Microbiology and Parasitology
1. Microbiology i. Simmilar to C. diptheria – C. ulcerans
a. Bacteriology j. Shigella – Biochemically inert
i. Collection, Transport, Processing and k. Acetamide Test – P. aeruginosa (35C for 7
Staining of Specimen days)
1. First thing tobe done for collection of sputum l. Bordetella oxidase & urease (+) –
sample – gargle with water Bronchiseptica
2. Acid fast stain in tissues – kinyoun m. Requires V factor – H. parahemolyticus
3. AFB stains – Red n. requires X factor – H. ducreyi
4. Non-acid fast bacteria stains – blue
5. Critical step in gram stain – decolorizer 4. Serology/molecular tests
6. Nonspecific staining of cellular structures – a. Not common in microbiology – PCR
Fluorochroming b. Lancefield – Detects carbohydrates in
7. Nasopharyngeal swabs are for – Neisseria, H, Streptococcus group
influenza, B. pertussis c. Quellung – Capsular swelling
8. Late chlamydia specimen must be – rejected d. Kauffman white – Salmonella serotyping
ii.Culture Media 5. Susceptibility tests
1. Preferred medium for isolation of B. pertussis a. Not an antibiotic – Sulfonamide
– Regan-Lowe/Charcoal cephalexin Blood Agar b. Penicillin – Inhibit cell wall synthesis
2. K Tellurite – gray black colony c. Vancomycin – Inhibit cell wall synthesis
3. Cystine tellurite – C. Diptheriae d. Gentamycin – Inhibit protein synthesis
4. Cystine glucose – F. tularensis e. Clindamycin – Inhibit protein synthesis
5. Significant colony count in urine – 100,000 f. ESBL – Extended spectrum Beta-Lactamase
iii. Bacteria (Aerobes) 6. Bacteriologic examination of water, food,
1. Morphology and staining characteristics milk and utensils
a. Red milk – S. marcescens
2. Cultural characteristics b. Blue milk – P. aruginosa
a. Golden yellow colonies in BAP – S. aureus c. Stormy fermentation of milk –
b. Alpha-prime – S. aureus peptostreptococcus, peptococcus
c. S. Saprophyticus – Cystitis
d. C. amycolatum in nasopharynx – Normal iv. Bacteria (Anaerobes)
flora 1. Pseudomembranous colitis – C. difficile
e. Commonly isolated in ICU – P. aeruginosa 2. Common gut flora – Bacteriodes
f. P. aeruginosa – Growa in 42 and 35 degress 3. Gram-positive anaerobes –
Celsius peptostreptococcus, peptococcus
g. Flat, serrated colonies with confluent growth
on BAP – P. Aeruginosa v. Mycobacteria
1. AFB smear measures – 2-3cm
h. Salmonella bacterial culture – 2-3 specimen
2. MPT 64 – M. tuberculosis
(blood) within 24 hours
3. Niacin and nitrate positive – M. tuberculosis
i. Whipple disease – Trophyrema 4. Niacin and nitrate negative – M. bovis
5. Tween 80 positive – M. Kansasii
3.Work-up for identification: biochemical,
differential and confirmatory tests vi. Other bacteria with unusual growth
a. Clumping factor – Coagulase requirements (spirochetes, Chlamydia,
b. 30% H2O2 – Superoxol test Mycoplasma, Ricketssia)
c. MR and VP reaction – Opposite
d. Chromogenic B-lactamase result – Color
b. Mycology
formation
i.Collection, transport and examination of
e. Demonstrate Streptolysin O – Anaerobic
clinical specimens
culture
1. Basic, branching, intertwining structure of
f. Differentiate S. aureus and S. epidermidis –
clinical specimens
Coagualse, DNAse
2. Stain for sharp delineation of fungal elements
g. Negative CAMP test – No enhancement of
by fluorescent microscopy – Calcoflour white
hemolysis
3. Presumptive test for candida that uses serum
h. Bile solubility – S. pneumonia
– germ tube
Microbiology and Parasitology
4. Positive hair baiting test – V shape a. Lyophilization of pure culture – freeze at 20
penetration of the hair shaft to 30C
5. Ascospore – Saccharomyces b. Mineral oil – Anaerobes
6. Farmers lung disease – Aspergillus fumigatus
7. Macroconidia absent – M. Audouinii ii. Quality control
8. Microconidia absent – E. floccosum a. Setting of rpm marked on the face of the
9. Epidermophyton – skin, nails rheostat control on the centrifuge should be
10. Microsporum – skin, hair checked – monthly
11. Tricophyton – skin, hair, nails b. Oxidase, Catalase, coagulase – tested each
12. T. mentragophytes – Positive hair baiting day, when vial is first opened
test
iii. Safety – patient/staff
13. T. rubrum – Red pigment, teardrop shaped
a. BSC II – Laminar flow
conidia
b. Sterilize needles for sputum – Dip in 70%
alcohol + sand
ii. Culture
1. AMAN medium stain – Lactophenol cotton iv. Safety – workplace/environment
blue 1. AFB is skilled by – Boiling 10mins,
2. Cornmeal agar – Chlaamydospores Autoclave
3. Czapek – Aspergillus 2. Autoclave – 121C, 15 psi (lbs/in2), 15mins
4. Rice agar – M. canis 3. Not killed by sterilization
5. Urease media – Cryptococcus neoformans
6. Birdseed – Phenol oxidase
c. Virology
i. General characteristics, transmission and
diseases
1. 1st step in viral replication –
Adsorption/Attachment and Penetration
2. Part of virus where envelop is acquired –
Nuclear or cytoplasmic membrane
3. ssDNA virus – Parvovirus
4. dsRNA – Reovirus
5. Largest virus – Poxvirus
6. Largest RNA virus - Paramyxovirus
7. Virus that causes acute central nervous
system disease in humans and animals – rabies
8. Acid sensitive – Rhinovirus
9. Ether sensitive – Herpes virus
ii. Collection, transport and examination of
clinical specimen
1. CMV isolation is recommended using –
Human embryonic fibroblasts
2. Grape-like cluster – Adenovirus
d. Equipment and instrumentation
i. Manual
a. How to prepare agar – Add agar to water
b. RPM for centrifugation of bacteria – 3500-
5000RPM for 10mins
ii. Automated
e. Quality assurance and safety
i. Collection of specimen
Microbiology and Parasitology
2. Parasitology 13. Double-pored tapeworm – D. caninum
a. Parasites – life cycle, morphological
characteristics, epidemiology, prevention and iv. protozoa
control, manner of reporting, counting 1. Motile, reproducing, feeding stage –
b. Nematodes Trophozoite
1. First stage of nematodes – Rhabditiform 2. Organ most often involved in extraintestinal
2. Viviparous – Produces larva amoebiasis – Liver
3. Oviparous – Produces egg 3. E. histolytica – Ingest RBC
4. Parasite most prevalent in orphanage – 4. Differentiates hartmanni and histolytica – Size
Unholy Three 5. E. gingivalis – Ingests WBC
5. Larvae that passes through the lungs – 6. E. nana – Cross-eyed cyst
Ascaris, stronglyloides, Hookworm 7. Often mistaken for cyst of amoeba – B. hominis
6. Roundworm that inhabits the small intestine 8. Largest intestinal protozoa – B. coli
and is usually demonstrates as rha bditiform 9. Undulating membrane – Trichomonas,
larvae in fecal specimen – Threadworm trypanosoma
7. Ascaris egg lacking its mamillated coat – 10. Intestinal flagellate is described as – Pear
Decorticated shaped
8. A. lumbricoides vector – Cockroach 11. T. vaginalis – jerking, tumbling motility
9. Resembles Trichiuris – C. philippinensis 12. Pingpong disease – T. vaginalis
10. S. stercoralis – chinese lantern
13. Vector of African sleeping sickness – glossina
11. Adult trichinella – Intestine
species
12. Unsheathed microfilariae – O. volvulus
13. Longest nematode – D. medinensis 14. DH for plasmodium species – female anopheles’
14. Internal autoinfection – S. stercoralis mosquito
15. External autoinfection – E. vermicularis 15. Principal vector for malaria – Flavirostris
16. Plosmodium species that can cause relapse – P.
ii. Trematodes vicax, P. ovale
1. 1st IH of flukes – Snail 17. Not recommended for venipuncture – malaria,
2. 2nd IH of P. westermani – Fresh water crabs babesia, hemoflagellates
3. 2nd IH of Echinostoma – Snail 18. Blood specimen preferred for protozoa – finger
4. 2nd IH of fasciola/fasciolopsis – aquatic puncture
vegetation 19. 90% cases of malaria caused by – P. vivax and
5. Parasite found in sheep/cattle, not common in falciparum
PH – F. hepatica
20. Toxoplasma gondii – cat
6. Eggs with abopercular thickening – P.
westermani
v. Ectoparasites
7. Small lateral spine – S. japonicum
1. Crabs – Ectoparasites
8. Prominent lateral spine – S. mansoni
9. Terminal spine – S. haemotabium
c. Parasitologic Technique
10. Schistosomule – cercaria minus tail
i. Routine
11. Swimmers itch – Schistosoma
1. Iodine – Destroys trophozoites
12. C. sinensis – old fashioned light bulb
2. Stain to demonstrate uterine arrangement of
13. Mode of transmission of Clonorchis – Ingestion
Taenia species – India ink
of metacercaria
3. Chromatoid bodies on Trichrome stain is colored
as – Bright to red
iii. Cestodes
4. Stain for Naegleria, Acanthamoeba – H&E,
1. Head of tape worm – scolex
wrights
2. Body of tapeworm – strobila
5. To detect stippling, prepare blood films – 30 mins
3. Finger like uterine branches – T. solium
to 1 hour
4. Tree like uterine branches – T. saginata
6. Reagent for kato-thick smear – Malachite green,
5. 3rd Taenia specie – Taenia Asiatica
glcerine, cellophane
6. Hexacanth embryo in a radially striated shell –
Taenia
ii. Concentration
7. Hexacanth embryo that lacks polar filaments –
1. Zinc sulfate specific gravity – 1.18
H. diminuta
2. Flotation techniques – Operculated eggs and
8. Egg of D. latum – Operculated
eggs with spines not recovered
9. 1st IH of D. latum – operaculated
10. 2nd IH of D. latum – Fresh water fish
11. Spirometra – may resemble D. latum
12. Found in IH of E.granulosus – Hydatid cyst
Microbiology and Parasitology
iii. Others
1. Sheathers sugar flotation – cryptosporidium
2. Baermann funnel – strongyloides
d. Quality assurance
i. Collection and preservation of specimen
a. Stool for more than 1hr is stored at – Refrigerator
b. Stool preservative – polyvinyl alcohol, schaudinn
