315 U.S.

194
62 S.Ct. 546
86 L.Ed. 789

HELVERING, Commissioner of Internal Revenue,

v.
SOUTHWEST CONSOL. CORPORATION.
No. 286.
Argued Jan. 14, 15, 1942.
Decided Feb. 2, 1942.
Rehearing Denied Mar. 9, 1942.

See 315 U.S. 829, 62 S.Ct. 802, 86 L.Ed. -.

Second Petition for Rehearing Denied May 11, 1942.
See 316 U.S. 710, 62 S.Ct. 1266, 86 L.Ed. -.
Messrs. Francis Biddle, Atty. Gen., and Samuel O. Clark, Asst. Atty.
Gen., for petitioner.
Mr. A. Chauncey Newlin, of New York City, for respondent.
Mr. Justice DOUGLAS delivered the opinion of the Court.

The primary problem in this case is whether the transaction in question

qualified as a 'reorganization' under 112(g)(1) of the Revenue Act of 1934, 48
Stat. 680, 705, 26 U.S.C.A. Int.Rev.Acts, page 695. Sec. 112(g) provides: 'As
used in this section and section 113

'(1) The term 'reorganization' means (A) a statutory merger or consolidation, or

(B) the acquisition by one corporation in exchange solely for all or a part of its
voting stock: of at least 80 per centum of the voting stock and at least 80 per
centum of the total number of shares of all other classes of stock of another
corporation; or of substantially all the properties of another corporation, or (C)
a transfer by a corporation of all or a part of its assets to another corporation if
immediately after the transfer the transferor or its stockholders or both are in

control of the corporation to which the assets are transferred, or (D) a

recapitalization, or (E) a mere change in identity, form, or place of organization,
however effected.'
3

Respondent filed an income and excess profits tax return for a part of the year
1934 and for the entire year 1935, reporting a net loss for each year. Petitioner,
in determining deficiencies, made certain adjustments on the theory that the
acquisition by respondent in 1934 of all of the assets of its predecessor,
Southwest Gas Utilities Corp., was not a 'reorganization' as defined in 112(g)
(1). The cost basis of the assets in the hands of the old corporation had been
about $9,000,000. They were purchased at foreclosure and receivership sales
for $752,000. Respondent used the former figure as the basis in computing
gains and losses on the acquired assets. Thus it deducted some $75,000 as bad
debts. Petitioner in using the lower figure as the basis allowed that deduction
only to the extent of $1.26. Deficiencies computed on that theory showed a net
income, rather than a net loss, for each year. The Board of Tax Appeals
rejected the Commissioner's view.1 The Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the
judgment of the Board. 5 Cir., 119 F.2d 561.

The old corporation was burdened with some $2,870,000 face amount of first
lien bonds, certain unsecured claims, and issues of preferred and common
stock. There was a default in interest on the bonds in May, 1932. A
bondholders' committee was formed which obtained the deposit of about 85%
of the bonds outstanding. Members of the committee became directors of the
old corporation and beginning in the fall of 1932 were in control of it. In 1934
equity receivers were appointed by the Delaware chancery court. A plan of
reorganization was formulated which was approved by the court. The plan
called for the formation of a new company which would acquire the assets of
the old in exchange for voting common stock and Class A and Class B stock
purchase warrants. Most of the common stock, issued under the plan, was to go
to the bondholders; a small portion, together with the Class A warrants, was to
be issued to the unsecured creditors. Class B warrants were to be issued to the
preferred and common stockholders. Pursuant to the plan and a court order, the
assets securing the bonds were sold by the indenture trustee at a foreclosure
sale in 1934. They were bid in by the bondholders' committee for $660,000.
The unpledged assets also were sold at public auction and were bought in by
the committee for $92,000. Respondent was thereupon formed and the
committee transferred all the assets of the old corporation to it. The Board
found that the fair market value of the assets at that time was $1,766,694.98.
The stock and warrants of respondent were distributed pursuant to the plan.
Non-participating security holders, owning $440,000 face amount of
obligations, received about $106,680 in cash. The cash necessary to make this

payment was obtained by a loan from a bank. The loan was assumed by the
respondent and later repaid by it. About 49,300 shares of common stock and
2,760 Class A warrants were issued to the creditors; over 18,445 Class B
warrants were issued to the stockholders. Class A warrants carried the right to
buy one share of common stock at $6 a share during 1934, the price being
increased $1 per share each year until expiration in 1938. Class B warrants
carried the same right except that the price was $10 a share during 1934 and
was increased by $5 per share each year until expiration in 1938. There were
1,760 Class A warrants and 4,623 of the Class B warrants exercised. On the
basis of the fair market value of the assets at the time they were acquired in the
reorganization, respondent computes that the Class A warrants had a value of
$29 each and the Class B warrants a value of $25 each.
5

Under the statute involved in Helvering v. Alabama Asphaltic Limestone Co.,

315 U.S. 179, 62 S.Ct. 540, 86 L.Ed. -, decided this day, there would have
been a 'reorganization' here. For the creditors of the old company had acquired
substantially the entire proprietary interest of the old stockholders. See
Helvering v. Minnesota Tea Co., 296 U.S. 378, 56 S.Ct. 269, 80 L.Ed. 284. But
clause (B) of 112(g)(1) of the 1934 Act effects an important change as
respects transactions whereby one corporation acquires substantially all of the
assets of another. See S. Rep. No. 558, 73d Cong., 2d Sess., Committee
Reports, Revenue Acts 19131938, pp. 598599. The continuity of interest
test is made much stricter. See Paul, Studies in Federal Taxation (3rd Series),
pp. 3641. Congress has provided that the assets of the transferor corporation
must be acquired in exchange 'solely' for 'voting stock' of the transferee. 'Solely'
leaves no leeway. Voting stock plus some other consideration does not meet the
statutory requirement. See Hendricks, Developments in the Taxation of
Reorganizations, 34 Col.L.Rev. 1198, 12021203. Congress, however, in
1939 amended clause (B) of 112(g)(1) by adding, 'but in determining whether
the exchange is solely for voting stock the assumption by the acquiring
corporation of a liability of the other, or the fact that property acquired is
subject to a liability, shall be disregarded.' 53 Stat. 871, 26 U.S.C.A.
Int.Rev.Acts, page 1177. That amendment was made to avoid the consequences
of United States v. Hendler, 303 U.S. 564, 58 S.Ct. 655, 82 L.Ed. 1018. See H.
Rep. No. 855, 76th Cong., 1st Sess., pp. 1820; S. Rep. No. 648, 76th Cong.,
1st Sess., p. 3. And it was made retroactive so as to include the 1934 Act. 53
Stat. 872, 26 U.S.C.A. Int.Rev.Acts, page 1178. But with that exception, the
requirements of 112(g)(1)(B) are not met if properties are acquired in
exchange for a consideration other than, or in addition to, voting stock. Under
that test this transaction fails to qualify as a 'reorganization' under clause (B).

In the first place, security holders of the old company owning $440,000 face

amount of obligations were paid off in cash. That cash was raised during the
reorganization on a loan from a bank. Since that loan was assumed by
respondent, it is argued that the requirement of clause (B), as amended in 1939,
was satisfied. But in substance the transaction was precisely the same as if
respondent had paid cash plus voting stock for the properties. We search the
legislative history of the 1939 amendment in vain for any indication that it was
designed to do more than to alter the rule of the Hendler case. That case dealt
with a situation where an indebtedness which antedated the transaction in
question was assumed by the transferee. There the debt assumed clearly was a
'liability of the other' corporation. The situation here is quite different. The
rights of the security holders against the old corporation were drastically altered
by the sale made pursuant to the plan. The sale not only removed the lien from
the property and altered the rights of the security holders in it; it also limited
and defined the rights of the individual creditors if they elected to take cash
rather than participate in the plan. See Weiner, Conflicting Functions of the
Upset Price, 27 Col.L.Rev. 132, 137 138. In Helvering v. Alabama Asphaltic
Limestone Co., supra, we regarded the several steps in a reorganization as mere
'intermediate procedural devices utilized to enable the new corporation to
acquire all the assets of the old one pursuant to a single reorganization plan.'
Under that approach part of the consideration which respondent paid for the
properties of its predecessor was cash in the amount of about $106,680. The
fact that it was paid to the bank rather than to the old corporation or its creditors
is immaterial. The requirement to pay cash arose out of the reorganization itself.
It derived, as did the requirement to pay stock, from the plan pursuant to which
the properties were acquired. It was a necessary incident of the court decree
which wiped out the liability of the old corporation and substituted another one
in its place. Though the liability assumed had its origin in obligations of the
transferor, its nature and amount were determined and fixed in the
reorganization. It therefore cannot be labelled as an obligation of the 'other' or
predecessor corporation within the meaning of the 1939 amendment. Nor can
the property be said to have been acquired 'subject to' that liability within the
purview of that amendment. The words 'subject to' normally connote in legal
parlance an absence of personal obligation. That seems to be the case here, for
the preceding clause of the amendment covers the case of 'assumption'.
7

In the second place, the warrants which were issued were not 'voting stock'.
Whatever rights a warrant holder may have 'to require the obligor corporation
to maintain the integrity of the shares' covered by the warrants (see Berle,
Studies in the Law of Corporation Finance (1928), pp. 136142) he is not a
shareholder. Gay v. Burgess Mills, 30 R.I. 231, 74 A. 714. Cf. Miles v. Safe
Deposit Co., 259 U.S. 247, 252, 42 S.Ct. 483, 485, 66 L.Ed. 923. His rights are
wholly contractual. As stated by Holmes, J., in Parkinson v. West End Street

Ry., 173 Mass. 446, 448, 53 N.E. 891, 892, he 'does not become a stockholder,
by his contract, in equity any more than at law.' At times his right may expire
on the consolidation of the obligor corporation with another. Id. If at the time
he exercises his right there are no authorized and unissued shares to satisfy his
demand, he will get damages not specific performance. Bratten v. Catawissa
Railroad Co., 211 Pa. 21, 60 A. 319. And see Van Allen v. Illinois Central
Railroad Co., 20 N.Y.Super.Ct. 515, 7 Bosw. 515. Thus he does not have, and
may never acquire, any legal or equitable rights in shares of stock. Lisman v.
Milwaukee, L.S. & W. Ry. Co., C.C., 161 F. 472, 480, affirmed 7 Cir., 170 F.
1020. And he cannot assert the rights of a shareholder. See Hills, Convertible
Securities, 19 Calif.L.Rev. 1, 4. Accordingly, the acquisition in this case was
not made 'solely' for voting stock.2 And it makes no difference that in the long
run the unexercised warrants expired and nothing but voting stock was
outstanding. The critical time is the date of the exchange. In that posture of the
case it is no different than if other convertible securities had been issued, all of
which had been converted within the conversion period.
8

Nor can this transaction qualify as a 'reorganization' under clause (C) of

112(g)(1), 26 U.S.C.A. Int.Rev.Acts, page 696. That clause requires that
'immediately after the transfer' the 'transferor or its stockholders or both' be in
'control' of the transferee corporation. 'Control' is defined in 112(h), 26
U.S.C.A. Int.Rev.Acts, page 696, as 'the ownership of at least 80 per centum of
the voting stock and at least 80 per centum of the total number of shares of all
other classes of stock of the corporation.' Here 'control' at the critical date was
not in the old corporation or its 'stockholders'. The participating creditors had
received pursuant to the plan rights to receive over a majority of the stock of the
new company even though all of the warrants allocated to stockholders had
been issued and exercised. The contrary conclusion was reached in
Commissioner v. Cement Investors, Inc., 10 Cir., 122 F.2d 380, 384, on the
theory that the bondholders of the insolvent predecessor company could be
regarded as its 'stockholders' within the meaning of 112(g) (1)(C), since they
had acquired an equitable interest in the property and were empowered to
supplant the stockholders. We have adopted that theory in Helvering v.
Alabama Asphaltic Limestone Co., supra, in determining whether the
bondholders had retained a sufficient continuity in interest so as to bring the
transaction within the statutory definition of merger or consolidation contained
in the revenue acts prior to 1934. But it is one thing to say that the bondholders
'stepped into the shoes of the old stockholders' so as to acquire the proprietary
interest in the insolvent company. It is quite another to say that they were the
'stockholders' of the old company within the purview of clause (C). In the latter
Congress was describing an existing, specified class of security holders of the
transferor corporation. That class, as we have seen, received a participation in

the plan of reorganization. For purposes of clause (C) they must be counted in
determining where 'control' over the new company lay. They cannot be treated
under clause (C) as something other than 'stockholders' of the old company
merely because they acquired a minority interest in the new one. Indeed clause
(C) contemplates that the old corporation or its stockholders, rather than its
creditors, shall be in the dominant position of 'control' immediately after the
transfer and not excluded or relegated to a minority position. Plainly the normal
pattern of insolvency reorganization does not fit its requirements.
9

Clause (D) is likewise inapplicable. There was not that reshuffling of a capital
structure within the framework of an existing corporation contemplated by the
term 'recapitalization'. And a transaction which shifts the ownership of the
proprietary interest in a corporation is hardly 'a mere change in identity, form,
or place of organization' within the meaning of clause (E).

10

Reversed.

11

Mr. Justice ROBERTS did not participate in the consideration or decision of

this case.

The petition for review by the taxpayer contended that this transaction was a
'reorganization' within the purview of 112(g)(1) and therefore that the carryover basis provided in 113(a)(7), 26 U.S.C.A. Int.Rev.Acts page 698, was
applicable. No other issues were raised or considered by the Board or the court
below. We pass only on that question leaving open such other questions as may
be appropriately presented to the Board.

The contrary view expressed in a letter by the Commissioner dated January 27,
1937 (1937 C.C.H.Vol. 3, Par. 6118) does not have the status of a formal ruling
of the Treasury nor does it seem to reflect an established course of
administrative construction.