Strength of an Orthotropic Lamina
Isotropic material- Strength is uniform
Anisotropic material- Strength is direction dependent
Highest stress does not govern design
X t Axial strength in tension
Xc Axial strength in compression
Yt Transverse strength in tension
Yc Transverse strength in compression
S Shear strength
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Shear Stress
No change in magnitude in shear stress
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Shear Stress
Change in magnitude in shear stress
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Experimental determination of Strength and Stiffness
Uni-axial loading in the 1-direction
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Uni-axial loading in the 2 -direction
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Uni-axial loading at 45 to the 1-direction
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Shear loading
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Mechanical properties
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Biaxial strength criteria for an orthotropic lamina
Phenomenological theories:
-Based on curve fitting
-Failure criteria and not theories of any kind
-No information regarding of how the material fails
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Failure criteria for metals
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Maximum normal stress theory
Brittle materials
1
1
ult
2
1
ult
Maximum normal stress reaches a critical value ult
failure occurs
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Maximum Shear Stress theory
Ductile materials
Tresca criterion
Von-mises criterion
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Failure criteria for an orthotropic lamina
1) Maximum stress failure criterion
2) Maximum strain failure criterion
3) Tsai-Hill failure criterion Quadratic failure
4) Hoffman failure criterion criterion
5) Tsai-Wu tensor failure criterion
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Phenomenological theories:
-None of the criteria sheds lights on the failure
mechanism.
-None of the criteria provides acceptable results for
every condition of practical interest.
-Each criterion requires data, some of which are
difficult to measure.
-Each criterion are not applicable in critical regions
such as holes, cracks and discontinuities.
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Biaxial stresses from off-axis loading
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Maximum stress failure criterion
All stresses in principal material coordinates must be
less than their respective strengths
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Maximum stress failure criterion
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Maximum strain failure criterion
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Maximum strain failure criterion
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Maximum strain failure criterion
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Tsai-Wu tensor failure criterion
Includes stresses up to 2nd order
No failure occurs when the inequality is satisfied
Linear terms X t X c
Quadratic terms
Xt Xc
Xt Xc Interaction
terms
Anisotropic -27
Monoclinic- 17
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Orthotropic material
Positive and negative shear stresses at failure
Positive shear,
F4 0
Negative shear,
By similar argument, F5 F6 0
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Orthotropic material
Applying
Applying
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Orthotropic material
By similar argument,
Orthotropic material- 12 constants
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Tsai-Wu tensor failure criterion
Orthotropic material-Plane stress state
Applying Stress
1 X t
1 X c
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Tsai-Wu tensor failure criterion
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Tsai-Wu tensor failure criterion
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Proportional loading
Superscript f refers to the stress on the failure surface
R is the factor by which each load has to be multiplied
to reach the failure surface
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Proportional loading
Orthotropic material
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Proportional loading
a
b
Plane stress
a
b
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