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TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S
INDEX OF AUTHORITIES..................................................... II
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS................................................... V
STATEMENT OF JURISDICTION........................................ VII
SYNOPSIS OF FACTS......................................................... VIII
STATEMENT OF ISSUES...................................................... IX
SUMMARY OF ARGUMENTS............................................... X
ARGUMENTS ADVANCED.................................................... 1
I. WHETHER THE DIVORCE NOT BEING IN CONFORMITY
WITH ISLAMIC LAW BE DECLARED AS A NULLITY?...........1
A. That Triple-talaq is not recognized under the Holy Quran,
under any source of Shia Law and that the requisite procedure
for talaq under the Quran was not followed......................................1
II. WHETHER DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ACT, 2005 TO THE
EXTENT THAT IT GIVES RIGHTS TO WOMEN BEYOND THE
PERIOD OF IDDAT IS AGAINST ARTICLE 25 OF THE
CONSTITUTION?............................................................2
A. That Right to Religion is subject to public order, morality
and health and subject to the other provisions of Part III of the
Constitution of India................................................................................... 2
B. That the Domestic Violence Act, 2005 is applicable to
Muslim women.............................................................................................. 3
III. WHETHER THE COURT SHOULD REJECT SHAHEENS
APPLICATION UNDER THE DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ACT AND
WHETHER AFREEN CAN BE MADE RESPONDENT UNDER
THE SAME ACT?............................................................4
A. The court should grant relief to Shaheen under the
Domestic Violence Act, 2005..................................................................4
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B. That the cousin can be made a respondent under the Act .4
C. That the apartment in Greater Palash comes under the
definition of shared household under section 2(s) of the Act. 4
D. That the court should pass a protection order under
Section 18 and residence order under Section 19 of the Act.....5
PRAYER................................................................................... XI
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INDEX OF AUTHORITIES
A. INDIAN CASES
1. Ajay Kumar Madanlal Bajla v. Mrs. Neha Vishal Bajla 2011(3)ALLMR303..........................5
2. Ali Nawaz v. Mohd. Yusuf P.L.D. 1963 S.C. 51.........................................................................2
3. Aziz Bano v. Muhammad (1925) 47 All. 823; 89 I.C. 690; (25) A.A. 720...............................1
4. Danial Latifi and anr. v. Union of India, AIR2001SC3958.......................................................4
5. Eveneet Singh v Prashant Chaudhri 177(2011)DLT124...........................................................5
6. Gajendra Singh v. Minakshi Yadav MANU/RH/0338/2011......................................................5
7. Iqbal Bano v. State of U.P. and Anr, (2007) 6 SCC 785............................................................4
8. Ishpal Singh Kahai v. Ramanjeet Kahai WP 576 of 2011 Bombay High Court.......................5
9. Javed & Ors. v. State of Haryana AIR 2003 SC 3057...............................................................3
10. John Vallamattom v. Union of India (2003) 6 SCC 611............................................................3
11. Khushi Mohd. and Ors. v. Smt. Aneesha 2011 (3) Crimes 7; MANU/RH/0485/2011...............4
12. Kunimohammed v. Ayishakutty 2010 (2) KHC 63.....................................................................2
13. Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum and Ors (1985) 2 SCC 556.....................................4
14. N. Adithyan v. Travancore Devaswom Board & Ors (2002 8 SCC 106)...................................3
15. Nur Ali (Md) v. Thambal Sana Bibi 2007 (1) GLT 508.............................................................2
16. P. Babu Venkatesh & Ors. v. Rani 2008-2-LW(Crl)451............................................................6
17. Ramesh Daga v Rameshwari Bai,(2005) 4 SCC 772................................................................6
18. Riaz Fatma v. Mohammed Sharif I (2007) DMC 26; 135 (2006) DLT 205..............................2
19. Rukia Khatun v. Abdul Khalique Laskar (1981) 1 Gau. L.R. 375;............................................2
20. S.R. Batra v. Taruna Batra (2007) 3 S.C.C. 169........................................................................6
21. Samar Ghosh v. Jaya Ghosh (2007) 4 SCC 511........................................................................6
22. Sandhya Manoj Wankhade v. Manoj Bhimrao Wankhade And Others (2011) 3 SCC 650........5
23. Saratchandra Mishra v State of Orissa(2006) 1 SCC 638........................................................6
24. Satya v. Siri Ram AIR 1983 P H 252.........................................................................................6
25. Shabana Bano v. Imran Khan AIR2010SC305.........................................................................3
26. Shamim Ara v. State of U.P. and Anr (2002) 7 SCC 513...........................................................2
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27. Smt. Sarita v. Smt. Umrao 2008 (1) R. Cr. D 97........................................................................5
28. Sri Jiauddin Ahmed v. Mrs. Anwara Begum (1981) 1 GLR 358...............................................2
29. Suman Kapoor v. Sudhir Kapoor AIR 2009 SC 589.................................................................6
30. Syed Md. Nadeem @ Mohsin and Ors. v. State and Anr MANU/DE/2460/2011......................4
31. Ummer Farooque v. Naseema 2005 (4) KLT 565......................................................................2
B. BOOKS
1. BASU, DD, CONSTITUTIONAL LAW OF INDIA (WADHWA AND COMPANY, 7TH EDITION,
NAGPUR) (REP. 2003)
2. MULLA, PRINCIPLES
OF
MAHOMEDAN LAW, (LEXIS NEXIS BUTTERWORTHS, INDIA, 19th
EDN., 16th REPRINT, NEW DELHI) (2007)
3. NARAYANA, P. S., LAW OF DIVORCE IN INDIA , (GOGIA LAW AGENCY, INDIA, HYDERABAD)
(2007)
4. BAKSHI, P.M., THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA, (UNIVERSAL LAW PUBLISHING CO., INDIA, 8 TH
EDN, NEW DELHI) (2007)
C. DICTIONARIES
1. AIYAR, RAMANATHA P.: THE LAW LEXICON, WADHWA & COMPANY, 2ND EDN. NAGPUR
(2002).
2. BLACK, HENRY CAMPBELL: BLACKS LAW DICTIONARY, 6TH EDN., CENTENNIAL ED.
(1891-1991).
3. CURZON. L. B: DICTIONARY OF LAW, PITMAN PUBLISHING, 4TH EDN. NEW DELHI
(1994).
4. GARNER, BRYAN A.: A DICTIONARY OF MODERN LEGAL USAGE, OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS 2ND EDN. OXFORD (1995).
5. GREENBERG, DANIEL AND ALEXANDRA,
MILLBROOK:
STROUDS
JUDICIAL
DICTIONARY OF WORDS & PHRASES, VOL. 2, 6TH EDN., LONDON: SWEET & MAXWELL
(2000).
6. JUSTICE DESAI, M.C.
AND
AIYAR, SUBRAMANYAM: LAW LEXICON & LEGAL MAXIMS,
2ND EDN., DELHI: DELHI LAW HOUSE (1980).
7. MITRA, B.C. & MOITRA, A.C., LEGAL THESARUS, UNIVERSITY BOOK, ALLAHABAD
(1997).
8. MOYS, ELIZABETH M., CLASSIFICATION & THESAURUS FOR LEGAL MATERIAL, 3RD
EDN., LONDON: BOWKER SAUR (1992).
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9. OPPE., A.S., WHARTONS LAW LEXICON, 14TH EDN., NEW DELHI: SWEET & MAXWELL
(1997).
10. PREM, DAULATRAM, JUDICIAL DICTIONARY, 1ST EDN., JAIPUR: BHARAT LAW
PUBLICATION (1992).
D. STATUTORY COMPILATIONS
1. INDIAN CONTRACT ACT, 1872
2. ARBITRATION AND CONCILIATION ACT, 1996
3. THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA, 1950
E. INTERNET SITES
1. http://www.findlaw.com
2. http://www.indiankanoon.com
3. http://www.indlawinfo.org/
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
http://www.jstor.org.
http://www.judis.nic.in
http://www.lawsofindia.org
http://www.manupatra.com
http://www.scconline.com
http://www.supremecourtcaselaw.com
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L I S T O F A B B R E V I AT I O N S
A.I.R.
All
All E.R.
AP
Bom
C.L.R.
Cal
Co.
Comm.
CWN
Del
Edn.
e.g.
K.B.
Lah
LR
Mad
MANU
M.P.
Pat
PC
p.
Para.
Pun
SC
SCC
SCN
U.P.
W.L.R.
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ALL INDIA REPORTER
ALLAHABAD
ALL ENGLAND REPORTER
ANDHRA PRADESH
BOMBAY
COMMONWEALTH LAW REPORTER
CALCUTTA
COMPANY
COMMISSIONER
CALCUTTA WEEKLY NOTES
DELHI
EDITION
EXEMPLUM GRATIA (FOR EXAMPLE)
KINGS BENCH
LAHORE
LAW REPORTER
MADRAS
MANUPATRA
MADHYA PRADESH
PATNA
PRIVY COUNCIL
PAGE
PARAGRAPH
PUNJAB AND HARYANA
SUPREME COURT
SUPREME COURT CASES
SHOW CAUSE NOTICE
UTTAR PRADESH
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S TAT E M E N T O F J U R I S D I C T I O N
SHAHEEN HAS APPROACHED THE HONBLE HIGH COURT OF NAVY DALLY UNDER ARTICLE 226 OF THE
CONSTITUTION OF INDIA. THE MATTER HAS BEEN CONNECTED WITH ANOTHER RELATED WRIT PETITION
AND HAS BEEN LISTED FOR FINAL DISPOSAL.
ARTICLE 226 OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA READS AS
HEREUNDER:
__________________________________________
226. POWER OF HIGH COURTS TO ISSUE CERTAIN WRITS.
(1) NOTWITHSTANDING ANYTHING IN ARTICLE 32, EVERY HIGH COURT SHALL HAVE POWER, THROUGHOUT THE
TERRITORIES IN RELATION TO WHICH IT EXERCISES JURISDICTION, TO ISSUE TO ANY PERSON OR AUTHORITY,
INCLUDING IN APPROPRIATE CASES, ANY
GOVERNMENT, WITHIN THOSE TERRITORIES DIRECTIONS, ORDERS OR
WRITS, INCLUDING WRITS IN THE NATURE OF HABEAS CORPUS, MANDAMUS, PROHIBITION, QUO WARRANTO AND
CERTIORARI, OR ANY OF THEM, FOR THE ENFORCEMENT OF ANY OF THE RIGHTS CONFERRED BY
FOR ANY OTHER PURPOSE.
(2) THE POWER CONFERRED BY CLAUSE
PART III AND
(1) TO ISSUE DIRECTIONS, ORDERS OR WRITS TO ANY GOVERNMENT,
AUTHORITY OR PERSON MAY ALSO BE EXERCISED BY ANY
HIGH COURT EXERCISING JURISDICTION IN RELATION
TO THE TERRITORIES WITHIN WHICH THE CAUSE OF ACTION, WHOLLY OR IN PART, ARISES FOR THE EXERCISE
OF SUCH POWER, NOTWITHSTANDING THAT THE SEAT OF SUCH
GOVERNMENT OR AUTHORITY OR THE
RESIDENCE OF SUCH PERSON IS NOT WITHIN THOSE TERRITORIES.
(3)...
(4)...
__________________________________________
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S Y N O P S I S O F FA C T S
Shaheen and Sohail: Shaheen, a shia Muslim married Sohail, a sunni Muslim. Shaheen is
cousin sister of Afreen who is Sohails cousin sister on maternal side.
Relocation to Navi Dally: The couple relocated to Navi Dally and started living in a 1 BHK
apartment in Greater Palash owned by Amir, Sohails brother, a permanent citizen of UK, but the
maintenance charges of the flat were paid by Sohail. They have got a flat in lottery in Vistar
Vihar Extension Phase 3. Sohail set up a registered partnership enterprise Sohail & Sahil
Associates with Sohails college friend Sahil.
The Dispute: After relocation to Navi Dally, Shaheen wanted to have a child and stay at home
while Sohail thought it was too early leading to many heated arguments. Afreen was
unsuccessful in intervening between two. On November 10, 2010, Sohail and Shaheen had a
heated argument over the same issue. After the argument, Sohail returned after 2 hours from a
walk and divorced Shaheen with three pronouncements of talaq. Afreen was a witness to this
and continues to live in the said apartment. Sohail moved out of the house and started living at a
rented guest house from his partnership firm.
Filing of the suit: Shaheen filed an application under Domestic Violence Act, 2005 before
Magistrate in Navy Dally to refrain Sohail and Afreen from dispossessing her from her apartment
and approached civil court to get a declaration that the divorce is a nullity which was defended
by Sohail. Sohail argued that Domestic Violence Act, 2005 to the extent that it gives rights to
women beyond the period of iddat is against his fundamental right to practise his religion while
Afreen argued that she cant be made respondent under Domestic Violence Act.
Writ petitions: Shaheen filed a writ petition challenging the order of the Civil Judge, District
Court of Navy Dally. Sohail filed a writ petitions challenging the Domestic Violence Act, 2005.
Both matter have been connected by an order of the Navy Dally High Court and are listed
together for final disposal.
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S TAT E M E N T O F I S S U E S
THE APPELLANTS
FOLLOWING
RESPECTFULLY ASKS THE
HONBLE SUPREME COURT
OF
INDIA,
THE
QUESTIONS:
________________________
___________
ISSUE I
WHETHER THE DIVORCE NOT BEING IN CONFORMITY WITH
ISLAMIC LAW BE DECLARED AS A NULLITY?
ISSUE 2
WHETHER DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ACT, 2005 TO THE EXTENT
THAT IT GIVES RIGHTS TO WOMEN BEYOND THE PERIOD OF
IDDAT IS AGAINST ARTICLE 25 OF THE CONSTITUTION?
ISSUE 3
WHETHER THE COURT SHOULD REJECT SHAHEENS
APPLICATION UNDER THE DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ACT AND
WHETHER AFREEN CAN BE MADE RESPONDENT UNDER THE
SAME ACT?
___________
_____________________
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S U M M A RY O F A R G U M E N T S
NULLITY
OF
DIVORCE
It is humbly submitted that many scholars of Mahomedan law have held that triple-talaq
has no Quranic basis, in fact, divorce has been characterized as very badly and marriage has been
dscribed as a Sunnat. Triple-talaq is expressly barred under Shia law. Further, the Quran
prescribes a certain procedure to be followed before divorcing the wife, which has been upheld
by many courts in the country and which was not followed by Sohail.
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ACT
BEING
AGAINST ARTICLE 25
OF THE
CONSTITUTION.
It is submitted that Article 25 does not confer an absolute right and is subject to social
reform among other things and will therefore be subject to beneficial legislations. There is a
distinction between religious practices and religious beliefs and Article 25 affords protection
only to religious beliefs.
REJECTION
OF
SHAHEENS
VIOLENCE ACT
AND
APPLICATION UNDER THE
AFREENS
STATUS OF
DOMESTIC
RESPONDENT.
It is humbly submitted that Shaheen is a victim of domestic violence. Further, the Greater
Palash apartment comes within the definition of shared household under the Domestic
Violence Act, 2005. Lastly, Afreen can be made a respondent under the Act.
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A R G U M E N T S A D VA N C E D
I.
WHETHER THE DIVORCE NOT BEING IN
CONFORMITY WITH ISLAMIC LAW BE DECLARED
AS A NULLITY?
A.
THAT TRIPLE-TALAQ
UNDER ANY SOURCE OF
TALAQ UNDER THE
IS NOT RECOGNIZED UNDER THE
SHIA LAW
QURAN
HOLY QURAN,
AND THAT THE REQUISITE PROCEDURE FOR
WAS NOT FOLLOWED.
1. It is most humbly submitted that as per Section 2 of the Muslim Personal Law (Shariat)
Application Act, 1937 NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h
\* MERGEFORMAT
, Muslim personal law will be applicable to
the instant dispute. It is further submitted that a valid marriage has been solemnized between a
Sunni male and a Shia female. NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h
\* MERGEFORMAT
In Aziz Bano v. Muhammad the
court cited with approval Ameer Alis commentary on the Muhammadan Law which said that
Shias
and
Sunnis
may
intermarry
without
any
change
of
sect
or
communion. NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT
2. It is submitted that Muslim law rests on the four-fold pillars of the fiqh, namely1: the Quran
(kitab),
the
Sunna
Ijma NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h
NOTEREF
(hadith)
\* MERGEFORMAT
_Ref318563612
\h
and Qiyas NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h
\*
MERGEFORMAT
\* MERGEFORMAT
the
. If the solution of a
problem is given in the Quran then it is the final ruling of sharia. If there is no clear exposition
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT See also: MULLA, Principles of
Mahomedan Law (Lexis Nexis-Butterworths 19th edn, 15th reprint, New Delhi, 2007), Section 2
at p. 1.
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Ibid., Section 258 at p. 226; See also:
Aziz Bano v. Muhammad (1925) 47 All. 823; 89 I.C. 690; (25) A.A. 720 marriage not declared
a nullity as nothing against it in the Quran.
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Discussion on genesis of rule in Aziz
Bano, Ibid., from 9-12.
1 Supra note 1, Section 33 at p. 22.
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Meaning the percepts, actions and sayings
of the Prophet Mahomed, not written down during his lifetime, but preserved by tradition and
handed down by generations.
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Meaning the concurrence of opinion of
the companions of Mahomed and his disciples.
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Being analogical deductions derived from
comparisons of the first three sources
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in the Quran, we look at the traditions of the Prophet (hadith) and if the problem has no solution
in either of the two then inly is resort taken to Ijma.
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h
\* MERGEFORMAT
It is
submitted that there is no Quranic basis to establish that three divorces on a single occasion
should
amount
to
an
irrevocable
divorce;
in
fact
the
Prophet
deplores
divorce NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT and described marriage NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT as
his Sunnat.
3. It is beseeched that as per the Quran, there must be efforts towards reconciliation between the
divorce. NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT This view has been upheld by the court in Shamim Ara v.
State of U.P. and Anr NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h
\* MERGEFORMAT
that (i) a reason for the divorce must be
given and (ii) there must be an attempt to reconcile. This case has further been upheld by the
many High Courts NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h
Ayishakutty. NOTEREF
_Ref318563612 \h
\* MERGEFORMAT
\* MERGEFORMAT
including the Kerela HC in Kunimohammed v.
The court held that To us, it appears that this
declaration of law rhymes well with modern notions of marriage and the true Islamic concepts of
marriage and divorce That declaration of law is consistent with modern notions of marriage
and rhymes better with the human right to life recognized under Art.21. It rhymes well with the
concepts of equality under Art.14 of the Constitution. Any contra interpretation appears to us to
be not valid, just or right; but arbitrary, unjust fanciful and oppressive...
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT FURQAN AHMED, Triple Talaq: An
Analytical Study with Emphasis on Socio-Legal Aspect (Regency Publication, New Delhi, 1994)
at p. 41
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Divorce is most detestable in the sight of
God; abstain from it; Divorce shakes the throne of God comes from the Hadith, Al-talaqu
indallah-i abghad al mubahat found in many authentic collections of tradition.
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Tahir Mahmood, Muslim Law of India
(LexisNexis-Butterworths, New Delhi, 3rd edn., 2002) at p. 48.
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Verse (4:34, 35) as cited by FAIZUR
RAHMAN, Instant Divorce is alien to Islams spirit, Indian Express, Kochi edn., June 17th,
2008; An Enlightenment Commentary into the Light of the Holy Quran (The Scientific and
Religious Center, Iran, 2nd edn., 1995)
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT (2002) 7 SCC 513; cites with approval:
Sri Jiauddin Ahmed v. Mrs. Anwara Begum (1981) 1 GLR 358; Rukia Khatun v. Abdul Khalique
Laskar (1981) 1 Gau. L.R. 375;
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Riaz Fatma v. Mohammed Sharif I (2007)
DMC 26; 135 (2006) DLT 205; Ummer Farooque v. Naseema 2005 (4) KLT 565; Nur Ali (Md)
v. Thambal Sana Bibi 2007 (1) GLT 508
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT 2010 (2) KHC 63
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4. It is submitted that in the instant case, Shaheen being a Shia, this form of talaq will be invalid
since it is not recognized under Shia law. NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h
\* MERGEFORMAT
Further, the divorce
must be treated as a nullity since neither was there any attempt to reconciliation nor was any
reason assigned for the divorce. NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT
II.
WHETHER DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ACT, 2005 TO
THE EXTENT THAT IT GIVES RIGHTS TO WOMEN
BEYOND THE PERIOD OF IDDAT IS AGAINST
ARTICLE 25 OF THE CONSTITUTION?
A THAT RIGHT
TO
RELIGION
IS SUBJECT TO PUBLIC ORDER, MORALITY AND
HEALTH AND SUBJECT TO THE OTHER PROVISIONS OF
CONSTITUTION
PART III
OF THE
OF INDIA.
5. It is humbly submitted that Article 25(1) guarantees to every person, the freedom of
conscience and the right freely to profess, practice and propagate religion. In Javed & Ors. v.
State of Haryana NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h
\* MERGEFORMAT
, the court analyzed Article 25(2)(b) and held
while distinguishing between religious practices and religious beliefs that if religious
practices run counter to public order, morality or health or a policy of social welfare then the
latter prevails over religious practices. NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h
Travancore Devaswom Board & Ors.
\* MERGEFORMAT
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h
. Further, in N. Adithyan v.
\* MERGEFORMAT
the court held that any
customs or usage offending human rights, dignity and social equality cannot be upheld by the
courts of the country. Further, due to Article 44
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h
\* MERGEFORMAT
of the
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Supra note 1, Section 311 at p. 262; See
also: Ali Nawaz v. Mohd. Yusuf P.L.D. 1963 S.C. 51
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Refer Compromis 4.
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT AIR 2003 SC 3057
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Also upheld in Srinivasa Aiyar v.
Saraswathi Ammal,AIR 1952 Mad 193; State of Bombay v. Narasu Appa Mali AIR 1952 Bom
84: (validity of the Madras Hindu (Bigamy Prevention and Divorce) Act, 1949 and the same Act
of Bombay, respectively.)
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT (2002 8 SCC 106)
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Uniform civil code for the citizens.
The State shall endeavour to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory
of India.
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constitution, courts must favour interpretation of statutes so as to foster uniformity in personal
laws. In John Vallamattom v. Union of India NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h
\* MERGEFORMAT
, the court compared
Article 25 and 44 and held that marriage, succession and like matters of a secular character
cannot be brought within the guarantee enshrined under Articles 25 and 26. It further observed,
while regretting that Article 44 has not been given effect to, that legislations which bring such
matters within the ambit of Article 25 and 26 are suspect legislations.
6. In Shabana Bano v. Imran Khan NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT , the court read relevant portions
from Shah Bano NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h
and Iqbal Bano NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h
\* MERGEFORMAT
\* MERGEFORMAT
, Danial Latifi NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h
\* MERGEFORMAT
, held that it is crystal clear that the Section 125 of
Cr.PC being a beneficial piece of legislation, benefits under it must accrue to the divorced
Muslim woman, concluding that she is entitled to maintenance beyond the iddat period. The
same reasoning can be supplanted for application of benefits under the Domestic Violence Act,
2005 beyond iddat.
B.
THAT
THE
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ACT, 2005
IS APPLICABLE TO
MUSLIM
WOMEN.
7. It is humbly submitted that in Syed Md. Nadeem @ Mohsin and Ors. v. State and
Anr. NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h
\* MERGEFORMAT
, it appeared that due to the provisions of the Muslim Women
Act some of the provisions of the Domestic Violence Act will not apply to Muslims, but owing to
similar provisions in the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 but the same would be a slippery slope.
Further, owing to Section 36
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT
of the Act, benefits under other
provisions of the Act will be in addition to existing ones. NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Also, the
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT (2003) 6 SCC 611
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT AIR2010SC305
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum
and Ors (1985) 2 SCC 556
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Danial Latifi and anr. v. Union of India,
AIR2001SC3958
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Iqbal Bano v. State of U.P. and Anr,
(2007) 6 SCC 785
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT MANU/DE/2460/2011
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT 36. Act not in derogation of any other
law.-The provisions of this Act shall be in addition to, and not in derogation of the provisions of
any other law, for the time being in force.
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Khushi Mohd. and Ors. v. Smt. Aneesha
2011 (3) Crimes 7; MANU/RH/0485/2011
-WRITTEN SUBMISSION
ON BEHALF OF THE
SHAHEEN & OTHERS-
-Page 5 of 5-
- ARGUMENTS ADVANCED-
Act uses the word aggrieved person allowing a wide import of the term, thus covering any
female.
III.
WHETHER THE COURT SHOULD REJECT
SHAHEENS APPLICATION UNDER THE DOMESTIC
VIOLENCE ACT AND WHETHER AFREEN CAN BE
MADE RESPONDENT UNDER THE SAME ACT?
A THE
COURT SHOULD GRANT RELIEF TO
SHAHEEN
DOMESTIC
UNDER THE
VIOLENCE ACT, 2005.
8. It is humbly submitted that Shaheen is a victim of domestic violence which has been inflicted
upon her by Sohail and Afreen. There is a reasonable apprehension that she will be dispossessed
from her shared household by the respondents. Further, under the Domestic Violence Act, 2005
the cousin can be made a respondent.
C.
THAT
THE COUSIN CAN BE MADE A RESPONDENT UNDER THE
ACT
9. Under section 2 the Act, a complaint can be filed against any relative of the husband who have
perpetrated the violence. NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h
\* MERGEFORMAT
The Hon'ble Apex Court in Sandhya
Manoj Wankhade v. Manoj Bhimrao Wankhade And Others NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h
\* MERGEFORMAT
, held
that no restrictive meaning has been given to the expression relative, nor has the said
expression been specifically defined in the Act. In such circumstances, it is clear that the
legislature never intended to any exclude female relatives of the husband from the ambit of a
complaint that can be made under the provisions of the Act.
D.
THAT
THE
DEFINITION OF
APARTMENT
SHARED
IN
GREATER PALASH
HOUSEHOLD UNDER SECTION
COMES
2(S)
UNDER
OF THE
THE
ACT.
10. It is asseverated that the Act expressly excludes the consideration of ownership rights as a
condition
for
determining
household NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h
whether
\* MERGEFORMAT
or
not
particular
is
shared
. Human rights of the person of the wife have little to
do with her ownership rights in property. NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT
D 97
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT
WP 576 of 2011 Bombay High Court
-WRITTEN SUBMISSION
property
\* MERGEFORMAT
This has been affirmed
Smt. Sarita v. Smt. Umrao 2008 (1) R. Cr.
(2011) 3 SCC 650
See sections 2(s) and 17 of the Act
Ishpal Singh Kahai v. Ramanjeet Kahai
ON BEHALF OF THE
SHAHEEN & OTHERS-
-Page 6 of 5-
- ARGUMENTS ADVANCED-
in the Object and Reasons of the Act. Section 17 enacts a right to residence in favour of women.
The enactment being a beneficial one, the Court should seek to uphold the parliamentary
intention
rather
than
confining
leading
to
defeating
the
object
of
the
law. NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT
11. It is submitted that Sohail is the de-facto owner of the Greater Palash apartment. He pays the
electricity charges, water tax, house tax and maintainence. NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h
\* MERGEFORMAT
Amir
is a permanent resident of United Kingdom and has not lived in the said flat. It is an established
principle of law that what cannot be done directly, cannot be achieved indirectly through
stratagem. If the Court can look beyond the facts, and in a given case, conclude that the overall
conspectus of circumstances, suggests manipulation by the husband or his relatives, to defeat a
right inherent in the wife, to any order under Section 19, such lifting of the veil should be
resorted to. NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h
\* MERGEFORMAT
It is clear that the Sohail transferred the house under
his brothers name, intending to defeat Shaheens right to reside there, and prior to Shaheens
dispossession, both parties resided jointly in the household. NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT
12. Without prejudice to the above, equating joint family in the Act to a Hindu Undivided
Family would change the secular nature of the Act. It is to avoid this anomaly that Parliament
clarified that irrespective of title of the respondent to the shared household, a protection
order can be made under Section 19(1)(a). NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h
\* MERGEFORMAT
It has been ruled by
the Supreme Court, in several judgments, that a judgment is not to be read as a statute, since the
factual matrix is also important.
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h
\* MERGEFORMAT
It is important therefore to
distinguish the present case from the S.R. Batra v. Taruna Batra NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h
\* MERGEFORMAT
on basis of a material difference in facts.
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Eveneet Singh v Prashant Chaudhri
177(2011)DLT124; Gajendra Singh v. Minakshi Yadav MANU/RH/0338/2011
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Refer to 3 of the factsheet; Ajay Kumar
Madanlal Bajla v. Mrs. Neha Vishal Bajla 2011(3)ALLMR303
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Supra note 35
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT P. Babu Venkatesh & Ors. v. Rani 2008-2LW(Crl)451
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Supra note 35
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Saratchandra Mishra v State of
Orissa(2006) 1 SCC 638, Ramesh Daga v Rameshwari Bai,(2005) 4 SCC 772
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT (2007) 3 S.C.C. 169
-WRITTEN SUBMISSION
ON BEHALF OF THE
SHAHEEN & OTHERS-
-Page 7 of 5-
- ARGUMENTS ADVANCEDE.
18
THAT
THE COURT SHOULD PASS A PROTECTION ORDER UNDER
AND RESIDENCE ORDER UNDER
SECTION 19
OF THE
13. Shaheen has been in a domestic relationship NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h
SECTION
ACT
\* MERGEFORMAT
with the husband
and is a victim of domestic violence and has suffered verbal and emotional abuse and mental
harm. NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h
\* MERGEFORMAT
Unilateral decision of the husband or wife to refuse to
have children may amount to mental cruelty.
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h
\* MERGEFORMAT
If husband
deliberately and consistently refuses to satisfy wife's natural and legitimate craving to have a
child, the deprivation reduces her to despair and it maturely affects her mental
health. NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT
14. It is humbly submitted that the Court may pass a protection order under section 18 to protect
access to the victims assets. Further, the Court may pass a residence order under section 19
protect her from being dispossessed. As per Evneet Singh, the wife is entitled to residence in a
property commensurate with her lifestyle and her current residence. Thus, till alternate
accommodation is available, wife should be entitled to reside in the shared household.
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT See sections 2(a) and 2(f) of the Act
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT See section 3(d) and Explanation I of
section 3 of the Act
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Samar Ghosh v. Jaya Ghosh (2007) 4
SCC 511; Suman Kapoor v. Sudhir Kapoor AIR 2009 SC 589
NOTEREF _Ref318563612 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Satya v. Siri Ram AIR 1983 P H 252
-WRITTEN SUBMISSION
ON BEHALF OF THE
SHAHEEN & OTHERS-
-PRAYER-
-Page | xi-
P R AY E R
HEREFORE IN THE LIGHT OF THE ISSUES RAISED, ARGUMENT
ADVANCED,
REASONS
HONBLE COURT
GIVEN
AND
AUTHORITIES
CITED,
THIS
MAY BE PLEASED TO:
TO HOLD
THAT
THAT
TO ARTICLE 25.
THAT AFREEN CAN BE MADE A RESPONDENT UNDER THE DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
THE
DIVORCE
IS A NULLITY.
BENEFITS CONFERRED BEYOND THE PERIOD OF
IDDAT
ARE NOT AVERSE
ACT.
TO PASS
2005.
A RESIDENCE
PROTECTION ORDER UNDER
ORDER UNDER
SECTION 18
SECTION 19
OF THE
OF THE
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ACT,
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ACT,
2005.
TO SET ASIDE
THE
ORDER PASSED BY THE
LD. CIVIL JUDGE, DISTRICT COURT
OF
NAVY DALLY.
MISCELLANEOUS
AND
ANY OTHER RELIEF THAT THIS HONBLE COURT MAY BE PLEASED TO GRANT IN
THE INTERESTS OF JUSTICE, EQUITY AND GOOD CONSCIENCE
ALL
OF WHICH IS RESPECTFULLY SUBMITTED.
COUNSELS
-WRITTEN SUBMISSION
FOR THE
ON BEHALF OF THE
SHAHEEN & OTHERS
SHAHEEN & OTHERS-
