Space -7
COOLING LOAD
1. Solar radiation through wooden windows
𝑞 = 𝑞 ′′ 𝐴𝑠 𝐶𝑓
𝑞 ′′ = solar heat flux
𝐴𝑠 = the surface area of glass under consideration;
𝐶𝑓 = correction factors, for this project, the reference glass (3 mm thick, absorptivity 6%, reflectivity 8%)
without shade is considered; therefore,
𝐶𝑓 = considered 1.
Surface area of glass
There are 2 steel casement wood windows facing north:
𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ = 1.5 × 3m × 1m = 4.5𝑚2
Solar heat flux
We can obtain value of solar heat flux 𝑞 ′′ from Table number 14, and Darwin is at 12.4° South latitude.
For north windows, at 3PM in January 21
At 10° South latitude 𝑞 ′′ = 44𝑊/𝑚2 ;
At 20° South latitude 𝑞 ′′ = 44𝑊/𝑚2 ;
So, q′′𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ = 44W/𝑚2 for north windows.
Assume 𝑞 ′′ = 𝑥𝑊/𝑚2 at 12.4° South latitude
Solar radiation through glass windows
Value for wooden two casement windows.
For north windows
Value for two window at north
44𝑊
𝑞𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ = 4.5𝑚2 × = 198𝑊
𝑚2
2. Solar and transmission gain through walls and roof
𝑞 = 𝐴𝑠 ∆𝑡𝑒 𝑈
𝐴𝑠 = surface area of the wall under consideration in 𝑚2 ;
U = transmission coefficient through walls in W/𝑚2 . ℃;
𝛥𝑡𝑒 = equivalent temperature difference in ℃.
2.1 Solar and transmission gain through the walls
For wall facing north, area = 5.30m × 3m – 4.5𝑚2 = 11.40 𝑚2
For the wall east side, area= 2m ×3 m = 6 𝑚2
Transmission coefficient
From the Table 25
for brick veneer wall (110mm brick, 150mm air) with 9mm fibrous plaster finish in summer,
we can obtain
𝑈 = 2.12 𝑊/𝑚2 . ℃
Mass per unit Area is 222 𝑘𝑔/𝑚2
Equivalent temperature difference
Daily range from Table 1 is 6.9℃;
Outdoor temperature from Table 1 is 34.5℃;
Outdoor temperature minus Room design temperature
𝑇 = 34.5℃ − 22℃ = 12.5℃
Due to the daily range and the outdoor and room design temperature difference is not 10℃, as a result
the latitude is 12.4° South other than the 40° South. So, 𝛥𝑡𝑒 the equivalent temperature is
approximated as follows:
𝜎𝑠
∆𝑡𝑒 = ∆𝑡𝑒𝑠 + (∆𝑡𝑒𝑚 − ∆𝑡𝑒𝑠 )
𝜎𝑚
∆𝑡𝑒 is the equivalent temperature difference for latitude, month and time of day desired, if corrected
the necessary for design conditions;
∆𝑡𝑒𝑠 is the equivalent temperature difference for the same wall or roof in shade at 40° South and at the
desired time of day, correction done if necessary;
∆𝑡𝑒𝑚 is the difference of equivalent temperature for wall or roof exposed to the sun at 40° South and for
desired time of day;
𝜎𝑠 is the max. solar heat gain having unit W/𝑚2 through glass for wall facing or horizontal for roofs, for
month and latitude desired;
𝜎𝑚 is the max. solar heat gain having unit W/𝑚2 through the glass for wall facing or horizontal for roofs,
for January at 40° South latitude;
From the table 23,
We obtain correction value for the equivalent temperature.
For difference temperature is 10℃
When daily range is 6℃, 𝐶𝐸𝑇 = 2℃;
When daily range is 8℃, 𝐶𝐸𝑇 = 1℃;
Assume 𝐶𝐸𝑇 = 𝑥℃ when daily range is 6.9℃
6 − 6.9 2 − 𝑥
=
6−8 2−1
𝐶𝐸𝑇10℃ = 𝑥 = 1.55℃
For difference temperature is 15℃
When daily range is 6℃, 𝐶𝐸𝑇 = 7℃;
When daily range is 8℃, 𝐶𝐸𝑇 = 6℃;
Assume 𝐶𝐸𝑇 = 𝑥℃ when daily range is 6.9℃
6 − 6.9 7 − 𝑥
=
6−8 7−6
𝐶𝐸𝑇15℃ = 𝑥 = 6.55℃
For difference temperature is 12.5℃
Assume 𝐶𝐸𝑇 = 𝑥℃
10 − 12.5 1.55 − 𝑥
=
10 − 15 1.55 − 6.55
𝐶𝐸𝑇12.5℃ = 𝑥 = 4.05℃
From Table 21, exposure is shade at 3PM
When Mass of wall per unit area is 100 𝑘𝑔/𝑚2 , ∆𝑇𝑒𝑠 = 8.9℃;
When Mass of wall per unit area is 300 𝑘𝑔/𝑚2 , ∆𝑇𝑒𝑠 = 6.7℃;
Assume ∆𝑇𝑒𝑠 = 𝑥℃, when Mass of wall per unit area is 222 𝑘𝑔/𝑚2
100 − 222 8.9 − 𝑥
=
100 − 300 8.9 − 6.7
∆𝑇𝑒𝑠 = 𝑥 = 7.558℃
∆𝑡𝑒𝑠 = ∆𝑇𝑒𝑠 + 𝐶𝐸𝑇 = 11.608℃
For wall facing north
From Table 21, exposure is north at 3PM
When Mass of wall per unit area is 100 𝑘𝑔/𝑚2 , ∆𝑇𝑒𝑚 = 17.8℃;
When Mass of wall per unit area is 300 𝑘𝑔/𝑚2 , ∆𝑇𝑒𝑚 = 16.1℃;
Assume ∆𝑇𝑒𝑚 = 𝑥℃, when Mass of wall per unit area is 222 𝑘𝑔/𝑚2
100 − 222 17.8 − 𝑥
=
100 − 300 17.8 − 16.1
∆𝑇𝑒𝑚 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ = 𝑥 = 16.763℃
∆𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ = ∆𝑇𝑒𝑚 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ + 𝐶𝐸𝑇 = 20.813℃
From Table 14, in January 21
At 10° South latitude 𝜎𝑠 = 47𝑊/𝑚2 ;
At 20° South latitude 𝜎𝑠 = 47𝑊/𝑚2 ;
So, 𝜎𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ = 47W/𝑚2
At 40° South latitude 𝜎𝑚 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ = 230𝑊/𝑚2 .
47𝑊/𝑚2
∆𝑡𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ = 11.608℃ + (20.813℃ − 11.608℃) = 13.489℃
230𝑊/𝑚2
Heat flow for north facing wall
𝑞 = 13.489℃ × 2.12𝑊/𝑚2 . ℃ × 11.40𝑚2 = 326.000 𝑊
For wall facing East
From Table 21, exposure is east at 3PM
When Mass of wall per unit area is 100 𝑘𝑔/𝑚2 , ∆𝑇𝑒𝑚 = 9.4℃;
When Mass of wall per unit area is 300 𝑘𝑔/𝑚2 , ∆𝑇𝑒𝑚 = 9.4℃;
Assume ∆𝑇𝑒𝑚 = 9.4℃, when Mass of wall per unit area is 222 𝑘𝑔/𝑚2
∆𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 = ∆𝑇𝑒𝑚 𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 + 𝐶𝐸𝑇 = 13.45℃
From Table 14, in January 21
At 10° South latitude 𝜎𝑠 = 44𝑊/𝑚2 ;
At 20° South latitude 𝜎𝑠 = 44𝑊/𝑚2 ;
Assume 𝜎𝑠 𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 = 44𝑊/𝑚2 at 40° South latitude
At 40° South latitude 𝜎𝑚 𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 = 550𝑊/𝑚2 .
47𝑊/𝑚2
∆𝑡𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ = 11.608℃ + (13.45℃ − 11.608℃) = 11.76℃
550𝑊/𝑚2
Heat flow for east facing wall
𝑞 = 11.608℃ × 2.12𝑊/𝑚2 . ℃ × 6𝑚2 = 147.653𝑊
Heat flow
q𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 326𝑊 + 147.653𝑊 = 473.653𝑊
2.2 Solar and transmission gain through roof
Surface area
𝐴𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 = 5.30m × 6.3m = 33.39𝑚2
Transmission coefficient
𝑈 = 1.5 𝑊/𝑚2 . ℃
Mass per unit Area is 300 𝑘𝑔/𝑚2
Equivalent temperature difference
From Table 22, exposure is shaded at 3PM
When Mass of wall per unit area is 300 𝑘𝑔/𝑚2 , ∆𝑇𝑒𝑠 = 5.6℃;
∆𝑡𝑒𝑠 = ∆𝑇𝑒𝑠 + 𝐶𝐸𝑇 = 9.65℃
From Table 22, exposure is to sun at 3PM
When Mass of wall per unit area is 300 𝑘𝑔/𝑚2 , ∆𝑇𝑒𝑚 = 19.4℃;
∆𝑡𝑒𝑚 = ∆𝑇𝑒𝑚 + 𝐶𝐸𝑇 = 23.45℃
From Table 14, in January 21 for horizontal exposure
At 10° South latitude 𝜎𝑠 = 830𝑊/𝑚2 ;
At 20° South latitude 𝜎𝑠 = 850𝑊/𝑚2 ;
Assume 𝜎𝑠 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑥𝑊/𝑚2 at 40° South latitude
10 − 12.4 830 − 𝑥
=
10 − 20 830 − 850
𝜎𝑠 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑥 = 834.8𝑊/𝑚2
At 40° South latitude 𝜎𝑚 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 790𝑊/𝑚2 .
834.8𝑊/𝑚2
∆𝑡𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 9.65℃ + (23.45℃ − 9.65℃) = 24.233℃
790𝑊/𝑚2
Heat flow
𝑞𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 = 24.233℃ × 1.5𝑊/𝑚2 . ℃ × 33.39𝑚2 = 1213.70𝑊
1. Conduction through interior positions
𝑞 = 𝑈𝐴∆𝑇
U is overall heat transfer coefficient for partition;
A is area of partition;
ΔT is temperature difference between unconditioned and conditioned space.
𝐴𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 = 2𝑚 × 1𝑚 = 2𝑚2
A𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 5.30𝑚 × 3𝑚 − 2𝑚2 = 13.90𝑚2
Temperature difference between space 1 and space 2
∆T = 27℃ − 22℃ = 5℃
𝑈𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 = 2.5𝑊/𝑚2 . ℃
𝑈𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 2.12𝑊/𝑚2 . ℃
So,
𝑞𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 = 2.5𝑊/𝑚2 . ℃ × 2𝑚2 × 5℃ + 2.12𝑊/𝑚2 . ℃ × 13.90𝑚2 × 5℃ = 149.84𝑊
2. Lighting
Fluorescent lights convert 25% of the power input into light.
𝑞𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 60𝑊 × 10 × 75% = 450𝑊
3. People
From Table 45, we can obtain heat gain for seated, very light work people is 120W.
𝑞𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 = 140𝑊 × 2 = 280𝑊
4. Equipment
From Table 46, we can obtain heat gain for computer is 120W recommended value.
𝑞𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 120𝑊 × 2 = 240𝑊
5. Cooling load
𝑞 = 𝑞𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑤 + q𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 + 𝑞𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 + 𝑞𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 + 𝑞𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 + 𝑞𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 + 𝑞𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑞 = 326 + 473.653 + 1213.70 + 149.84 + 450 + 280 + 240 = 3133.1𝑊 = 3.133𝑘𝑊
Piping system
There are 7 fan coil units in the Space 7.
Water quantity
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
Q=
4.2∆𝑇
∆𝑇 is considered as 5℃
3.133𝑘𝑊 ÷ 2
Q= = 0.0745𝑙/𝑠
4.2 × 5℃
From the figure, when the flow is 0.0745 l/s and velocity is 1m/s, we can obtain the nominal diameter is
15mm and the actual diameter is 14.9mm.
