I.

Introduction LRT 1 has been the main mode of

transportation of commuters with
Transportation is an integral part of
destinations along Taft and Rizal Avenue,
modern life. According to S.M. Kumari et
being in existence for around a quarter-
al. (2010) and K. Rehrl et al. (2007),
century already. Latest statistics from the
having good transportation network is one
LRT Authority show that there are 13-14
of every modernized citys initial priorities,
million passengers every month, with
as todays modern society needs mobility
almost 400,000 on a daily average. The
in every aspect of life. Everyday people
LRT 1 originally had 19 stations from
have to go to work, children need to go to
Baclaran in Paranaque to Monumento in
school, and products need to reach the
Caloocan. Recently, the LRT 1 Yellow Line
other end of the supply chain. However,
was extended to link to the MRT. Three
because of the continuous population
more stations were added to the LRT 1 to
growth of the world, transportation
"connect" the Monumento Station to
networks are unceasingly being
MRT's North Avenue. These stations are
congested. According to S. Kenyon et al.
Balintawak, Roosevelt, and SM North.
(2003), to solve this problem and to lessen
the number of vehicles clogging up the
In 1986, the Department of Transportation
road networks, many governments all over
granted franchise to the Philippines
the world have been pushing for the so-
Monorail Transit systems Inc. to plan and
called Modal Shift. That is, enticing
build, and operate a monorail system. It
citizens to shift away from mainly using
was only in October 1981 that the Light
private transportation modes to using
Railway Transit came to light and later on
public transportation vehicles. Based on
constructed the CDCP which was a
the National Household Travel Survey
government agency responsible for any
(NHTS, 2009), the average vehicle
government construction project in the
occupancy of private cars is only at 1.55
present year the continuous uncontrolled
person; average jeepney occupancy is at
growth of population leads to a problem in
10.6 people and bus occupancy is at 43.4
transportation due to sudden increase on
people based on World Banks
commuters. MRT in various cities such as
Implementation Completion and Results
Pasay, Makati, Mandaluyong and Quezon
Report (2011).
to have reduced average commute travel
times to the city centers. This is evidently
The urban density of Manila, the capital of
true for those residents who live in
the Philippines, is one the highest of the
surrounding areas of MRT stations. Every
world and the rate of motorization far
day, an estimated 600,000 passengers
exceeds the street capacity to handle
take the MRT-3 trains to and from work.
traffic. In order to improve the traffic
condition in Metro Manila (consisting of 17 MRT-3 stations have a standard layout,
cities and towns with a land area of 636 with a concourse level and a platform
km2 and population of 12.9 million as of level. The concourse is usually above the
2015), which mostly relays on the road platform, with stairs, escalators and
transport, the Light Rail Transit (LRT) Line elevators leading down to the platform
1 which traverses between the northern level. Station concourses contain ticket
and southern parts of the Metropolitan booths, which is separated from the
central area was constructed with the platform level by fare gates.
Belgian commercial loan, and its operation
Some stations, such as Araneta Center-
commenced in December 1984.
Cubao, are connected at concourse level

1 | Page
to nearby buildings, such as shopping Park and Ride
malls, for easier accessibility. Most
Park and ride (or incentive parking)
stations are also barrier-free inside and
facilities are parking lots with public
outside the station, and trains have
transport connections that of which
spaces for passengers using wheelchairs.
allows commuters and other people
Stations either have island platforms, such
heading to city centres to leave their
as Taft Avenue shown in Figure 2 and
vehicles and transfer to a bus, rail system
Shaw Boulevard, or side platforms, such
(rapid transit, light rail, or commuter rail),
as Ortigas and North Avenue. Part of the
or carpool for the remainder of the journey.
platform corresponding to the front car of
The vehicle is left in the car park during
the train is cordoned off for the use of
the day and retrieved when the owner
women, children, elderly and disabled
returns. Park and rides are generally
passengers. MRT-3 stations are also
located in the suburbs of metropolitan
designed to occupy the entire span of
areas or on the outer edges of large cities.
EDSA, allowing passengers to safely
A park and ride that only offers parking for
cross between one end of the road and
meeting a carpool and not connections to
the other.
public transport may be called a park and
pool

Comparing modes

The usability of different types of public

transport, and its overall appeal, can be
measured by seven criteria, although they
overlap somewhat. These are speed,
comfort, safety, cost, proximity, timeliness
and directness. Speed is calculated from
total journey time including transfers.
Proximity means how far passengers have
to walk or otherwise travel before they can
begin the public transport leg of their
journey and how close it leaves them to
Out of 264 responses of the Metro Manila their desired destination. Timeliness is
Public Transport Travel Survey, 37% of the how long they have to wait for the vehicle.
respondents said that they made use of 3 Directness records how far a journey
transportation modes, 25% used 2 modes, using public transport deviates from the
19% used 4 modes, 11% used 1 mode, shortest route.
6% used 5 modes, and 3% used more
than 5 transportation modes. II. Statement of the Problem
Average number of modes used therefore Public transportation in the Philippines in
becomes 3. During the first parts of the general is fraught with problems such as
journeys, the mostly used transportation inadequate road infrastructure and traffic
modes were the Jeep, Others, Bus, Foot, congestion around urban areas. In Metro
MRT/LRT, in descending order. During the Manila alone, an average of 191 people
later parts of the journeys, the mostly used lives per hectare within a relatively small
transportation modes became the others, area of 620 km2. Around 2 million vehicles
foot, and jeepneys. were also recorded in 2010 to have plied
its 1000 km of road infrastructure. Several

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modes of mass transportation operate in from the capital area but add to the
Metro Manila, including 4 rail transport volume of traffic. While authorities have
lines: Light Rail Transit 1, Light Rail Transit banned jeepneys and tricycle from using
2, EDSA-Mass Transit (MRT-3) and PNR most of EDSA, this has meant that there is
south commuter line, and road-based a concentration of these vehicles on side
transports such as public utility buses streets, blocking the smooth exit of cars.
(PUBs), taxis, public utility jeepneys
MRT and LRT rails between EDSA
(PUJs), Asian Utility Vehicles (AUVs),
Terminal Station and Taft are unlinked as
Tricycles (TC) and pedicabs (bicycles with
there is no direct service rail connection
sidecar).
between the two end stations, although an
Over the last two or three decades, many elaborate network of pedestrian
cities in Asia have developed impressive overpasses has been built for pedestrian
heavy rail transit systems designed to access, forcing commuters to walk or use
increase the share of rail in the commuter road public transport. By 2014, the MRT-3
transportation mix. Manila has done timid was seen to have significantly deteriorated
efforts in that regard, with only three lines due to the DOTC's removal of tested
at this time, the smallest network of any maintenance provider Sumitomo Corp. in
major Asian city, except for Mumbai and 2012 and its persistence in using unqualified
Jakarta, which have no metro-rail transit at maintenance providers.
this time, though they have suburban Population in the Philippines is projected
trains. The Philippines has only a tiny rail to reach 110 million in the year 2020 (PSA
network limited to Luzon island. In terms in 2015), with a majority residing in dense
ridership, Manilas three lines carry only urban areas like Metro Manila. Given
1.1 million passengers per day, much less dynamic economic activities in these
than in comparable sized cities in other communities and a low level of
Asian countries. Manila metro ridership is motorization at around 9 cars per 1,000
barely above Munich in Germany, a much people, the need for increased public
smaller city. conveyance and motorization is evident. In
Travel with intra and intercity routes often its recent report, the Japan International
require commuters to avail of two or more Cooperation Agency (JICA) also stated
types of transportation. Buses operate that despite the Philippines better-than-
along the main thoroughfares such as the expected economic growth, the
Epifanio Delos Santos Avenue (EDSA), Philippines risks losing to P6 billion a day
Jeepneys operate along secondary roads, by 2030 because of worsening traffic
AUVs have fixed routes of no more than jams. In 2013, the same agency said that
15 kilometers, and Tricycles and pedicabs traffic problems cost the Philippines P2.4
seat only one to three people at short billion every day in 2012.
distances in residential areas and arterial The project calls for the use of architecture
roads. and urban design as a means to
Among the causes of EDSA perennial encourage the use of mass transit and
difficulties, one of the major factors is the provide a safe concourse station for the
concentration of major shopping malls and greater population in Metro Manila.
business districts alongside its course. A
III. Project Goals and Objectives
second major problem is the high number
of bus terminals, particularly in the Cubao Project Goals
area, which provide interregional service

3 | Page
 To encourage the use scheme of road organization in greater
of mass transit as a Manila. Envisioned as an elegant parkway,
socio-economical it was to be a link between the new city of
alternative to on-road Quezon City created in 1939 to be the
transportation capital of the Commonwealth of the
To reduce the road Philippines, and the Manila airport
congestion of both established in Makati in 1937.
public and private On most of its length, the EDSA is a
owned vehicles which controlled-access highway, 3 to 5 lanes
adds to the wide in each direction with few at-grade
environmental problems crossings: an urban freeway, built mostly
in the metropolis at street level. It runs for 24 kilometers
To further the extent of from Caloocan, in the Northern part of the
Manilas transport metropolitan area, starting at the Andres
network by engaging Bonifacio Monument (Monumento) to
the public to a new Pasay in the South, ending on a traffic
transit-oriented circle adjacent to the famous SM Mall of
development Asia shopping complex. It arcs in a semi-
Project Objectives circle through the Eastern part of the
metropolitan area, crossing also parts of
to provide a transport Quezon City (Balintawak, Kamuning,
modal shift and Cubao), San Juan, Mandaluyong (Ortigas)
concourse station to and Makati (Guadalupe, Buendia, Ayala).
directly and safely link It is an essential component of the spatial
the two major railway structuration of the Manila metropolitan
systems in Metro area. Its powerful role in shaping the
Manila geography of activities within the
to incorporate metropolitan area is apparent with the
commercial and location of the shopping malls, car
business dealerships, business centers, hotels,
establishments as a government agencies and provincial bus
catchment for public terminals alongside this axis of circulation.
related activities for all
A number of pedestrian overpasses have
social classes.
been built, some (15) associated with rail
to add a new point of
transit stations, some just to cross the
interest within the
avenue (9). In total, there are 24 safe
vicinity for a more
crossing points for pedestrians for a 24 km
conducive use for
long highway: just one per kilometer.
public structure
Over the next 3 years, Department of
IV. General information of Transportation will work to procure more
Transport-related Plans coaches, build extensions for LRT 1, LRT
and Programs and 2, and MRT 7, and invest heavily on
Transport related issues in infrastructure so as to serve a larger
number of commuters across a wider
Metro Manila range of areas.
EDSA - TAFT
The Department is also in the process of
Epifanio De los Santos Avenue was built deploying of cheap, safe, and well-
in 1939-1940 under the presidency of maintained point-to-point buses, said
Manuel Quezon as part of a grand Lontoc. The government hopes that by

4 | Page
making these buses more comfortable and particularly linked with motorization and
convenient taking commuters from one the diffusion of the automobile, which has
location to another without any stops in increased the demand for transport
between more people will opt for public infrastructures. However, the supply of
transport, reducing the number of cars on infrastructures has often not been able to
the road. keep up with the growth of mobility. Since
vehicles spend the majority of the time
Currently 25% of the people who take parked, motorization has expanded the
these buses have already made the shift demand for parking space, which has
from taking private vehicles, but the created space consumption problems
government intends to get that figure up to particularly in central areas; the spatial
50%. imprint of parked vehicles is significant.
Congestion and parking are also
Notable Issues in Transportation interrelated since looking for a parking
System in the Philippines space (called "cruising) creates additional
delays and impairs local circulation. In
Manila is one of the Asian megacities central areas of large cities cruising may
suffering from the many ills of excessive account for more than 10% of the local
street traffic. In the last three decades, circulation as drivers can spend 20
these cities have experienced an minutes looking for a parking spot. This
extraordinary increase in the number of practice is often judged more economically
vehicles plying their streets, while at the effective than using a paying off-street
same time they have sprawled into parking facility as the time spent looking
adjacent areas forming vast for a free (or low cost) parking space as
megalopolises, with their skyline pushed compensated by the monetary savings.
upwards with the construction of many Also, many delivery vehicles will simply
high-rises. The joint processes of double-park at the closest possible spot to
globalization, outsourcing, and the re- unload their cargo.
localization of manufacturing activities
have been accompanied by a rise in the Longer commuting
purchasing powers of many people in . On par with congestion people are
developing Asian countries, which has spending an increasing amount of time
allowed them to acquire motorized commuting between their residence and
vehicles, motorbikes and automobiles, workplace. An important factor behind this
even if profound inequalities exist in trend is related to residential affordability
regard to the capacity to acquire a vehicle as housing located further away from
(Cervero 2013) central areas (where most of the
employment remains) is more affordable.
Harmoniously, there has also been a need Therefore, commuters are trading time for
to shift from monomodal travelling, using housing affordability. However, long
only one transportation mode per trip, to commuting is linked with several social
multimodal travelling, using more than one problems, such as isolation, as well as
transportation mode per trip. This supports poorer health (obesity).
the long-term sustainability of
transportation networks, as each and Public transport inadequacy
every transportation mode would have its . Many public transit systems, or parts of
proper role and function. them, are either over or under used.
During peak hours, crowdedness creates
discomfort for users as the system copes
Traffic congestion and parking with a temporary surge in demand. Low
difficulties ridership makes many services financially
. Congestion is one of the most prevalent unsustainable, particularly in suburban
transport problems in large urban areas. In spite of significant subsidies and
agglomerations, usually above a threshold cross-financing (e.g. tolls) almost every
of about 1 million inhabitants. Itis public transit systems cannot generate

5 | Page
sufficient income to cover its operating countries. Accidents account for a
and capital costs. While in the past deficits significant share of recurring delays. As
were deemed acceptable because of the traffic increases, people feel less safe to
essential service public transit was use the streets.
providing for urban mobility, its financial
burden is increasingly controversial. Land consumption
. The territorial imprint of transportation is
Difficulties for non-motorized transport significant, particularly for the automobile.
. These difficulties are either the outcome Between 30 and 60% of a metropolitan
of intense traffic, where the mobility of area may be devoted to transportation, an
pedestrians, bicycles and vehicles is outcome of the over-reliance on some
impaired, but also because of a blatant forms of urban transportation. Yet, this
lack of consideration for pedestrians and land consumption also underlines the
bicycles in the physical design of strategic importance of transportation in
infrastructure sand facilities. the economic and social welfare of cities.

Loss of public space Freight distribution

. The majority of roads are publicly owned . Globalization and the materialization of
and free of access. Increased traffic has the economy have resulted in growing
adverse impacts on public activities which quantities of freight moving within cities.
once crowded the streets such as As freight traffic commonly shares
markets, agoras, parades and infrastructures with the circulation of
processions, games, and community passengers, the mobility of freight in urban
interactions. These have gradually areas has become increasingly
disappeared to be replaced by problematic. City logistics strategies can
automobiles. In many cases, these be established to mitigate the variety of
activities have shifted to shopping malls challenges faced by urban freight
while in other cases, they have been distribution.
abandoned altogether. Traffic flows Issues Concerning Multi-modal
influence the life and interactions of Planning
residents and their usage of street space.
More traffic impedes social interactions The promise of multi-modal streets hides
and street activities. People tend to walk the fact that such a dramatic shift away
and cycle less when traffic is high. from the traditional American form of auto-
oriented personal urban transportation is
Environmental impacts and energy
consumption much more difficult than just
. Pollution, including noise, generated by accommodating drivers everywhere.
circulation has become a serious Supporting many modes requires
impediment to the quality of life and even including multiple actors in the planning
the health of urban populations. Further, process, all with different priorities and
energy consumption by urban preferences. More travel choices also
transportation has dramatically increased
means private entrepreneurs will take the
and so the dependency on petroleum. Yet,
peak oil considerations are increasingly lead on some services normally offered by
linked with peak mobility expectations the public sector: from taxi or bus services
where high energy prices incite a shift to parking management to goods
towards more efficient and sustainable movement. And with the benefits of
forms of urban transportation, namely redefining and reallocating street space in
public transit. a multi-modal system come new political
problems in terms of fighting for that space
Accidents and safety
. Growing traffic in urban areas is linked
with a growing number of accidents and Here are three of the biggest challenges
fatalities, especially in developing cities will face as they shift away from car-

6 | Page
reliant transportation systems and toward minimize wasteful driving. The public does
multi-modal ones. give up some control over how their public
assets are managed, though, and
1. Moving Beyond Car Against confrontations between public transit and
Transit private operators will increase.
While publicly operated transit has legal
As the cost of driving increases through claim on bus stops, private transit service
higher gas prices, tolls, and parking is growing rapidly across the country and
charges, more people will look toward needs access to curbs, too. In any city
alternatives. Yet less driving does not with taxi services or app-based ride-
necessarily mean more transit use. When sharing services, curb space is critical for
people drive less they travel by all safe passenger access, but there are few
alternatives more; they also telecommute examples of multi-modal curbside
and use home deliveries. Greater use of management in practice. In parts of dense
alternative modes to driving adds bikes, cities, taxis, ride-sharing, and delivery
pedestrians, trucks, transit, and taxis to trucks can cause far more traffic
already crowded streets. New thinking congestion and dangerous conditions for
about the design and use of street space pedestrians than drivers cruising for
is needed as new modes, actors, parking spaces.
technologies, and uses change the
function of public roads.
While these design errors may be fixed in 3. Balancing Transport Networks
the future, it shouldn't be the case that Beyond new challenges for management
pedestrians, cyclists, taxi passengers, and and allocation of street space, multi-
other street users are an afterthought to modalism makes travel patterns less
cars and public transit. Multi-modal predictable and more difficult to anticipate
planning should be the norm.
for investment and maintenance. How we
2. Accommodating Public and Private travel around cities changes as available
Modes alternatives increase.
One feature of planning for automobility, or
Whatever clear lines once existed really any particular travel mode, is that
between public and private transport have there is a nice symmetry to travel. If you
blurred. Start-up technology companies,
leave your house in the morning as a
large corporations, and informal operators
offer meaningful alternatives to driving, but driver, you are almost certainly going to
also subvert the traditional public make all subsequent trips for the day by
monopoly for supplying transit services. car, eventually driving back to your
Ultimately we don't know if private transit garage. There are two takeaways from the
and app-based taxi services will succeed multi-modal travel day. First, the choice
or improve transit ridershipthat remains between driving and transit isn't one or the
to be seenbut the increase in private
other. To reduce automobility, many
transit operators is certainly different and
affects investment and regulatory alternatives must be provided, and not as
decisions. a bonus. The second takeaway is that
multi-modal cities have a lot of one-way
Private firms operating on public roads travel. For shared-travel modes, this
present similar issues as the shifting role results in large imbalances of vehicles
of public space for private activities. Mass across the networks, leaving many without
transit and taxi medallions are set up as
the options they expect when they want to
regulated monopolies partly due to the fact
that they use public assets for their use it. The rebalancing problem is hard
operations. From a transportation enough for bike-share, let alone many
perspective, we should welcome more different types of vehicles.
taxis and buses and trucks if they can help

7 | Page
In the end, multi-modal transportation inundation from sea level rise and storm
options reflect the abundance of choice surges. This is particularly true in
that make cities great. But having many underground pathways and tunnels, which
are often already below sea level.
choices means balancing many interests.
Increased flooding from heavy
The issues facing cities as they expand precipitation and storm surges could
alternatives to driving are complex and disrupt passenger rail as well as freight
should be treated as such by local operations. Damages from flooding may
officials, advocates, and transport require rail lines and subway infrastructure
planners. Redesigning streets to reduce to be rebuilt or raised in future expansion
reliance on cars and are big steps for projects.10 Transport infrastructure will
therefore need to be built with resilience in
cities, but these efforts will fall short if they
mind
don't welcome all travel modesfrom
walking and cycling to taxis and delivery To limit the increase in average global
trucksas critical functions of our streets. temperature to within 2C by 2100,
emissions of greenhouse gases worldwide
Future of Railways will have to be cut by 50% by 2050. This
will require subjecting carbon emissions to
By 2050, around 75% of the worlds much tighter regulations and stronger
population will live in cities. It is estimated price mechanisms than today. More
that the global urban population is growing stringent regulations on emissions may
at two people per second, adding 172,800 affect the planning and operation of
new city-dwellers each day. A megacity transportation systems, with a preference
may be a single metropolitan area or two for greener modes of travel. Increased
or more metropolitan areas that converge urbanization and road congestion, and a
to form mega-regions. These mega- focus on the environment and energy
regions may stretch hundreds of consumption make railways a strong
kilometers and be home to more than 100 alternative to road transport for the
million people. Examples include the movement of people and goods.
Boston-New York-Washington corridor, the
So Paulo-Rio de Janeiro region, or the Smart and integrated mobility
Hong Kong-Shenhzen-Guangzhou area of
China which is home to more than 120 According to the International Transport
million people. Forum, by 2050 passenger mobility will
increase by a staggering 200-300% and
The increasing pace of urbanization will freight activity by as much as 150-250%.
place added stress on already straining 11 This means that smart solutions will
city systems and infrastructure, requiring need to be implemented to provide
urban areas to be far more efficient. But adequate transport capacity for growing
denser urban areas could also provide volumes of goods and people.
opportunities for forms of transport, such
as rail, that rely on density to function Increases in computer power and the
efficiently. ability to handle the processing of large
amounts of data in real time, will lead to
Climate Change more effective use of big data. Big data
and the Internet of Things will allow
Changes in temperature, more intense transportation modes to communicate with
storm activity and sea level rises may each other and with the wider
have important implications for transport environment, paving the way for truly
infrastructure design, operation and integrated and inter-modal transport
maintenance. This could increase the risk solutions.
of disruptions, damage and failure of
transport systems. Like roadways, coastal Technology
railways and subways are subject to

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The growing pace of technological change (Road from Paraaque to Bacoor), then
will be one of the major drivers of change would travel on the side of Seaside Drive
for the transport sector. The history of to the Coastal Road, and from there would
technological progress provides powerful travel down the side of Kabihasnan street
evidence that change is not linear but
exponential, and cycles of innovation and to Quirino Avenue (again) to its extension,
technological improvements are very likely General Emilio Aguinaldo Avenue from the
to accelerate further. Change is occurring Las Pinas-Bacoor Boundary of Zapote
especially rapidly in the cluster of Bridge to Niog. The extension would add
converging sciences and technologies in 10 stations over some 11.7 kilometers (7.3
nanotechnology, biotechnology, mi) of new line and would be the second
information technology, and cognitive
rail line extending outside the Metro
sciences
Manila area (after the planned MRT-7
Advances in nanotechnology in particular line).
may lead to new materials that are lighter,
stronger, smarter and greener. Materials Manila Light Rail Transit Line 1 (LRT-1)
like graphene, which is revolutionary in its Cavite Extension project will extend the
strength, flexibility and conductivity, could existing 20.7km metro line serving the
have numerous applications and support Metro Manila region in the Philippines by
completely new structures. Developments
approximately 11.7km.
in material science are also dramatically
improving the performance of batteries, Also called Green Line, the LRT Line 1 is
changing the potential for electricity the first metro line of the Manila LRT
storage. system. The line runs between Baclaran in
Paranaque city and Congressional Ave in
Revenue-Worthy Design Quezon City in the Metro Manila region.
For the railways, the exercise is a means The proposed extension will extend the
of revenue generation but passengers will
existing line from Baclaran to Bacoor city
be the ultimate beneficiaries as the plan
will enable them to find hotels, in Cavite Province.
restaurants, shopping arcades and movie
theatres at a go. Tapping its biggest The extended rail line is expected to help
resource to strengthen its finances, the increase the capacity of LRT 1 from
future of railway is planning to raise multi- 500,000 to 800,000 passengers daily and
storey buildings on unused land and lease benefit more than four million residents in
them out to private firms. For the railways, Cavite and the southern part of Metro
commercial exploitation of properties is
Manila.
the most viable alternative as increasing
passenger fares and freight charges
remain a challenge. LRT Line 2 Extension East and West

Future Expansions of Manila Railway By 2019, the Light Rail Transit Line 2
(LRT2) will run from Masinag in Antipolo
Line 1 Extension City all the way to Pier 4 area in Manila
City, catering to more than 315,000
South Extension Phase 1 (LRT-1 passengers daily.
Extension) Currently, the youngest of the 3 main
A southern extension of Line 1, also elevated railways in Metro Manila has a
known as the Southern Extension Project design capacity of 240,000 passengers
in the Metro Manila Rail Plans has been daily and only runs from Santolan, Pasig
proposed and would aim to serve the City, to Recto, Manila.
areas of Paraaque to Cavite. Such an
extension would take Quirino Avenue

9 | Page
The LRT2 operates with 18 train sets, but
only 12 of those are functional. Due to
inadequate train sets, the government is
under fire for technical glitches and long
queue lines.
It is during rush hour mornings when
passengers travel to work and early
evenings when they return home that
riding the LRT2, along with other elevated
railways, becomes a suffering, with
passengers packed in a train
like sardines after waiting for long hours.

A 3.02-kilometer (1.88 mi) west extension

of LRT-2 to the Manila North Harbor in
Tondo, Manila was proposed. It was
approved by the National Economic and
Development Authority (NEDA) last 19
May 2015. The construction of this said
extension would create three stations, one
in Tutuban near the Tutuban PNR station,
one in Divisoria close to San Nicolas, and
its terminus would be near the North Port
Passenger Terminal in Manila North
Harbor's Pier 4

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V.

11 | P a g e