CHAPTER 16- DAMAGES
TITLE XVIII
DAMAGES 1
CHAPTER 1
General Provisions
Article 2195. The provisions of this Title shall be respectively
applicable to all obligations mentioned in article 1157.
Article 2196. The rules under this Title are without prejudice to
special provisions on damages formulated elsewhere in this
Code. Compensation for workmen and other employees in
case of death, injury or illness is regulated by special laws.
Rules governing damages laid down in other laws shall be
observed insofar as they are not in conflict with this Code.
Article 2197. Damages may be:
(1)Actual or compensatory;
(2)Moral;
(3)Nominal;
(4)Temperate or moderate;
(5)Liquidated; or
(6) Exemplary or corrective.
Article 2198. The principles of the general law on damages
are hereby adopted insofar as they are not inconsistent with
this Code.
CHAPTER 2
Actual or Compensatory Damages
Article 2199. Except as provided by law or by stipulation, one
is entitled to an adequate compensation only for such
pecuniary loss suffered by him as he has duly proved. Such
compensation is referred to as actual or compensatory
damages.
Article 2200. Indemnification for damages shall comprehend
not only the value of the loss suffered, but also that of the
profits which the obligee failed to obtain. (1106)
Article 2201. In contracts and quasi-contracts, the damages
for which the obligor who acted in good faith is liable shall be
those that are the natural and probable consequences of the
breach of the obligation, and which the parties have foreseen
or could have reasonably foreseen at the time the obligation
was constituted.
In case of fraud, bad faith, malice or wanton attitude,
the obligor shall be responsible for all damages which may be
reasonably attributed to the non-performance of the obligation.
(1107a)
Article 2202. In crimes and quasi-delicts, the defendant shall
be liable for all damages which are the natural and probable
consequences of the act or omission complained of. It is not
necessary that such damages have been foreseen or could
have reasonably been foreseen by the defendant.
Article 2203. The party suffering loss or injury must exercise
the diligence of a good father of a family to minimize the
damages resulting from the act or omission in question.
Article 2204. In crimes, the damages to be adjudicated may
be respectively increased or lessened according to the
aggravating or mitigating circumstances.
Article 2205. Damages may be recovered:
(1)For loss or impairment of earning capacity in cases of
temporary or permanent personal injury;
(2)For injury to the plaintiff's business standing or commercial
credit.
Article 2206. The amount of damages for death caused by a
crime or quasi-delict shall be at least three thousand pesos,
even though there may have been mitigating circumstances. In
addition:
(1)The defendant shall be liable for the loss of the earning
capacity of the deceased, and the indemnity shall be paid to
the heirs of the latter; such indemnity shall in every case be
assessed and awarded by the court, unless the deceased on
account of permanent physical disability not caused by the
defendant, had no earning capacity at the time of his death;
(2)If the deceased was obliged to give support according to the
provisions of article 291, the recipient who is not an heir called
to the decedent's inheritance by the law of testate or intestate
succession, may demand support from the person causing the
death, for a period not exceeding five years, the exact duration
to be fixed by the court;
(3)The spouse, legitimate and illegitimate descendants and
ascendants of the deceased may demand moral damages for
mental anguish by reason of the death of the deceased.
Article 2207. If the plaintiff's property has been insured, and
he has received indemnity from the insurance company for the
injury or loss arising out of the wrong or breach of contract
complained of, the insurance company shall be subrogated to
the rights of the insured against the wrongdoer or the person
who has violated the contract. If the amount paid by the
insurance company does not fully cover the injury or loss, the
aggrieved party shall be entitled to recover the deficiency from
the person causing the loss or injury.
Article 2208. In the absence of stipulation, attorney's
fees and expenses of litigation, other than judicial costs,
cannot be recovered, except:
(1)When exemplary damages are awarded;
(2)When the defendant's act or omission has compelled the
plaintiff to litigate with third persons or to incur expenses to
protect his interest;
(3)In criminal cases of malicious prosecution against the
plaintiff;
(4)In case of a clearly unfounded civil action or proceeding
against the plaintiff;
(5)Where the defendant acted in gross and evident bad faith in
refusing to satisfy the plaintiff's plainly valid, just and
demandable claim;
(6)In actions for legal support;
(7)In actions for the recovery of wages of household helpers,
laborers and skilled workers;
(8)In actions for indemnity under workmen's compensation and
employer's liability laws;
(9)In a separate civil action to recover civil liability arising from
a crime;
(10)When at least double judicial costs are awarded;
(11)In any other case where the court deems it just and
equitable that attorney's fees and expenses of litigation should
be recovered.
In all cases, the attorney's fees and expenses of litigation must
be reasonable.
Article 2209. If the obligation consists in the payment of a sum
of money, and the debtor incurs in delay, the indemnity
fordamages, there being no stipulation to the contrary, shall be
the payment of the interest agreed upon, and in the absence
ofstipulation, the legal
interest, which is six per cent per annum. (1108)
Article 2210. Interest may, in the discretion of the court, be
allowed upon damages awarded for breach of contract.
Article 2211. In crimes and quasi-delicts, interest as a part of
the damages may, in a proper case, be adjudicated in the
discretion
of the court.
Article 2212. Interest due shall earn legal interest from the
time it is judicially demanded, although the obligation may be
silent upon
this point. (1109a)
Article 2213. Interest cannot be recovered upon unliquidated
claims or damages, except when the demand can be
established withreasonable certainty.
Article 2214. In quasi-delicts, the contributory negligence of
the plaintiff shall reduce the damages that he may recover.
Article 2215. In contracts, quasi-contracts, and quasi-delicts,
the court may equitably mitigate the damages under
circumstances
other than the case referred to in the preceding article, as in
the following instances:
(1)That the plaintiff himself has contravened the terms of the
contract;
(2)That the plaintiff has derived some benefit as a result of the
contract;
(3)In cases where exemplary damages are to be awarded, that
the defendant acted upon the advice of counsel;
(4)hat the loss would have resulted in any event;
(5)That since the filing of the action, the defendant has done
his best to lessen the plaintiff's loss or injury.
CHAPTER 3
Other Kinds of Damages
Article 2216. No proof of pecuniary loss is necessary in order
that moral, nominal, temperate, liquidated or exemplary
damages, may be adjudicated. The assessment of such
damages, except liquidated ones, is left to the discretion of the
court, according to the circumstances of each case.
SECTION 1
Moral Damages
Article 2217. Moral damages include physical suffering,
mental anguish, fright, serious anxiety, besmirched reputation,
wounded feelings, moral shock, social humiliation, and similar
injury. Though incapable of pecuniary computation, moral
damages may be recovered if they are the proximate result of
the defendant's wrongful act for omission.
Article 2218. In the adjudication of moral damages, the
sentimental value of property, real or personal, may be
considered.
Article 2219. Moral damages may be recovered in the
following and analogous cases:
(1)A criminal offense resulting in physical injuries;
(2)Quasi-delicts causing physical injuries;
(3)Seduction, abduction, rape, or other lascivious acts;
(4)Adultery or concubinage;
(5)Illegal or arbitrary detention or arrest;
(6)Illegal search;
(7)Libel, slander or any other form of defamation;
(8)Malicious prosecution;
(9)Acts mentioned in article 309;
(10)Acts and actions referred to in articles 21, 26, 27, 28, 29,
30, 32, 34, and 35.
The parents of the female seduced, abducted, raped, or
abused, referred to in No. 3 of this article, may also recover
moral damages.
The spouse, descendants, ascendants, and brothers and
sisters may bring the action mentioned in No. 9 of this article,
in the order named.
Article 2220. Willful injury to property may be a legal ground
for awarding moral damages if the court should find that, under
the circumstances, such damages are justly due. The same
rule applies to breaches of contract where the defendant acted
fraudulently or in bad faith.
SECTION 2
Nominal Damages
Article 2221. Nominal damages are adjudicated in order that a
right of the plaintiff, which has been violated or invaded by the
defendant, may be vindicated or recognized, and not for the
purpose of indemnifying the plaintiff for any loss suffered by
him.
Article 2222. The court may award nominal damages in every
obligation arising from any source enumerated in article 1157,
or in every case where any property right has been invaded.
Article 2223. The adjudication of nominal damages shall
preclude further contest upon the right involved and all
accessory questions, as between the parties to the suit, or their
respective heirs and assigns.
SECTION 3
Temperate or Moderate Damages
Article 2224. Temperate or moderate damages, which are
more than nominal but less than compensatory damages, may
be recovered when the court finds that some pecuniary loss
has been suffered but its amount can not, from the nature of
the case, be provided with certainty.
Article 2225. Temperate damages must be reasonable under
the circumstances.
SECTION 4
Liquidated Damages
Article 2226. Liquidated damages are those agreed upon by
the parties to a contract, to be paid in case of breach thereof.
Article 2227. Liquidated damages, whether intended as an
indemnity or a penalty, shall be equitably reduced if they are
iniquitous or unconscionable.
Article 2228. When the breach of the contract committed by
the defendant is not the one contemplated by the parties in
agreeing upon the liquidated damages, the law shall determine
the measure of damages, and not the stipulation.
SECTION 5
Exemplary or Corrective Damages
Article 2229. Exemplary or corrective damages are imposed,
by way of example or correction for the public good, in addition
to the moral, temperate, liquidated or compensatory damages.
Article 2230. In criminal offenses, exemplary damages as a
part of the civil liability may be imposed when the crime was
committed with one or more aggravating circumstances. Such
damages are separate and distinct from fines and shall be paid
to the offended party.
Article 2231. In quasi-delicts, exemplary damages may be
granted if the defendant acted with gross negligence.
Article 2232. In contracts and quasi-contracts, the court may
award exemplary damages if the defendant acted in a wanton,
fraudulent, reckless, oppressive, or malevolent manner
Article 2233. Exemplary damages cannot be recovered as a
matter of right; the court will decide whether or not they should
be adjudicated.
Article 2234. While the amount of the exemplary damages
need not be proved, the plaintiff must show that he is entitled
to moral, temperate or compensatory damages before the
court may consider the question of whether or not exemplary
damages should be awarded. In case liquidated damages
have been agreed upon, although no proof of loss is necessary
in order that such liquidated damages may be recovered,
nevertheless, before the court may consider the question of
granting exemplary in addition to the liquidated damages, the
plaintiff must show that he would be entitled to moral,
temperate or compensatory damages were it not for the
stipulation for liquidated damages.
Article 2235. A stipulation whereby exemplary damages are
renounced in advance shall be null and void.
