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Mata Kuliah : Statika & Mekanika Bahan
Kode : CIV – 102
SKS : 4 SKS
Struktur Statis Tertentu : Balok
Pertemuan – 2 s/d 7
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• Kemampuan akhir yang diharapkan
• Mahasiswa dapat menganalisis gaya dalam momen,
lintang dan netral pada struktur balok sederhana
• Bahan Kajian (Materi Ajar)
• Jenis Tumpuan dan Sifatnya
• Struktur Balok Sederhana
• Struktur 3 sendi
• Analisa reaksi perletakan
• Gaya dalam momen, Lintang, Normal
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Support Connections
• Structural members are joined together in
various ways depending on the intent of the
designer.
• The three types of joints most often specified
are the pin connection, the roller support,
and the fixed joint.
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Pin Bearing Steel Pin
• Rotational Movement is allowed
• Lateral and Translational Movements are Restricted
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Roller Type Bearings
Multiple Roller Bearing
Single Roller Bearing
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Rocker Type Bearing
• A rocker bearing is a type of expansion bearing that comes in a great variety.
• It typically consists of a pin at the top that facilitates rotations, and a curved
surface at the bottom that accommodates the translational movements
• Rocker and pin bearings are primarily used in steel bridges.
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• Classification of Structures
BEAM 2D TRUSS 2D FRAME
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• Classification of Structures
CABLE
ARCH 3D TRUSS
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Idealized Structure
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Loading
Beban terpusat
Beban terdistribusi
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Balok Sederhana (Simple Beam)
Beam-structural member designed to support loads applied at
various points along its length.
Balok sederhana (simple beam): Kedua ujungnya ditumpu oleh
jenis tumpuan sendi dan Rol
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• Kesetimbangan
Keadaan dari suatu benda dimana resultante dari gaya-gaya
yang bekerja sama dengan Nol
• persamaan kesetimbangan dapat dituliskan sebagai :
Fx = 0
Fy = 0
M=0
• Jika tidak memenuhi persyaratan tersebut, maka benda
dikatakan dalam keadaan tidak seimbang (mengalami gerak
translasi, rotasi, atau kombinasi keduanya)
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FreeBody Diagram
• Gaya reaksi dengan arah dan besarnya
menyeimbangkan gaya-gaya yang beraksi
pada benda
• Free Body Diagram (diagram benda bebas)
akan mempermudah untuk menentukan
besar dan arah gaya reaksi tersebut.
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Determinacy
• The equilibrium equations provide both the
necessary and sufficient conditions for equilibrium.
• When all the forces in a structure can be determined
strictly from these equations, the structure is
referred to as statically determinate.
• Structures having more unknown forces than
available equilibrium equations are called statically
indeterminate.
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• For a coplanar structure there are at most
three equilibrium equations for each part, so
that if there is a total of n parts and r force
and moment reaction components
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Example 1
• Classify each of the beams shown in Fig. a through d as
statically determinate or statically indeterminate.
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• Stability
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Example 2
• Classify each of the structures in Fig. a through d as stable or
unstable.
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Example 3
• Determine the reaction of the beam
P P
A B Ah A B
L/2 L/2 free body diagram
L Av Bv
Fy = 0
MA = 0 MB = 0
Av −P + Bv = 0
+P(L/2) – Bv(L) = 0 −P(L/2) + Av(L) = 0
P/2 −P − P/2 =0 (OK!)
Bv(L) = P(L/2) Av(L) = P(L/2)
Bv = P/2 Av = P/2 Fx = 0
Ah = 0
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Example 4
• Determine the reaction of the beam
P q
a b
L L
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Example 4
• Determine the reaction on the beam. A is pin and B is a roller
support
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Example 5
• Determine the reaction on the beam
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Example 6
• Determine the reactions at the supports A and C. Assume the
support at A is a roller, B is a fixed-connected joint and C is a
pin.
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Example 7
• Determine the horizontal and vertical components of
reaction at the supports A (roller) and B (pin). The joints at C
and D are fixed connections
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Panjang, dan beban harus diskalakan
• Graphical Method misal : 1m = 1cm; 10 kN = 1 cm
a b Av
L
S
1
S 2
Bv
2
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Shear Force
The algebraic sum of the components acting transverse to
the axis of the beam of all the loads and reactions applied to
the portion of the beam on either side of that cross section
V+
Longitudinal axis
V+
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Bending Moment
The algebraic sum of the moments, taken about an axis
(which is normal to the plane of loading), passing through
the centroid of the cross section of all the loads and
reactions applied to the portion of the beam on either side
of that cross section.
M+ M+
Longitudinal axis
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• Example 1
Determine the internal normal force, shear force and bending
moment acting at point C in the beam.
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Shear and Moment Functions
• The design of a beam requires a detailed knowledge of the
variations of the internal shear force V and moment M acting
at each point along the axis of the beam.
• The variations of V and M as a function of the position x of an
arbitrary point along the beam’s axis can be obtained by
using the method of sections
• shear and moment functions must be determined for each
region of the beam located between any two discontinuities
of loading
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Procedure for Analysis
• Determine the support reactions on the beam
• Specify separate coordinates x and associated origins
• Section the beam perpendicular to its axis at each distance x,
draw free-body diagram
• Vx and Mx obtained from equilibrium equation
• The results can be checked by noting that dM/dx = V
and dV/dx = q, where q is positive when it acts upward, away
from the beam
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• Sign Convention
+ -
- +
-
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b
a
Av Bv
From equilibrium equation :
MA = 0, MB = 0 , Fy = 0
Determine Av and Bv
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For region A-B :
Mx1 Fy = 0
Nx1 +Av q∙x1 – Vx1 = 0
Vx1 = Av q∙x1
q∙x1 Vx1
Av Mx1 = 0
+Av∙x1 – ½q∙x12 − Mx1 = 0
Mx1 = Av∙x1 – ½q∙x12
Check for dMx1/dx1 !
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Mx2
Nx2
Vx2
q∙a
Av a
For region B-C :
Fy = 0 Mx2 = 0
+Av q∙a – Vx2 = 0 +Av∙x2 – q∙a(x2 – a/2) − Mx2 = 0
Vx2 = Av q∙a Mx2 = Av∙x2 – q∙a(x2 – a/2)
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b
a
Mx3
Nx3
Vx3
q∙a
Av
For region C-D :
Fy = 0 Mx3 = 0
+Av q∙a – P − Vx3 = 0 +Av∙x3 – q∙a(x3 – a/2) − P(x3-b) − Mx3 = 0
Vx3 = Av q∙a − P Mx3 = Av∙x3 – q∙a(x3 – a/2) − P(x3-b)
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• If the variations of V and M as functions of x
are plotted, the graphs are termed the
shear force diagram (SFD)
and bending moment
diagram (BMD), respectively.
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Example 2
• Derive the shear and moment function for the beams shown
in the figure, then draw the SFD and BMD
P x2 For region A-C :
x1 Fy = 0 → Vx1 = Av
A B
M x1 = 0 → Mx1 = Av∙x 1
C
L/2 L/2
L For region C-B :
Av = P/2 Bv= P/2
Fy = 0 → Vx2 = Av − P
M x2= 0 → M x2 = Av∙x 2 − P(x 2 − L/2)
Mx1 Mx2
Nx1 Nx2
Vx1 Vx2
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For region A-C : P
Vx1 = Av
For x1 = 0 Vx1 = +Av = +P/2 A B
For x1 = L/2 Vx1 = +Av = +P/2 C
L/2 L/2
Mx1 = Av∙x1 Av = P/2 L Bv= P/2
For x1 = 0 Mx1 = 0
For x1 = L/2 Mx1 = P/2(L/2) = +PL/4 + P/2
+ P/2
For region C-B : − P/2
Vx2 = Av − P SFD − P/2
For x2 = L/2 Vx2 = −P/2
For x2 = L Vx2 = −P/2
Mx2 = Av∙x2 − P(x2 − L/2)
For x2 = L/2 Mx2 = +PL/4 BMD
For x2 = L Mx2 = 0 + PL/4
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Example 3
• Derive the shear and moment function for the beams shown
in the figure, then draw the SFD and BMD for each beam
P q
a b
L L
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Example 4
• Draw the shear, normal and moment diagram for the beam in
figure. (tan = ¾)
4m 1m 2m 3m
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Example 5
• Draw the shear and moment diagrams for each
member of the frame. Assume the frame is pin connected at
A, and C is a roller.
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Balok Cantilever (overstek)
• Balok kantilever adalah sebuah balok yang memiliki
perletakan (support) hanya pada salah satu ujungnya.
• Biasa ditemukan pada konstruksi bangunan gedung (balkon)
dan juga konstruksi jembatan
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Balok Kantilever dengan beban terpusat
Reaksi Tumpuan : P
MA
∑Fy = 0
AV = P L
∑MA = 0 Av
SFD +P +P
MA = - PL
BMD −PL
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Balok Kantilever dengan beban terbagi rata
Reaksi Tumpuan : q
MA
∑Fy = 0
AV = qL L
Av
∑MA = 0 SFD
+qL
MA = - ½qL2
− ½qL2 BMD
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Example 1
• Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the
beam
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Simply Supported Beam with Overhanging
• Adalah balok yang salah satu atau kedua ujungnya bebas dan merupakan
terusan dari tumpuan/perletakan. Kadang disebut juga kombinasi balok
dan kantilever.
• Dapat menghasilkan momen negatif pada tumpuan tetapi struktur secara
keseluruhan tetap struktur statis tertentu.
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Distribusi Momen Pada Balok sederhana dengan Overhanging
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Example 2
• The beam shown in the
photo is used to support a
portion of the overhang for
the entranceway of the
building. The idealized
model for the beam with
the load acting on it is
shown in Fig. a. Assume B is
a roller and C is pinned.
Draw the shear and
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moment diagrams for the
beam.
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Example 3
• Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the
beam
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• Pada suatu struktur balok bentang panjang yang memiliki
beberapa tumpuan, terkadang dapat dibuat kombinasi dari
beberapa balok yang lebih pendek yang disebut balok gerber
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• Balok gerber termasuk ke dalam struktur statis tertentu
• Balok gerber terdiri dari balok anak dan balok induk yang
dihubungkan dengan sendi dalam (internal hinge)
• Langkah analisis balok gerber dimulai dengan menyelesaikan
dahulu struktur balok anak
• Reaksi-reaksi tumpuan dari balok anak selanjutnya
dilimpahkan pada balok induk.
• Reaksi tumpuan pada balok induk dapat dicari dengan
menggunakan persamaan kesetimbangan biasa
• Selanjutnya diagram gaya lintang dan diagram momen dapat
digambarkan
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Konstruksi Balok Gerber (1)
Balok Induk Balok Anak Balok Induk
A D
S1 S2
B C
S1 S2
RS1 RS2
RS1 RS2
A D
B C
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Konstruksi Balok Gerber (2)
A D
S1 S2
B C
RS1 RS2
RS1 RS2
B C
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Example 1
• Determine the reactions at the supports A
and B of the compound beam. Assume there
is a pin at C. Draw the SFD and BMD
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Example 2
• Determine the reactions at A, B, and C.
Assume that the connection at B is a pin and
C is a roller. Draw the SFD and BMD
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Example 3
• Determine the reactions at A and C. The frame is pin
connected at A, B, and C and the two joints are fixed
connected.
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