICAL AND DATA-LINK LAYER SPECIFICATION ARINC SPECIFICATION 664 PUBLISHED: JUNE 10, 2003
www.aim-online.com
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AFDX Avionics Full Duplex Switched Ethernet
related Specifications (most important), AIRBUS proprietary
AFDX END SYSTEM DETAILED FUNCTIONAL SPECIFICATION L42D1515045801
www.aim-online.com
AFDX SWITCH DETAILED FUNCTIONAL SPECIFICATION L42D1515051901
AFDX MESSAGE FORMATS DETAILED FUNCTIONAL SPECIFICATION L42D1 515.1722/01
RULES FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF AFDX MESSAGES L42D1 515.0004/2002
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AFDX Network Topology
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Topology
ES ES ES ES
AFDX is a network architecture
ES ES
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There are two types of devices:
Switch: A device which performs traffic policing and filtering, and forwards packets towards their destination End-Systems. End-System: A device whose applications access the network components to send or receive data from the network. All connections are full duplex, 100Mbits/sec (no dedicated backbone bus for Inter-switch communications) Redundancy is achieved by duplication of the connections (wires) & Switches
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Communication Techniques
AFDX Communication protocols have been derived from commercial standards IEEE802.3 Ethernet MAC addressing
ES ES ES ES
www.aim-online.com
Internet Protocol IP User Datagram Protocol UDP SNMP ICMP Provisions have been added to ensure Deterministic Behaviour End-Systems perform traffic shaping which is enforced by Switches Switches perform traffic policing and static routing of frames
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Virtual Link (VL) Definition
End-Systems exchange Frames through Virtual Links (VLs) A Virtual Link defines a unidirectional (logical) connection from one source End-System to one or more destination End-Systems Uni- or Multicast communication
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VL: 1
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES ES
VL: 2
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VL: 3
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Virtual Link Definition
An AFDX network can define up to 64k (216) VLs identified by a 16-Bit identifier in the MAC Destination Field of Ethernet Frame An AFDX End-Systems can support multiple VLs
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End-Systems perform Traffic shaping and Integrity Checking on each VL A Switch performs Traffic policing on each VL Traffic shaping and policing combined, offer the baseline for deterministic behaviour of the network
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Virtual Link Parameters Overview
Parameter BAG (Bandwidth allocation GAP) Frame Size E/S Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes
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Switch Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No
10
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max. allowed Jitter No. of Sub-VLs Account Type Priority Network Selector Skew Max.
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Virtual Link Parameters
Bandwidth Allocation Gap (BAG):
The End-System controls the transmission flow for each VL in accordance with the BAG (traffic shaping)
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The Switch verifies the BAG (traffic policing)
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Virtual Link Parameters
Bandwidth Allocation Gap (continued):
Frames do not need to be transmitted exactly in multiples of the configured BAG
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Example: a Sampling service with 20ms rate on VL with 4ms BAG every 20ms a valid frame appears on the network), the Sampling Service uses < 100% of the VL bandwidth
Frames on a VL can be transmitted slower than the BAG without impact on the Switching (see above) if no data are available to send on a VL, no frames appear Frames on a VL can be transmitted faster than the BAG with impact on the Switching (traffic policing)
(see at Jitter Parameter for details). AFDX Training 12
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Virtual Link Parameters
Bandwidth Allocation Gap (continued):
BAG values are in milliseconds: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128
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Per VL a maximum of 1000/ BAG Frames per second can be transmitted.
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Virtual Link Parameters
Frame Size Smax:
each VL max. Frame Size Smax can be individually configured Smax = {64,.,1518}
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Together with the BAG, the absolute (worst case) bandwidth consumption on an AFDX link can be calculated for a given VL Frames on a VL can have different Frame sizes S: 64 <= S <= Smax
BAG BAG
F1VLx
F2VLx
F3VLx
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Virtual Link Parameters
Frame Size (continued):
The End System has to maintain the Frame size for all transmitted frames with respect to the configured max. Frame Size for each VL e.g. IP Fragmentation The Switch checks for the max. Frame Size and maintain its Accounts for handling the forwarding (e.g. Byte-based vs. Frame-based filtering )
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Virtual Link Parameters
Jitter (in General) :
The difference between the minimum and maximum time from when a source node sends a message to when the sink node receives the message.
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Jitter is generally a function of the network design and multiplexing multiple VLs on one port as well as dependent on the Switch For a VL, frames can appear on the link in a given time interval (Window) which is sized by the BAG and the maximum allowed jitter BAG BAG Window
F1
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F2
F3
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Virtual Link Parameters
maximum allowed Jitter:
The maximum allowed Jitter is configuration parameter of the Switch for maintaining the Account for each VL ( traffic policing) Allowing a Jitter for a VL make the Switch more tolerant for frames appearing faster than the BAG by increasing the
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Account =
(e.g. max. allowed Jitter 0.5ms, BAG 1ms
Smax * 1,5)
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Virtual Link Parameters
maximum allowed Jitter (continued):
The End System has to maintain the traffic flow ( order to achieve the Jitter <= max. allowed Jitter traffic shaping) in
www.aim-online.com
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Virtual Link Parameters
IP
Sub-VLs (E/S relevant only): Each VL may consist of up to 4 sub-VLs www.aim-online.com
3 ms 3 ms 3 ms
Sub-VL FIFOs
There is a Round-Robin Scheduling of sub VLs sub-VL assignment is not encoded in the frame cannot be directly resolved (vs, VL)
BAG = 1ms
AFDX Training
MUX
VL FIFO
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Virtual Link Parameters
Account Type and Priority (Switch relevant only): www.aim-online.com
the Account Type defines if the Switch maintains individual Accounts for every VL or shared Accounts between multiple VLs the Priority is a VL related configuration parameter of the Switch to group VLs in Low or High priority groups, with different internal handling of the forwarding
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Virtual Link Parameters
Network Selector and Skew Max (E/S relevant only): www.aim-online.com
These parameters are basically important in conjunction with the Redundancy Management (see following pages)
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AFDX Integrity Checking
Integrity checking is done per VL and per Network Checking is based on Sequence Number (SN) and the so called Maximum Consecutive Frames Lost The Sequence numbering is performed for each VL individually All Invalid Frames are discarded (e.g. with physical errors)
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AFDX Redundancy Management
The Ports, Links and Switches are duplicated for redundancy Switch does not need know about redundancy (duplicated) E/S needs to know about redundancy (not duplicated!)
Network B*
F e ram
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Fra
me
Per VL End-System Transmit
Network A*
Fra me
Fra
me
Per VL End-System Receive
* The Networks are sometimes also called Red and Blue
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AFDX Redundancy Management
Frames are concurrently transmitted over both networks (if VL is configured accordingly Network Selector A and B, A only and B only may be also configured for VLs) on the Receiving End-System, First Valid Frame wins which requires provisions for this algorithm e.g. the SN
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AFDX Redundancy Management
missing frame
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Redundancy Management & Integrity Checking
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AFDX Protocol Layers
Avionics applications residing at End-Systems exchange messages via the services of the User Datagram Protocol Layer (UDP, Layer 4) with underlying Internet Protocol (IP, Layer 3)
The UDP Protocol is also the base for upper layer protocols for maintenance purposes (SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol) and File Transfer Services (TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol) End Systems also have to support ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol based on IP protocol, but still residing in Layer 3. (known as Ping command, Echo Request/Reply on ICMP)
www.aim-online.com
AFDX Switching is based on the MAC Destination Address (Layer 2) AFDX provisions for deterministic are implemented on Layer 2 only
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AFDX Protocol Layers
www.aim-online.com
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AFDX Frame Structure
MAC Start Preamble Delimiter Header 7 1 12 IP Header 22 UDP Header 8 AFDX Payload 171471
AFDX Sequence Number
FCS 4
www.aim-online.com
Frame Size: Preamble + Start Delimiter + InterFrame Gap: Duration of Minimum Frame: Duration of Maximum Frame:
641518 Bytes 20 Bytes 6.72 usec (84 Bytes a 80ns) 123.04 usec (1538 Bytes a 80ns)
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AFDX Frame Structure
Frame Size Terminology (Source: ARINC664)
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AFDX MAC Layer 2
MAC header comprises a Source and Destination Address, and a Type Field Each address is 48 bits wide The Destination Address identifies the Virtual Link The Source Address is (must be) a Unicast Address The Destination Address is (must be) a Multicast Address
MAC Start MAC Preamble Delimiter Dest Addr Source Addr 7 1 6 6
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Type
Ethernet Payload 461500
AFDX Training
FCS 4
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AFDX MAC Layer Layer 2
MAC Source Address encodes the unique Source of the frame
MAC MAC Start Preamble Delimiter Dest Addr Source Addr
Type
Ethernet Payload 461500
FCS 4
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Constant Field 0000 0010 0000 0000 0000 0000 24 bits
Network ID 0000 4 Domain ID 4
Interface ID Location Side ID ID 3
AFDX Training
Equipment ID
00000
5
32
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AFDX MAC Layer Layer 2
MAC Destination Address identifies the Virtual Link
Start Delimiter
Preamble
MAC MAC Dest Addr Source Addr
Type
Ethernet Payload 2 461500
FCS 4
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Constant Field 0000 0011 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 32 bits
Virtual Link Identifier
16 bits
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AFDX MAC Layer Layer 2
The IP Type Field defines IPv4 support only (today)
Start Delimiter
Preamble
MAC MAC Dest Addr Source Addr 6 6
Type
Ethernet Payload 2 461500
FCS 4
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IPv4 0x0800 16 bits
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AFDX MAC Layer Layer 2
MAC Addressing The MAC Source address identifies a system wide unique source equipment (End System) always Unicast
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The MAC Destination address is always a Multicast address (No Broadcasts allowed !) and a receiving equipment can handle multiple MAC Destination addresses resp. VLs !
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AFDX MAC Layer Layer 2
from IP Layer
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to IP Layer
to IP Layer
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AFDX IP (Internet Protocol ) Layer 3
IPv4 Header
Preamble Delimiter
Start
MAC Header 14
IP Header
IP Payload 261480
FCS 4
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Version IHL
Type of Service
Total length
Control Fragment Flag Fragment Time to Header Protocol identification Offset Live checksum
IP Source Address
IP Destination Address
16
16
13
16
32
32
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AFDX IP (Internet Protocol ) Layer 3
IP Unicast Source and Destination Address
Preamble Delimiter
Start
MAC Header
IP Header
IP Payload
FCS
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Version IHL
Type of Service
Total length
Control Fragment Flag Fragment Time to Header Protocol identification Offset Live checksum
IP Source Address
IP Destination Address
Constant Field 0000 1010 8 bits
Network ID 1000 4 Domain ID 4
Equipment ID Side ID 3 Location ID 5
Partition ID 000 3 Partition ID 5
38
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AFDX IP (Internet Protocol ) Layer 3
IP Multicast Destination Address
Preamble Delimiter
Start
MAC Header
IP Header
IP Payload
FCS
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Version IHL
Type of Service
Total length
Control Fragment Flag Fragment Time to Header Protocol identification Offset Live checksum
IP Source Address
IP Destination Address
Constant Field 1110 0000 1100 0000 16 bits
AFDX Training
Virtual Link Identifier 16 bits
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AFDX IP (Internet Protocol ) Layer 3
IP Addressing IP Source is always a Unicast Address, Class A Private IP ( single source) Example: 10.x.x.x IP Destination either Multicast ( multiple receivers* in a End System e.g. 224.224.x.x) or Unicast ( single receiver* in End System e.g. 10.x.x.x)
* a receiver e.g. means an application. In other words: data addressed to a unicast IP destination address shall be used by only one application, data addressed to a multicast IP destination address can be used by multiple applications in side the same End System. The Specifications are also using the term partition in sense of an application.
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AFDX IP (Internet Protocol ) Layer 3
data source always Unicast data destination Unicast
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from MAC Layer
to MAC Layer
data destination Multicast
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AFDX IP (Internet Protocol ) Layer 3
IP Fragmentation In the IP Layer message data (up to 8kByte for AFDX) are fragmented for transmission via multiple MAC Frames (if necessary) Fragmentation is a standard functionality if the IP Layer (not AFDX specific), however for AFDX the fragments are expected always in order IP Layer needs to respect the max. Frame size of associated VL ! on receiving side the IP Reassembly is the counterpart
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AFDX IP (Internet Protocol ) Layer 3
IP Fragmentation (simplified)
Application Data D up to 8kByte Application Data D up to 8kByte
Application Layer 7
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Fragmentation
IP Layer 3
Reassembly
Data Link Layer 2 Frame D1 Frame D2
Frame Dn
43
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AFDX UDP (User Datagram Protocol) Layer 4
UDP Header
Start MAC Preamble Delimiter Header
IP Header 20
UDP Header 8
UDP Payload 181472
FCS 4
14
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Source Port
Destination Port
UDP length
UDP Checksum
16 bits
16 bits
16 bits
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16 bits
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AFDX UDP (User Datagram Protocol) Layer 4
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AFDX UDP Protocol
Applications send/receive messages through AFDX Comm(unication) Ports which are basically mapped to UDP Ports There are two types of AFDX Comm Ports which detailed characteristics are defined by the ARINC653 Standard (AVIONICS APPLICATION SOFTWARE STANDARD INTERFACE)
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Queuing Ports - AFDX messages may be sent over several AFDX frames (fragmentation by IP layer dependent on the associated VL Max. frame size), no data is lost or overwritten. The max. amount of data handled per queuing port is 8kByte. Sampling Ports - AFDX messages are sent in one Frame, data may be lost or overwritten. The max. amount of data handled per sampling is limited by the associated VL max. Frame size.
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AFDX UDP Protocol
Application(s)
Application(s)
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Q Q Q S S
UDP
Q S
S S
Q Q Q
AFDX Comm Port UDP Port
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AFDX UDP Protocol
AFDX Comm Ports are typically associated with a Quintuplet consisting of * UDP Source Port Number * UDP Destination Port Number * IP Source Address * IP Destination Address * Virtual Link Number AFDX Comm Port types can be either Send or Receive ports Structuring of the AFDX Payload Data (=UDP Payload) defined in ARINC664 P7 and Airbus proprietary specifications. A special type of UDP Ports are called SAP (Service Access Point)
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AFDX Payload Summary
MAC Start Preamble Delimiter Header IP Header UDP Header AFDX Payload
AFDX Sequence Number
FCS
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AFDX Payload is carried in one (Sampling and Queuing Ports) or multiple Frames (Queuing Ports) via UDP Protocol IP Fragmentation / Reassembly is used for transmission of up to 8 kByte payload data UDP Header only in first frame of fragmented a message ! The Fragmentation Information is handled via IP Header MAC Start Preamble Delimiter Header IP Header AFDX Payload
AFDX Sequence Number
FCS
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AFDX Payload
AFDX Payload for no-protocol based data is organized in so called Functional Data Sets (FDS)
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AFDX Payload
A Functional Data Set (FDS) is organized into Functional Status Set (FSS) and Data Sets (DS)
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AFDX Payload
A Data Sets (DS) typically contains a Parameter (Datum) e.g. Float, Integer, Enumerated, Boolean,
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AFDX Glossary
AFDX E/S VL MAC IP UDP SAP TFTP API OSI BAG SNMP MIB TCP SNMP ICMP ICD NCD Avionics Full Duplex Switched Ethernet End System Virtual Link Media Access Control Internet Protocol User Datagram Protocol Service Access Point Trivial File Transfer Protocol Application Programming Interface Open Systems Interconnection Bandwidth Allocation Gap Simple Network Management Protocol Management Information Base Transmission Control Protocol Simple Network Management Protocol Internet Control Message Protocol Interface Control Document Network Control Document ISDB ARINC RM IC Integrated Systems Data Base Aeronautical Radio Incorporated Redundany Management Integrity Checking
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AIM AFDX Office Workshop Contacts
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Our Mission is your Success!
AIM GmbH
Sasbacher Str. 2 79111 Freiburg Germany Tel: +49 761 45 22 90 Fax: +49 761 45 22 93 3 email:
[email protected]AIM Mnchen Sales Office
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[email protected]www.aim-online.com
AIM UK
Cressex Enterprise Centre Lincoln Road, High Wycombe, Bucks United Kingdom Tel: +44 1494 446844 Fax. +44 1494 449324 email: [email protected]
AIM-USA
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