Machine Foundation of Diesel Power Plant

For the machine foundation of each unit

Start with the simplest form which is the rectangular block machine foundation.
Considering a rectangular machine foundation;
For safety purposes,
𝑊𝑓 ≥ 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝑓 ,

Then,
The foundation mass should be from 3 to 5 times the weight of the machinery it is supposed to support.
(Source: PSME Code 2010)

for AT ;
𝐴𝑇 = 𝐿 𝑥 𝑊
Bed plate dimension: (From Manufacturer's Data)
𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴𝐵
𝒂 = 𝟔𝟎𝟕 𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒓 𝟓𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝟑𝟑 𝒇𝒕
𝒃 = 𝟏𝟔𝟐 𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒓 𝟏𝟑. 𝟓 𝒇𝒕
say clearance, 1ft ( on all sides)
Source Machinery Foundation; by Jose M. Perez, Jr.; PME)

Figure A-4: Top View of Rectangular Block Machine Foundation

where:
𝑊 = 𝑎 + 2𝑐
𝑊 = 13.5 𝑓𝑡 + 2(1𝑓𝑡)
𝑾 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟓 𝒇𝒕
also;
𝐿 = 𝑏 + 2𝑐
𝐿 = 50.5833 𝑓𝑡 + 2(1𝑓𝑡)
𝑳 = 𝟓𝟐. 𝟓𝟖𝟑𝟑 𝒇𝒕
thus;
𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝑇 = 𝐿 𝑥 𝑊
𝐴𝑇 = 52.5833 𝑓𝑡 𝑥 15.5 𝑓𝑡
𝑨𝑻 = 𝟖𝟏𝟓. 𝟎𝟒𝟏 𝒇𝒕𝟐
 Figure A-2: Side View of Rectangular Block Machine Foundation
for h;
ℎ = (3.2 𝑡𝑜 4.2)(𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒)
From Manufacturer's Data:
𝐷 𝑥 𝐿 = (16.93 𝑖𝑛 𝑥 24.02 𝑖𝑛)
∗ 𝐶𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

Say, use maximum value = 4.2, (Machinery Foundation; by Jose M. Perez, Jr.; PME)
so that;
ℎ = 4.2(24.02)
h = 100.884 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑟 8.407 ft
𝒉 = 𝟖. 𝟒𝟎𝟕 𝒇𝒕

For volume of rectangular block machine foundation, Vf ;

𝑉𝑓 = 𝐿 𝑥 𝑊 𝑥 𝐻
𝑉𝑓 = 52.5833 𝑓𝑡 𝑥 15.5 𝑓𝑡𝑥 8.407 𝑓𝑡
𝑽𝒇 = 𝟔𝟖𝟓𝟐. 𝟎𝟓 𝒇𝒕𝟑
Then;

For Weight of Foundation, Wf

𝑊𝑓 = 𝛿𝑓 𝑥 𝑉𝑓
since;
𝑙𝑏𝑓
𝛿𝑐 = 150
𝑓𝑡 3
Specific volume of concrete
where;
𝑙𝑏𝑓
𝛿𝑐 = 𝛿𝑓 = 150
𝑓𝑡 3
hence;
lbf
Wf = (150 3
) (6852.05ft 3 )
ft
 𝑾𝒇 = 𝟏 𝟎𝟐𝟕 𝟖𝟎𝟕. 𝟔𝟒𝟐 𝒍𝒃𝒇

For the Minimum Weight of Machine Foundation Required

From Philippine Mechanical Code, foundation mass should be 3 to 5 times the weight of the machinery it is
supposed to support.
Say, use minimum value = 3
For minimum weight of foundation, min. Wf
𝑚𝑖𝑛. 𝑊𝑓 = 3𝑊𝑒 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒
Where;
𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 = 565, 485 lbf

from: Manufacturer's Data

𝑊𝑒 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 565, 485 𝑙𝑏𝑓

So;
𝑚𝑖𝑛. 𝑊𝑓 = 3 (565, 485 𝑙𝑏𝑓 )
𝐦𝐢𝐧. 𝐖𝐟 = 𝟏, 𝟔𝟗𝟔, 𝟒𝟓𝟓 𝐥𝐛𝐟
Checking if dimensions are okay
𝑊𝑓 > 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝑓
𝟏, 𝟔𝟗𝟔, 𝟒𝟓𝟓 𝐥𝐛𝐟 < 𝟏 𝟎𝟐𝟕 𝟖𝟎𝟕. 𝟔𝟒𝟐𝐥𝐛𝐟
*Hence, the dimensions of the rectangular block foundation are not okay.
 Make necessary adjustments
 Consider spread footing on all sides of bottom area; (𝐴𝑇𝑂𝑃 ≠ 𝐴𝐵𝑂𝑇𝑇𝑂𝑀 )
 Maintaining a clearance in area at the top.
 Maintaining h = 8.407 𝑓𝑡

Figure A-3: Spread Footed Machine Foundation

For good proportions:
𝜃 = 22.5° 𝑡𝑜 30° − 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚
𝜃 = 45 − 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙

Say; use
𝜃 = 41°
Solving for L’;
𝐿′ = 𝐿 + 2𝑦
𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
ℎ
𝑦 = ℎ ∗ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑦 = (8.407 𝑓𝑡)( 𝑡𝑎𝑛 41°)
 𝒚 = 𝟕. 𝟑𝟎𝟖𝟎𝟗 𝒇𝒕
′
𝐿 = 52.5833𝑓𝑡 + 2(7.30809 𝑓𝑡)
𝑳’ = 𝟔𝟕. 𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟒𝟖 𝒇𝒕

Solving for W’;

𝑊 ′ = 𝑊 + 2𝑦
′
𝑊 = 15.5 ft + 2(7.30809)
𝑾’ = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟏𝟖𝒇𝒕

Then, solving for the volume of spread footed machine foundation at 𝜃 = 41°:
𝐿 + 𝐿′ 𝑊 + 𝑊′
𝑉𝐹 = 𝑥 𝑥𝐻
2 2
(52.5833 + 67.19948 )𝑓𝑡 (15.5 + 30.11618)𝑓𝑡
𝑉𝐹 = 𝑥 𝑥 8.407 ft
2 2
𝑉𝐹 = 59.89139 𝑓𝑡 𝑥 22.80809 𝑓𝑡 𝑥 8.407𝑓𝑡
𝑽𝑭 = 𝟏𝟏, 𝟒𝟖𝟒. 𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟎𝟓𝒇𝒕𝟑
So that, for the weight of spread footed machine foundation at𝜃 = 41°;
Wf = δf x Vf
𝑙𝑏𝑓
𝑊𝐹 = 11,484.03105 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑥 150 3
𝑓𝑡
𝑾𝑭 = 𝟏 𝟕𝟐𝟐 𝟔𝟎𝟒. 𝟔𝟓𝟕 𝒍𝒃𝒇

Checking if dimensions are okay:

Wf > min Wf
𝟏 𝟕𝟐𝟐 𝟔𝟎𝟒. 𝟔𝟓𝟕 𝒍𝒃𝒇 > 𝟏 𝟔𝟗𝟔 𝟒𝟓𝟓𝐥𝐛𝐟
Since the value of actual weight of the spread footed machine foundation is greater than the minimum weight
required; dimensions are now okay.

Checking for safety;

Distribute the weight of the machine, the machine bed plate, and its own weight over a safe subsoil area.
(source: PPE, by Morse. page 106)
SI ≤ SD ;
where
𝑆𝐼 = Induced stress
𝑆𝐷 = Design stress
for SI ;
𝑊𝑒 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 + 𝑊𝑓
𝑆𝐼 =
𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐿’ 𝑥 𝑊’

565, 485 lbf + 1 722 604.657 𝑙𝑏𝑓

𝑆𝐼 =
67.19948 𝑓𝑡 𝑥 30.11618𝑓𝑡
 𝒍𝒃𝒇
𝑺𝑰 = 𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟖. 𝟖𝟗 ⁄ 𝟐
𝒇𝒕
For SD:

𝑆𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝑆𝐷 =
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦
Note; The proponents used Factor of Safety (FS) = 5, since its stated on the PSME CODE that for
designing a machine foundation of diesel engines used FS = 5.
Source: (PSME CODE 2003, page 11)

Type of Soil Eton

Ton per Square feet ( ft2 )
Native Rock 200 up
Ashlor Masonry 25 – 30
Best Brick Masonry 15 – 20
Common Brick Masonry 5 – 10
Clay, Compact 5–8
Clay, Soft 1–2
Gravel and Sand 8 – 10
Sand 2–6
Quick Sand, Loom etc. 0.5 – 1
Table A-4: Safe Bearing Pressure of Soil
∗ Note: Safe bearing pressure of soils for machine foundation area from quarter to a half of the above values.
(Source: Machinery Foundation; by Jose M. Perez, Jr.; PME)
For Clay, Compact
;
𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑛
5 → 8
𝑓𝑡 2
𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑛 2,000 𝑙𝑏𝑓
= 5 → 8 ( )
𝑓𝑡 2 1 𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑙𝑏𝑓
= 10 000 2 → 16 000 2
𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡
Use maximum value:
For half value:
𝑙𝑏𝑓
16 000 2
𝑓𝑡
𝑆𝐵𝐶 =
2
𝑙𝑏𝑓
𝑆𝐵𝐶 = 8 000 2
𝑓𝑡
Hence;
𝑙𝑏𝑓
8 000 2
𝑓𝑡
𝑆𝐷 =
𝐹𝑆
 𝑙𝑏𝑓
8 000
𝑓𝑡 2
𝑆𝐷 =
5
𝒍𝒃𝒇
𝑺𝑫 = 𝟏 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝒇𝒕𝟐

Note; Once the dimensions are OKAY, testing if the machine foundation is SAFE must conducted. To
determine if the dimensions are safe it must satisfy the following:

𝑆𝐼 < 𝑆𝐷
Thus;
𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑙𝑏𝑓
1 128.89 2
< 1 600 2
𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡
Therefore;
The machine foundation is SAFE.

Computation of yield with materials estimate:

Materials needed for machine foundation:
 Cement, C
 Sand, S
 Gravel, G
 Water, H2O
 Reinforcing Steel Bars, RSB
From page 12, Philippine Mechanical Code (2011 edition), specific concrete mixture shall be:
𝑪 ∶ 𝑺 ∶ 𝑮 → 𝟏: 𝟐 ∶ 𝟒

Class Cement Sand Gravel

(Bag C) 𝑓𝑡3/𝑏𝑎𝑔 𝑓𝑡3/𝑏𝑎𝑔

AA 1 1.5 3

A 1 2 4

B 1 2.5 5

C 1 3 6

D 1 4 8

Table A-5: Different Class of Concrete Mixture

Therefore, based from the table, the classification of the required concrete mixture is Class A.
For the Number of bags of Cement:
𝑉𝐹
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑔𝑠 𝐶 =
𝑌𝐼𝐸𝐿𝐷
where:
 𝑌𝐼𝐸𝐿𝐷 = ∑ 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠, 𝐶, 𝑆, 𝐺, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻2 𝑂
NOTE: For general practice, use 7 gallons of water per bag of cement

For absolute volume of materials:

𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠 =
(𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑆𝐺)(𝑠𝑡𝑑. 𝛿𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 )
From
Bulk Specific Gravity Specific Weight

Cement, C 3.15 94 𝑙𝑏/𝑏𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑓𝐶

Sand, S 2.64 110 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡3

Gravel, G 2.66 96 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡3

Table A-6: Properties of Cementing Materials

Source: Machinery Foundation; by Jose M. Perez, Jr.; PME
𝑙𝑏
Note: 𝑠𝑡𝑑. 𝛿𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 62.4 𝑓𝑡 3
For cement,
𝑙𝑏
94
𝑏𝑎𝑔 𝐶
𝑎𝑏𝑠. 𝑣𝑜𝑙. 𝐶 =
𝑙𝑏
(3.15) (62.4 )
𝑓𝑡 3
𝒇𝒕𝟑 𝒐𝒇 𝑪
𝒂𝒃𝒔. 𝒗𝒐𝒍. 𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟖𝟐𝟐𝟓
𝒃𝒂𝒈 𝒐𝒇 𝑪
For sand,
Note: Include the proportion of sand to be multiplied by the specific weight of material.

𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡 3 − 𝑆
(110 3 ) (2 )
𝑓𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑔 𝐶
𝑎𝑏𝑠. 𝑣𝑜𝑙. 𝑆 =
𝑙𝑏
(2.64) (62.4 3 )
𝑓𝑡

𝒇𝒕𝟑 𝒐𝒇 𝑺
𝒂𝒃𝒔. 𝒗𝒐𝒍. 𝑺 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟓𝟒𝟕
𝒃𝒂𝒈 𝒐𝒇 𝑪

For gravel:
Note: include the proportion of gravel to be multiplied by the specific weight of material.
𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡 3 − 𝐺
(96 3 ) (4 )
𝑓𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑔 𝐶
𝑎𝑏𝑠. 𝑣𝑜𝑙. 𝐺 =
𝑙𝑏
(2.66) (62.4 3 )
𝑓𝑡
 𝒇𝒕𝟑 𝒐𝒇 𝑮
𝒂𝒃𝒔. 𝒗𝒐𝒍. 𝑮 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟏𝟑𝟒𝟖
𝒃𝒂𝒈 𝒐𝒇 𝑪
For water:
7 𝑔𝑎𝑙 1 𝑓𝑡 3 𝐻2 𝑂
𝑎𝑏𝑠. 𝑣𝑜𝑙. 𝐻2 𝑂 = ×
𝑏𝑎𝑔 𝐶 7.48 𝑔𝑎𝑙
𝒇𝒕𝟑 𝒐𝒇 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝒂𝒃𝒔. 𝒗𝒐𝒍. 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝟓𝟖𝟐𝟗
𝒃𝒂𝒈 𝒐𝒇 𝑪
Then,

𝑌𝐼𝐸𝐿𝐷 = ∑ 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠, 𝐶, 𝑆, 𝐺, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻2 𝑂

𝑓𝑡 3 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
𝑌𝐼𝐸𝐿𝐷 = ∑(0.478225 + 1.33547 + 2.31348 + 0.935829)
𝑏𝑎𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐶
𝒇𝒕𝟑 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆
𝒀𝑰𝑬𝑳𝑫 = 𝟓. 𝟎𝟔𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟒
𝒃𝒂𝒈 𝒐𝒇 𝑪

Estimate materials needed:𝑉𝑓 = 6852.05 𝑓𝑡 3

𝑉 𝑓
No of bags of cement = 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
6852.05 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑔𝑠 𝐶 =
𝑓𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
5.063004
𝑏𝑎𝑔 𝐶

𝐍𝐨. 𝐨𝐟 𝐛𝐚𝐠𝐬 𝐂 = 𝟏 𝟑𝟓𝟑. 𝟑𝟔 𝐛𝐚𝐠𝐬 𝐂 ≈ 𝟏 𝟑𝟓𝟒 𝐛𝐚𝐠𝐬 𝐂 (round up)

Therefore, 556 bags of cement are required.

Then:
For Volume of Sand;
𝑓𝑡 3 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 2 𝑥 1 354 𝑏𝑎𝑔𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶
𝑏𝑎𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐶
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒂𝒏𝒅 = 𝟐 𝟕𝟎𝟖 𝒇𝒕𝟑 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒂𝒏𝒅

For Volume of Gravel;

𝑓𝑡 3 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙 = 4 𝑥1 354 𝑏𝑎𝑔𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶
𝑏𝑎𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐶
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒍 = 𝟓 𝟒𝟏𝟔 𝒇𝒕𝟑 𝒐𝒇 𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒍

For Volume of Water;

𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 7 𝑥 1 354 𝑏𝑎𝑔𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶
𝑏𝑎𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐶
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝟗 𝟒𝟕𝟖 𝒈𝒂𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓

For the Reinforcing Steel Bars;

From page 13, Section 204, Chapter 2 (Commercial and Industrial Building) of the Philippine Mechanical
Engineering Code of 2011:

f. Concrete foundations should have steel bar reinforcements placed both vertically and horizontally, to avoid
thermal cracking. Weight of the reinforcing steel bars should be from 1/2 % to 1% of the weight of the
foundation.
so,
1
𝑊𝑅𝑆𝐵 = (2% 𝑡𝑜 1%)(𝑊𝐹)

where:
𝑊𝑅𝑆𝐵 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝑊𝐹 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Hence, the range of the weight of reinforcing steel bars is

𝑊𝑅𝑆𝐵 = (0.005 𝑡𝑜 0.01) (1 722 604.657𝑙𝑏𝑠)

𝑾𝑹𝑺𝑩 = 𝟖 𝟔𝟏𝟑. 𝟎𝟐 𝒍𝒃𝒔 𝒕𝒐 𝟏𝟕 𝟐𝟐𝟔. 𝟎𝟓 𝒍𝒃𝒔