Grzimek’s

Animal Life Encyclopedia

Second Edition
●●●●

Volume 8
Birds I

Jerome A. Jackson, Advisory Editor

Walter J. Bock, Taxonomic Editor
Donna Olendorf, Project Editor

Joseph E. Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator

Michael Hutchins, Series Editor

In association with the American Zoo and Aquarium Association
 •••••

Contents

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii Family: Tropicbirds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

How to use this book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Family: Frigatebirds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Advisory boards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Family: Cormorants and anhingas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Contributing writers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv Family: Boobies and gannets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Contributing illustrators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviii Family: Pelicans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

Volume 8: Birds I Order CICONIIFORMES

What is a bird? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Herons, storks, spoonbills, ibis, and New World
Birds and humans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 vultures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Avian migration and navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Family: Herons and bitterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Avian song . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Family: Hammerheads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Avian flight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Family: Storks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Order STRUTHIONIFORMES Family: New World vultures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Tinamous and ratites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Family: Shoebills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Family: Tinamous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Family: Ibises and spoonbills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Family: Rheas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Order PHOENICOPTERIFORMES
Family: Cassowaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Flamingos
Family: Emus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Family: Flamingos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Family: Kiwis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Family: Moas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Order FALCONIFORMES
Family: Ostriches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Diurnal birds of prey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Family: Elephant birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Family: Hawks and eagles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Order PROCELLARIIFORMES Family: Secretary birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Tubenosed seabirds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Family: Falcons and caracaras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Family: Albatrosses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Family: Shearwaters, petrels, and fulmars . . . . . . . . 123 Order ANSERIFORMES
Family: Storm-petrels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Ducks, geese, swans, and screamers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Family: Diving-petrels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Family: Ducks, geese, and swans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Family: Screamers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Order SPHENISCIFORMES
Penguins Order GALLIFORMES
Family: Penguins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Chicken-like birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Order GAVIIFORMES Family: Moundbuilders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
Loons Family: Curassows, guans, and chachalacas . . . . . . . 413
Family: Loons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Family: Guineafowl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Family: Fowls and pheasants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Order PODICIPEDIFORMES
Family: New World quails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
Grebes
Family: Grebes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Order OPISTHOCOMIFORMES
Order PELECANIFORMES Hoatzins
Pelicans and cormorants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Family: Hoatzins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia v

Contents

For further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 Order STRIGIFORMES

Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474 Owls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Contributors to the first edition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 Family: Barn owls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486 Family: Owls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Aves species list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
Order CAPRIMULGIFORMES
Geologic time scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560 Nightjars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561 Family: Oilbirds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Family: Frogmouths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Volume 9: Birds II
Family: Owlet-nightjars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Order GRUIFORMES
Cranes, rails, and relatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Family: Potoos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Family: Mesites and roatelos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Family: Nightjars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Family: Buttonquails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Order APODIFORMES
Family: Cranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Swifts and hummingbirds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Family: Limpkins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Family: Swifts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Family: Kagus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Family: Tree swifts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Family: Rails, coots, and moorhens . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Family: Hummingbirds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Family: Sungrebes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Order COLIIFORMES
Family: Sunbitterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Mousebirds
Family: Trumpeters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Family: Mousebirds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Family: Seriemas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Family: Bustards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Order TROGONIFORMES
Trogons
Order CHARADRIIFORMES Family: Trogons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
Gulls, terns, plovers, and other shorebirds . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Family: Jacanas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 For further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Family: Painted snipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
Family: Crab plovers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Contributors to the first edition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
Family: Oystercatchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
Family: Stilts and avocets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Aves species list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
Family: Thick-knees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Geologic time scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578
Family: Pratincoles and coursers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
Family: Plovers and lapwings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Family: Sandpipers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Volume 10: Birds III
Family: Seedsnipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Order CORACIIFORMES
Family: Sheathbills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Kingfishers, todies, hoopoes, and relatives . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Family: Gulls and terns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Family: Kingfishers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Family: Auks, puffins, and murres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Family: Todies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Family: Motmots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Order PTEROCLIFORMES Family: Bee-eaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Sandgrouse Family: Rollers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Family: Sandgrouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Family: Hoopoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Family: Woodhoopoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Order COLUMBIFORMES
Pigeons, doves, and dodos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Family: Hornbills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Family: Pigeons and doves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Order PICIFORMES
Family: Dodos and solitaires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Woodpeckers and relatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Family: Jacamars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Order PSITTACIFORMES
Family: Puffbirds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Parrots
Family: Barbets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Family: Parrots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Family: Toucans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Order MUSOPHAGIFORMES Family: Honeyguides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Turacos and plantain eaters Family: Woodpeckers, wrynecks, and piculets . . . . 147
Family: Turacos and plantain eaters . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Order PASSERIFORMES
Order CUCULIFORMES Perching birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Cuckoos, anis, and roadrunners Family: Broadbills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Family: Cuckoos, anis, and roadrunners . . . . . . . . . 311 Family: False sunbirds and asities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

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Family: Pittas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Family: Quail thrushes and whipbirds . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Family: New Zealand wrens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Family: Fantails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Family: Ovenbirds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Family: Monarch flycatchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Family: Woodcreepers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Family: Australian robins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Family: Ant thrushes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Family: Whistlers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Family: Tapaculos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Family: Pseudo babblers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Family: Tyrant flycatchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Family: Australian creepers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Family: Sharpbills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Family: Long-tailed titmice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Family: Manakins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Family: Penduline titmice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Family: Cotingas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Family: Titmice and chickadees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Family: Plantcutters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Family: Nuthatches and wall creepers . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Family: Lyrebirds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 Family: Treecreepers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Family: Scrub-birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 Family: Philippine creepers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Family: Larks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 Family: Flowerpeckers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Family: Swallows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 Family: Pardalotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Family: Pipits and wagtails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 Family: Sunbirds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Family: Cuckoo-shrikes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 Family: White-eyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Family: Bulbuls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 Family: Australian honeyeaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Family: Fairy bluebirds and leafbirds . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 Family: Vireos and peppershrikes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Family: Shrikes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 Family: New World finches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Family: Vanga shrikes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 Family: New World warblers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Family: Waxwings and silky flycatchers . . . . . . . . . 447 Family: New World blackbirds and orioles . . . . . . 301
Family: Palmchats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455 Family: Finches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Family: Hedge sparrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 Family: Hawaiian honeycreepers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Family: Thrashers and mockingbirds . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 Family: Waxbills and grassfinches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Family: Dippers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 Family: Weavers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Family: Thrushes and chats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483 Family: Sparrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Family: Babblers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505 Family: Starlings and mynas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Family: Wrens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 Family: Old World orioles and figbirds . . . . . . . . . 427
Family: Drongos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
For further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
Family: New Zealand wattle birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544
Family: Mudnest builders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
Contributors to the first edition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
Family: Woodswallows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556
Family: Magpie-shrikes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
Aves species list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
Family: Bowerbirds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
Geologic time scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630
Family: Birds of paradise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631
Family: Crows and jays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
Volume 11: Birds IV For further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
Family: Old World warblers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
Family: Old World flycatchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Contributors to the first edition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
Family: Australian fairy-wrens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
Family: Australian warblers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Aves species list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
Family: Australian chats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Geologic time scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616
Family: Logrunners and chowchillas . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia vii

 1
2
3

4
7
6

10

1. Variegated tinamou (Crypturellus variegatus); 2. Female spotted nothura (Nothura maculosa); 3. Highland tinamou (Nothocercus bonapartei);
4. Male slaty-breasted tinamou (Crypturellus boucardi); 5. Male thicket tinamou (Crypturellus cinnamomeus); 6. Red-winged tinamou (Rhynchotus
rufescens); 7. Elegant-crested tinamou (Eudromia elegans); 8. Female brushland tinamou (Nothoprocta cinerascens); 9. Black tinamou (Tinamus
osgoodi); 10. Great tinamou (Tinamus major). (Illustration by Bruce Worden)

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1. Lesser rhea (Pterocnemia pennata); 2. Greater rhea (Rhea americana). (Illustration by Patricia Ferrer)

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1. Bennett’s cassowary (Casuarius bennettii); 2. One-wattled cassowary (Casuarius unappendiculatus); 3. Southern cassowary (Casuarius ca-
suarius). (Illustration by Marguette Dongvillo)

78 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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1. Little spotted kiwi (Apteryx owenii); 2. Great spotted kiwi (Apteryx haastii); 3. Brown kiwi (Apteryx australis). (Illustration by Bruce Worden)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 91

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3

4
5

1. Light-mantled albatross (Phoebetria palpebrata); 2. Northern royal albatross (Diomedea epomophora sanfordi); 3. Wandering albatross (Diomedea
exulans); 4. Black-browed mollymawk (Diomedea melanophris); 5. Chatham mollymawk (Diomedea cauta eremita); 6. Laysan albatross (Diomedea
immutabilis). (Illustration by Dan Erickson)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 117

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3

1. Cory’s shearwater (Calonectris diomedea); 2. Manx shearwater (Puffinus puffinus); 3. Bermuda petrel (Pterodroma cahow); 4. Southern giant
petrel (Macronectes giganteus); 5. Northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis); 6. Broad-billed prion (Pachyptila vittata); 7. Bulwer’s petrel (Bulweria bul-
werii); 8. Short-tailed shearwater (Puffinus tenuirostris). (Illustration by Bruce Worden)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 127

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4
6

1. Emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri); 2. Yellow-eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes); 3. Macaroni penguin (Eudyptes chrysolophus); 4. Little
penguin (Eudyptula minor); 5. Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae); 6. Magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus). (Illustration by Patricia Ferrer)

152 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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1. Red-throated loon (Gavia stellata); 2. Arctic loon (Gavia arctica); 3. Pacific loon (Gavia pacifica); 4. Common loon (Gavia immer); 5. Yellow-
billed loon (Gavia adamsii). (Illustration by Marguette Dongvillo)

162 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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6 7

9
10
8

1. Great crested grebe (Podiceps cristatus); 2. Little grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis); 3. Pied-billed grebe (Podilymbus podiceps); 4. Western grebe
(Aechmophorus occidentalis); 5. Great grebe (Podiceps major); 6. Black-necked grebe (Podiceps nigricollis); 7. Hooded grebe (Podiceps gallardoi);
8. Least grebe (Tachybaptus dominicus); 9. Hoary-headed grebe (Poliocephalus poliocephalus); 10. Titicaca flightless grebe (Rollandia microptera).
(Illustration by Barbara Duperron)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 173

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1. Magnificent frigatebird (Fregata magnificens); 2. Christmas frigatebird (Fregata andrewsi); 3. Ascension frigatebird (Fregata aquila). (Illustration
by Patricia Ferrer)

196 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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6 7

1. Double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus); 2. Great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo); 3. Olivaceous cormorant (Phalacrocorax olivaceus);
4. American anhinga (Anhinga anhinga); 5. Brandt’s cormorant (Phalacrocorax penicillatus); 6. Galapagos cormorant (Nannopterum harrisi);
7. New Zealand king shag (Phalacrocorax carunculatus); 8. Pelagic cormorant (Phalacrocorax pelagicus). (Illustration by Emily Damstra)

204 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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7 9

1. Red-footed booby (Sula sula); 2. Blue-footed booby (Sula nebouxii); 3. Masked booby (Sula dactylatra); 4. Northern gannet (Morus bassanus);
5. Australasian gannet (Morus serrator); 6. Cape gannet (Morus capensis); 7. Brown booby (Sula leucogaster); 8. Abbott’s booby (Papasula ab-
botti); 9. Peruvian booby (Sula variegata). (Illustration by Patricia Ferrer)

216 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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1. Spot-billed pelican (Pelecanus philippensis); 2. Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus); 3. American white pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos);
4. Brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis). (Illustration by Jacqueline Mahannah)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 229

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1 3

1. Boat-billed heron (Cochlearius cochlearius); 2. Least bittern (Ixobrychus exilis); 3. Black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax); 4. Eurasian
bittern (Botaurus stellaris); 5. White-eared night heron (Nycticorax magnificus). (Illustration by Gillian Harris)

246 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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4

9
7 8

1. Great blue heron (Ardea herodias); 2. Cattle egret (Egretta ibis); 3. Black heron (Egretta ardesiaca); 4. Squacco heron (Ardeola ralloides);
5. Agami heron (Agamia agami); 6. Little egret (Egretta garzetta); 7. Great egret (Ardea alba); 8. Gray heron (Ardea cinerea); 9. Goliath heron
(Ardea goliath). (Illustration by Brian Cressman)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 247

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1. Asian openbill (Anastomus oscitans); 2. Painted stork (Mycteria leucocephala); 3. Marabou (Leptoptilos crumeniferus); 4. Black stork (Ciconia
nigra); 5. Saddlebill (Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis); 6. White stork (Ciconia ciconia); 7. Jabiru (Jabiru mycteria); 8. Wood stork (Mycteria amer-
icana). (Illustration by Emily Damstra)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 269

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5
3

6
7

1. California condor (Gymnogyps californianus); 2. Andean condor (Vultur gryphus); 3. Black vulture (Coragyps atratus); 4. Turkey vulture (Cathartes
aura); 5. Lesser yellow-headed vulture (Cathartes burrovianus); 6. King vulture (Sarcoramphus papa); 7. Greater yellow-headed vulture (Cathartes
melambrotus). (Illustration by Jonathan Higgins)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 279

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2

1. Scarlet ibis (Eudocimus ruber ); 2. Japanese ibis (Nipponia nippon); 3. Hadada ibis (Bostrychia hagedash); 4. Sacred ibis (Threskiornis ibis);
5. Roseate spoonbill (Ajaia ajaja); 6. Hermit ibis (Geronticus eremita); 7. Spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia); 8. White-faced glossy ibis (Plegadis chihi).
(Illustration by Brian Cressman)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 295

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2
1

5
4

1. Greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber); 2. Lesser flamingo (Phoeniconaias minor); 3. Chilean flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis); 4. Andean
flamingo (Phoenicoparrus andinus); 5. James’ flamingo (Phoenicoparrus jamesi ). (Illustration by Patricia Ferrer)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 307

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5
4

1. African little sparrowhawk (Accipiter minullus); 2. Lappet-faced vulture (Torgos tracheliotus); 3. Gurney’s eagle (Aquila gurneyi ); 4. Harris’ hawk
(Parabuteo unicinctus); 5. Andaman serpent-eagle (Spilornis elgini). (Illustration by Barbara Duperron)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 325

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4
3

1. Rough-legged buzzard (Buteo lagopus); 2. Northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis); 3. Harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja); 4. Hen harrier (Circus cya-
neus). (Illustration by Barbara Duperron)

326 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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1. Long-tailed honey-buzzard (Henicopernis longicauda); 2. Hook-billed kite (Chondrohierax uncinatus); 3. White-rumped vulture (Gyps bengalen-
sis); 4. Madagascar cuckoo-hawk (Aviceda madagascariensis); 5. Letter-winged kite (Elanus scriptus). (Illustration by Barbara Duperron)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 327

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1. Black-breasted buzzard (Hamirostra melanosternon); 2. Black kite (Milvus migrans); 3. Osprey (Pandion haliaetus); 4. Steller’s sea-eagle (Hali-
aeetus pelagicus); 5. Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus). (Illustration by Barbara Duperron)

328 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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1

4
5

6 7

8 9 10

1. Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolis); 2. Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus); 3. Crested caracara (Polyborus plancas); 4. Brown falcon (Falco berigora); 5.
Fox kestrel (Falco alopex); 6. Amur falcon (Falco amurensis); 7. Plumbeous forest-falcon (Micrastur plumbeus); 8. Spot-winged falconet (Spiziapteryx
circumcinctus); 9. Laughing falcon (Herpetotheres cachinnans); 10. White-fronted falconet (Microhierax latifrons). (Illustration by Wendy Baker)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 353

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2

10 11
12

1. Mandarin duck (Aix galericulata); 2. Comb duck (Sarkidiornis melanotos); 3. Cape Barren goose (Cereopsis novaehollandiae); 4. African pygmy
goose (Nettapus auritus); 5. Magpie goose (Anseranas semipalmata); 6. Brown teal (Anas aucklandica); 7. Canada goose (Branta canadensis);
8. Ruddy shelduck (Tadorna ferruginea); 9. Magellanic steamerduck (Tachyeres pteneres); 10. White-faced whistling duck (Dendrocygna viduata);
11. Mute swan (Cygnus olor); 12. Salvadori’s teal (Anas waigiuensis). (Illustration by Emily Damstra)

374 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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5
4

7
6

9 10
8

11
12

1. Black-headed duck (Heteronetta atricapilla); 2. Torrent duck (Merganetta armata); 3. American widgeon (Anas americana); 4. Madagascar
pochard (Aythya innotata); 5. Harlequin duck (Histrionicus histrionicus); 6. Male oldsquaw (Clangula hyemalis) in summer plumage; 7. Brazilian
merganser (Mergus octosetaceus); 8. Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos); 9. Marbled teal (Marmaronetta angustirostris); 10. Northern shoveler (Anas
clypeata); 11. Musk duck (Biziura lobata); 12. King eider (Somateria spectabilis). (Illustration by Emily Damstra)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 375

 1

1. Horned screamer (Anhima cornuta); 2. Northern screamer (Chauna chavaria). (Illustration by Bruce Worden)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 395

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1. Australian brush-turkey (Alectura lathami); 2. Maleo (Macrocephalon maleo); 3. Malleefowl (Leipoa ocellata). (Illustration by Dan Erickson)

408 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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3
4

1. Rufous-vented chachalaca (Ortalis ruficauda); 2. Horned guan (Oreophasis derbianus); 3. Plain chachalaca (Ortalis vetula); 4. Black guan
(Chamaepetes unicolor); 5. Alagoas curassow (Mitu mitu); 6. Wattled curassow (Crax globulosa); 7. Northern helmeted curassow (Pauxi pauxi);
8. Crested guan (Penelope purpurascens). (Illustration by Brian Cressman)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 417

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3
1

4
6

7
8
9

1. Edwards’s pheasant (Lophura edwardsi); 2. Brown eared-pheasant (Crossoptilon mantchuricum); 3. Male satyr tragopan (Tragopan satyra) in
display; 4. Red junglefowl (Gallus gallus); 5. Male Palawan peacock-pheasant (Polyplectron emphanum) in lateral display; 6. Ring-necked pheas-
ant (Phasianus colchicus); 7. Wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo); 8. Udzungwa forest-partridge (Xenoperdix udzungwensis); 9. Chinese monal
(Lophophorus lhuysii). (Illustration by Emily Damstra)

438 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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3 4

1. Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus); 2. Ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus); 3. Greater prairie chicken (Tympanuchus cupido); 4. Tibetan snowcock
(Tetraogallus tibetanus). (Illustration by Bruce Worden)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 439

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6
7

1. King quail (Coturnix chinensis); 2. Chinese grouse (Bonasa sewerzowi); 3. Crested wood-partridge (Rollulus roulroul); 4. Willow ptarmigan (Lago-
pus lagopus); 5. Gray partridge (Perdix perdix); 6. Sichuan hill-partridge (Arborophila rufipectus); 7. Red-necked francolin (Francolinus afer). (Illus-
tration by Bruce Worden)

440 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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1. Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus); 2. Bearded wood-partridge (Dendrortyx barbatus); 3. Venezuelan wood-quail (Odontophorus columbianus).
(Illustration by John Megahan)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 459

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1. Subdesert mesite (Monias benschi); 2. White-breasted mesite (Mesitornis variegata); 3. Brown mesite (Mesitornis unicolor). (Illustration by
Amanda Humphrey)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 7

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5 6

1. Painted buttonquail (Turnix varia); 2. Common buttonquail (Turnix sylvatica); 3. Black-breasted buttonquail (Turnix melanogaster); 4. Barred but-
tonquail (Turnix suscitator); 5. Black-rumped buttonquail (Turnix hottentotta); 6. Yellow-legged buttonquail (Turnix tanki); 7. Red-chested buttonquail
(Turnix pyrrhothorax); 8. Plains-wanderer (Pedionomus torquatus). 9. Lark buttonquail (Ortyxelos meifrenii). (Illustration by John Megahan)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 15

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4 5 6

7 8 9

1. Sandhill crane (Grus canadensis); 2. Demoiselle crane (Anthropoides virgo); 3. Siberian crane (Grus leucogeranus); 4. Wattled crane (Buger-
anus carunculatus); 5. Gray crowned crane (Balearica regulorum); 6. Sarus crane (Grus antigone); 7. Whooping crane (Grus americana); 8. Red-
crowned crane (Grus japonensis); 9. Eurasian crane (Grus grus). (Illustration by Barbara Duperron)

30 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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1. Giant wood-rail (Aramides ypecaha); 2. White-throated rail (Dryolimnas cuvieri); 3. Corncrake (Crex crex); 4. Guam rail (Gallirallus owstoni).
(Illustration by Wendy Baker)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 53

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1. Talaud rail (Gymnocrex talaudensis); 2. Spotted rail (Pardirallus maculatus); 3. Laysan rail (Porzana palmeri); 4. Striped crake (Aenigmatolim-
nas marginalis). (Illustration by Wendy Baker and Amanda Humphrey)

54 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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1. Forbes’s forest-rail (Rallina forbesi); 2. Black rail (Laterallus jamaicensis); 3. Inaccessible rail (Atlantisia rogersi); 4. Buff-spotted flufftail
(Sarothrura elegans). (Illustration by Wendy Baker)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 55

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1. Giant coot (Fulica gigantea); 2. White-breasted waterhen (Amaurornis phoenicurus); 3. Chestnut rail (Eulabeornis castaneoventris); 4. Takahe
(Porphyrio mantelli). (Illustration by Amanda Humphrey and Wendy Baker)

56 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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1. Pale-winged trumpeter (Psophia leucoptera); 2. Dark-winged trumpeter (Psophia viridis); 3. Common trumpeter (Psophia crepitans). (Illustration
by Bruce Worden)

80 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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1. Black-legged seriema (Chunga burmeisteri); 2. Red-legged seriema (Cariama cristata). (Illustration by Marguette Dongvillo)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 87

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4 5

6 7

1. Blue bustard (Eupodotis caerulescens); 2. Little bustard (Tetrax tetrax); 3. White-quilled bustard (Afrotis afraoides); 4. Bengal florican (Houbarop-
sis bengalensis); 5. Houbara bustard (Chlamydotis undulata); 6. Great bustard (Otis tarda); 7. Great Indian bustard (Ardeotis nigriceps). (Illus-
tration by Bruce Worden)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 95

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1. Northern jacana (Jacana spinosa); 2. Lesser jacana (Microparra capensis); 3. African jacana (Actophilornis africanus); 4. Pheasant-tailed ja-
cana (Hydrophasianus chirurgus). (Illustration by Dan Erickson)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 111

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4
5

1. Variable oystercatcher (Haematopus unicolor), pied morph; 2. Variable oystercatcher (Haematopus unicolor), black morph; 3. Variable oyster-
catcher (Haematopus unicolor), intermediate morph; 4. American oystercatcher (Haematopus palliatus); 5. African black oystercatcher (Haemato-
pus moquini). (Illustration by Patricia Ferrer)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 129

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1

1. Black stilt (Himantopus novaezelandiae); 2. Black-winged stilt (Himantopus himantopus); 3. Pied avocet (Recurvirostra avosetta); 4. Ibisbill
(Ibidorhyncha struthersii); 5. American avocet (Recurvirostra americana). (Illustration by Bruce Worden)

136 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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4
5

1. Collared pratincole (Glareola pratincola); 2. Rock pratincole (Glareola nuchalis); 3. Egyptian plover (Pluvianus aegyptius); 4. Australian pratin-
cole (Stiltia isabella); 5. Double-banded courser (Smutsornis africanus); 6. Gray pratincole (Glareola cinerea); 7. Burchell’s courser (Cursorius ru-
fus); 8. Three-banded courser (Rhinoptilus cinctus). (Illustration by Bruce Worden)

154 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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1

7
8

1. Ringed plover (Charadrius hiaticula); 2. Kittlitz’s sand plover (Charadrius pecuarius); 3. Snowy plover (Charadrius alexandrinus); 4. Wrybill
(Anarhynchus frontalis); 5. Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus); 6. Magellanic plover (Pluvianellus socialis); 7. American golden plover (Pluvialis do-
minica); 8. Northern lapwing (Vanellus vanellus). (Illustration by Bruce Worden)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 165

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3 4

6
5

8 10

1. Ruff (Philomachus pugnax); 2. Tuamotu sandpiper (Prosobonia cancellata); 3. African snipe (Gallinago nigripennis); 4. Female Wilson’s phalarope
(Steganopus tricolor); 5. Female ruddy turnstone (Arenaria interpres); 6. Long-billed curlew (Numenius americanus); 7. Spotted redshank (Tringa
erythropus); 8. Great knot (Calidris tenuirostris); 9. Eurasian woodcock (Scolopax rusticola); 10. Spoon-billed sandpiper (Eurynorthynchus pyg-
meus). (Illustration by Gillian Harris)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 181

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1. Least seedsnipe (Thinocorus rumicivorus); 2. Gray-breasted seedsnipe (Thinocorus orbignyianus); 3. Rufous-bellied seedsnipe (Attagis gayi);
4. White-bellied seedsnipe (Attagis malouinus). (Illustration by Jacqueline Mahannah)

192 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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2

4
5

10

1. Black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla); 2. Common black-headed gull (Larus ridibundus); 3. Arctic skua (Stercorarius parasiticus); 4. Herring
gull (Larus argentatus); 5. Saunder’s gull (Larus saundersi); 6. Black tern (Chlidonias niger); 7. Common tern (Sterna hirundo); 8. Caspian tern
(Hydroprogne caspia); 9. Sooty tern (Sterna fuscata); 10. Black skimmer (Rynchops niger). (Illustration by Brian Cressman)

210 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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3
4

8
6
7

1. Common murre (Uria aalge); 2. Black guillemot (Cepphus grylle); 3. Great auk (Pinguinus impennis); 4. Marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus mar-
moratus); 5. Puffin (Fratercula arctica); 6. Thick-billed murre (Uria lomvia); 7. Razorbill (Alca torda); 8. Dovekie (Plautus alle). (Illustration by Pa-
tricia Ferrer)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 223

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2
3

1. Male chestnut-bellied sandgrouse (Pterocles exustus); 2. Male black-bellied sandgrouse (Pterocles orientalis); 3. Male Lichtenstein’s sand-
grouse (Pterocles lichtensteinii); 4. Male Namaqua sandgrouse (Pterocles namaqua); 5. Male spotted sandgrouse (Pterocles senegallus); 6. Male
Pallas’s sandgrouse (Syrrhaptes paradoxus). (Illustration by Emily Damstra)

234 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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2

10

1. Luzon bleeding heart (Gallicolumba luzonica); 2. Barred cuckoo-dove (Macropygia unchall); 3. Western crowned-pigeon (Goura cristata); 4. Eu-
ropean turtledove (Streptopelia turtur); 5. Rock pigeon (Columba livia); 6. Snow pigeon (Columba leuconota); 7. White imperial pigeon (Ducula
luctuosa); 8. Tooth-billed pigeon (Didunculus strigirostris); 9. Crested cuckoo-dove (Reinwardtoena crassirostris); 10. Wompoo fruit dove (Ptilino-
pus magnificus). (Illustration by John Megahan)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 253

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2

3
4

5 6

10

1. Emerald dove (Chalcophaps indica); 2. Pheasant pigeon (Otidiphaps nobilis); 3. Diamond dove (Geopelia cuneata); 4. Key West quail dove
(Geotrygon chrysia); 5. Gray-headed dove (Leptotila plumbeiceps); 6. Common ground dove (Columbina passerina); 7. Inca dove (Scardafella inca);
8. Namaqua dove (Oena capensis); 9. Bruce’s green pigeon (Treron waalia); 10. American mourning dove (Zenaida macroura). (Illustration by John
Megahan)

254 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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2

5
6

9
7

10
8

1. Monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus); 2. Brown-throated parakeet (Aratinga pertinax); 3. Rosy-faced lovebird (Agapornis roseicollis); 4. Rain-
bow lorikeet (Trichoglossus haematodus); 5. Kea (Nestor notabilis); 6. Painted parakeet (Pyrrhura picta); 7. Philippine hanging-parrot (Loriculus
philippensis); 8. Red-breasted pygmy-parrot (Micropsitta bruijnii); 9. Pesquet’s parrot (Psittrichas fulgidus); 10. Yellow-crowned Amazon (Amazona
ochrocephala). (Illustration by Barbara Duperron)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 281

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10
9

1. Eastern rosella (Platycercus eximius); 2. Gray parrot (Psittacus erithacus); 3. Hyacinth macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus); 4. Scarlet macaw
(Ara macao); 5. Palm cockatoo (Probosciger aterrimus); 6. Rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri); 7. Budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus);
8. Female (left) and male Eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus); 9. Cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus); 10. Sulphur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua ga-
lerita). (Illustration by Joseph E. Trumpey)

282 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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3

1. Purple-crested turaco (Gallirex porphyreolophus); 2. Gray go-away-bird (Corythaixoides concolor ); 3. Western gray plantain-eater (Crinifer pisca-
tor ); 4. Hartlaub’s turaco (Tauraco hartlaubi); 5. Ross’s turaco (Musophaga rossae); 6. Great blue turaco (Corythaeola cristata); 7. White-bellied
go-away-bird (Criniferoides leucogaster); 8. Ruwenzori turaco (Ruwenzorornis johnstoni ). (Illustration by Joseph E. Trumpey)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 303

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4 5 6

10

1. Great spotted cuckoo (Clamator glandarius); 2. Long-tailed koel (Urodynamis taitensis); 3. Drongo cuckoo (Surniculus lugubris); 4. Banded-bay
cuckoo (Penthoceryx sonneratii); 5. Greater ani (Crotophaga major); 6. American striped cuckoo (Tapera naevia); 7. Thick-billed cuckoo (Pachy-
coccyx audeberti); 8. Common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus); 9. Common koel (Eudynamys scolopacea); 10. Channel-billed cuckoo (Scythrops no-
vaehollandiae). (Illustration by Brian Cressman)

316 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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1. Green-billed malkoha (Rhopodytes tristis); 2. Dideric cuckoo (Chrysococcyx caprius); 3. Horsfield’s bronze-cuckoo (Chalcites basalisx); 4. Blue
coua (Coua caerulea); 5. Greater coucal (Centropus sinensis); 6. Pheasant cuckoo (Dromococcyx phasianellus); 7. Common hawk-cuckoo (Cucu-
lus varius); 8. Yellow-billed cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus); 9. Greater roadrunner (Geococcyx californiana). (Illustration by Brian Cressman)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 317

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5
4

1. Australian masked-owl (Tyto novaehollandiae); 2. Sooty owl (Tyto tenebricosa); 3. Eastern grass-owl (Tyto longimembris); 4. Common barn owl
(Tyto alba); 5. Oriental bay-owl (Phodilus badius). (Illustration by John Megahan)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 339

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2 3

8 9
7

1. Eastern screech-owl (Otus asio); 2. Southern white-faced owl (Ptilopsis granti); 3. Snowy owl (Nyctea scandiaca); 4. Seychelles scops-owl (Otus
insularis); 5. Barred eagle-owl (Bubo sumatranus); 6. Eurasian scops-owl (Otus scops); 7. Blakiston’s eagle-owl (Bubo blakistoni); 8. Great horned
owl (Bubo virginianus); 9. Eurasian eagle-owl (Bubo bubo). (Illustration by Patricia Ferrer)

352 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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6
4
5

9
7 8

1. Tawny owl (Strix aluco); 2. Northern saw-whet owl (Aegolius acadicus); 3. Spectacled owl (Pulsatrix perspicillata); 4. Southern boobook owl (Ni-
nox boobook); 5. Asian brown wood-owl (Strix leptogrammica); 6. Pearl-spotted owlet (Glaucidium perlatum); 7. Burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia);
8. Short-eared owl (Asio flammeus); 9. Northern hawk owl (Surnia ulula). (Illustration by Patricia Ferrer)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 353

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3
1

7 8

1. Marbled frogmouth (Podargus ocellatus); 2. Female Sunda frogmouth (Batrachostomus cornutus); 3. Large frogmouth (Batrachostomus auri-
tus); 4. Gould’s frogmouth (Batrachostomus stellatus), dark morph; 5. Sri Lanka frogmouth (Batrachostomus moniliger); 6. Female Papuan frog-
mouth (Podargus papuensis); 7. Hodgson’s frogmouth (Batrachostomus hodgsoni); 8. Tawny frogmouth (Podargus strigoides). (Illustration by
Barbara Duperron)

380 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

 1

1. Mountain owlet-nightjar (Aegotheles albertisi); 2. Feline owlet-nightjar (Aegotheles insignis); 3. Australian owlet-nightjar (Aegotheles cristatus);
4. Barred owlet-nightjar (Aegotheles bennettii). (Illustration by Brian Cressman)

390 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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1. Great potoo (Nyctibius grandis); 2. Rufous potoo (Nyctibius bracteatus); 3. Gray potoo (Nyctibius griseus). (Illustration by Bruce Worden)

398 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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4 5
3

8
7

10

1. Standard-winged nightjar (Macrodipteryx longipennis); 2. Chuck-will’s-widow (Caprimulgus carolinensis); 3. Fiery-necked nightjar (Caprimulgus
pectoralis); 4. Gray nightjar (Caprimulgus indicus); 5. Common poorwill (Phalaenoptilus nuttallii); 6. European nightjar (Caprimulgus europaeus);
7. Whip-poor-will (Caprimulgus vociferus); 8. Common nighthawk (Chordeiles minor); 9. Large-tailed nightjar (Caprimulgus macrurus); 10. Spotted
nightjar (Eurostopodus guttatus). (Illustration by Brian Cressman)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 407

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2

5
6

9
7
8

1. Edible-nest swiftlet (Aerodramus fuciphagus); 2. White-collared swift (Streptoprocne zonaris); 3. Alpine swift (Apus melba); 4. Common swift
(Apus apus); 5. White-throated needletail (Hirundapus caudacutus); 6. White-rumped swiftlet (Aerodramus spodiopygius); 7. Black swift (Cypseloides
niger); 8. Chimney swift (Chaetura pelagica); 9. African palm swift (Cypsiurus parvus). (Illustration by Bruce Worden)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 425

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2

5
4

6
8

1. Velvet-purple coronet (Boissonneaua jardini); 2. Red-billed streamertail (Trochilus polytmus); 3. Anna’s hummingbird (Calypte anna); 4. Frilled
coquette (Lophornis magnificus); 5. Ruby topaz (Chrysolampis mosquitus); 6. Sword-billed hummingbird (Ensifera ensifera); 7. Puerto Rican emer-
ald (Chlorostilbon maugaeus); 8. Crimson topaz (Topaza pella); 9. Rufous-tailed hummingbird (Amazilia tzacatl). (Illustration by Patricia Ferrer)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 453

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5
4

2
3

7
9
8

1. Green hermit (Phaethornis guy); 2. Green-fronted lancebill (Doryfera ludovicae); 3. White-necked jacobin (Florisuga mellivora); 4. Hairy hermit
(Glaucis hirsuta); 5. Sparkling violet-ear (Colibri coruscans); 6. White-tipped sicklebill (Eutoxeres aquila); 7. Saw-billed hermit (Ramphodon nae-
vius); 8. Rufous sabrewing (Campylopterus rufus); 9. Band-tailed barbthroat (Threnetes ruckeri). (Illustration by Patricia Ferrer)

454 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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1
4

1. Bar-breasted mousebird (Colius striatus); 2. White-backed mousebird (Colius colius); 3. White-headed mousebird (Colius leucocephalus); 4. Blue-
naped mousebird (Urocolius macrourus); 5. Red-faced mousebird (Urocolius indicus); 6. Chestnut-backed mousebird (Colius castanotus). (Illus-
tration by Jacqueline Mahannah)

472 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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1 2

5
6

1. Cuban trogon (Priotelus temnurus); 2. Resplendent quetzal (Pharomachrus mocinno); 3. Eared quetzal (Euptilotis neoxenus); 4. Collared tro-
gon (Trogon collaris); 5. Orange-breasted trogon (Harpactes oreskios); 6. Javan trogon (Apalharpactes reinwardtii ); 7. Hispaniolan trogon (Tem-
notrogon roseigaster); 8. Narina trogon (Apaloderma narina). (Illustration by Bruce Worden)

480 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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3
2

4 6

1. Striped kingfisher (Halcyon chelicuti); 2. Common kingfisher (Alcedo atthis); 3. Pied kingfisher (Ceryle rudis); 4. Collared kingfisher (Todiram-
phus chloris); 5. African pygmy-kingfisher (Ceyx pictus); 6. Belted kingfisher (Megaceryle alcyon); 7. Yellow-billed kingfisher (Syma torotoro); 8.
Amazon kingfisher (Chloroceryle amazona). (Illustration by Brian Cressman)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 11

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2 3

9
7 8

1. Laughing kookaburra (Dacelo novaeguineae); 2. Common paradise kingfisher (Tanysiptera galatea); 3. Lilac-cheeked kingfisher (Cittura cyan-
otis); 4. Rufous-collared kingfisher (Actenoides concretus); 5. Hook-billed kingfisher (Melidora macrorrhina); 6. White-rumped kingfisher (Caridonax
fulgidus); 7. Banded kingfisher (Lacedo pulchella); 8. Stork-billed kingfisher (Pelargopsis capensis); 9. Shovel-billed kookaburra (Clytoceyx rex). (Il-
lustration by Brian Cressman)

12 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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1. Blue-crowned motmot (Momotus momota); 2. Blue-throated motmot (Aspatha gularis); 3. Broad-billed motmot (Electron platyrhynchum); 4. Keel-
billed motmot (Electron carinatum). (Illustration by Jacqueline Mahannah)

34 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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7
6

1. Black bee-eater (Merops gularis); 2. White-fronted bee-eater (Merops bullockoides); 3. Blue-bearded bee-eater (Nyctyornis athertoni); 4. Euro-
pean bee-eater (Merops apiaster); 5. Purple-bearded bee-eater (Meropogon forsteni); 6. Carmine bee-eater (Merops nubicoides); 7. White-throated
bee-eater (Merops albicollis); 8. Female rainbow bee-eater (Merops ornatus). (Illustration by Barbara Duperron)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 43

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3
2

5
6

1. Blue-bellied roller (Coracias cyanogaster); 2. European roller (Coracias garrulus); 3. Dollarbird (Eurystomus orientalis); 4. Long-tailed ground-
roller (Uratelornis chimaera); 5. Scaly ground-roller (Brachypteracias squamigera); 6. Courol (Leptosomus discolor). (Illustration by Brian Cressman)

54 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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1. Green woodhoopoe (Phoeniculus purpureus); 2. Common scimitarbill (Rhinopomastus cyanomelas). (Illustration by Joseph E. Trumpey)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 67

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3
4
2

10
9

1. Sulawesi red-knobbed hornbill (Aceros cassidix); 2. Sumba hornbill (Rhyticeros everetti); 3. Silvery-cheeked hornbill (Bycanistes brevis); 4. Hel-
meted hornbill (Rhinoplax vigil); 5. Great hornbill (Buceros bicornis); 6. Monteiro’s hornbill (Tockus monteiri); 7. Red-billed hornbill (Tockus ery-
throrhynchus); 8. Visayan tarictic hornbill (Penelopides panini); 9. Plain-pouched hornbill (Rhyticeros subruficollis); 10. Southern ground-hornbill
(Bucorvus leadbeateri). (Illustration by Joseph E. Trumpey)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 77

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2

4
3

5 6
7

1. Paradise jacamar (Galbula dea); 2. Great jacamar (Jacamerops aurea); 3. Rufous-tailed jacamar (Galbula ruficauda); 4. Coppery-chested jaca-
mar (Galbula pastazae); 5. Green-tailed jacamar (Galbula galbula); 6. Yellow-billed jacamar (Galbula albirostris); 7. Three-toed jacamar (Jacamar-
alcyon tridactyla). (Illustration by Wendy Baker)

94 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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1 22
33

55

4
4

66
77

8
8

1. Black-fronted nunbird (Monasa nigrifrons); 2. Lanceolated monklet (Micromonacha lanceolata); 3. Collared puffbird (Bucco capensis);
4. Rufous-capped nunlet (Nonnula ruficapilla); 5. Swallow-winged puffbird (Chelidoptera tenebrosa); 6. White-eared puffbird (Nystalus chacuru);
7. White-necked puffbird (Notharchus macrorhynchos); 8. White-whiskered puffbird (Malacoptila panamensis). (Illustration by Dan Erickson)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 105

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6
5

1. Black-spotted barbet (Capito niger); 2. Black-collared barbet (Lybius torquatus); 3. Toucan barbet (Semnornis ramphastinus); 4. Yellow-fronted
tinkerbird (Pogoniulus chrysoconus); 5. D’Arnaud’s barbet (Trachyphonus darnaudii); 6. Coppersmith barbet (Megalaima haemacephala). (Illus-
tration by Joseph E. Trumpey)

118 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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6
7

1. Toco toucan (Ramphastos toco); 2. Yellow-browed toucanet (Aulacorhynchus huallagae); 3. Chestnut-eared aracari (Pteroglossus castanotis);
4. Gray-breasted mountain toucan (Andigena hypoglauca); 5. Saffron toucanet (Baillonius bailloni); 6. Plate-billed mountain toucan (Andigena
laminirostris); 7. White-throated toucan (Ramphastos tucanus). (Illustration by Joseph E Trumpey)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 129

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1

4
3

1. Lyre-tailed honeyguide (Melichneutes robustus); 2. Malaysian honeyguide (Indicator archipelagicus); 3. Scaly-throated honeyguide (Indicator var-
iegatus); 4. Spotted honeyguide (Indicator maculatus); 5. Yellow-rumped honeyguide (Indicator xanthonotus); 6. Greater honeyguide (Indicator in-
dicator). (Illustration by Wendy Baker)

140 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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4
2

5
7

10

1. Black woodpecker (Dryocopus martius); 2 Three-toed woodpecker (Picoides tridactylus); 3. Smoky-brown woodpecker (Veniliornis fumigatus); 4.
Northern flicker (Colaptes auratus); 5. Gray-faced woodpecker (Picus canus); 6. Great slaty woodpecker (Mulleripicus pulverulentus); 7. Okinawa
woodpecker (Sapheopipo noguchii); 8. Lesser flame-backed woodpecker (Dinopium benghalense); 9. Rufous woodpecker (Celeus brachyurus); 10.
Ivory-billed woodpecker (Campephilus principalis). (Illustration by Gillian Harris)

152 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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1
2

4
6

8
9

7
10

1. Yellow-bellied sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius); 2. Guadeloupe woodpecker (Melanerpes herminieri); 3. Bennett’s woodpecker (Campethera ben-
nettii); 4. Red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis); 5. Olivaceous piculet (Picumnus olivaceus); 6. White-backed woodpecker (Dendrocopos
leucotos); 7. Red-headed woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus); 8. Northern wryneck (Jynx torquilla); 9. Rufous piculet (Sasia abnormis); 10.
Gray woodpecker (Dendropicos goertae). (Illustration by Gillian Harris)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 153

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5
6

7
8

1. Male Hose’s broadbill (Calyptomena hosii); 2. Male silver-breasted broadbill (Serilophus lunatus); 3. Female black-and-yellow broadbill (Eury-
laimus ochromalus); 4. Long-tailed broadbill (Psarisomus dalhousiae); 5. Male African broadbill (Smithornis capensis); 6. Male Visayan wattled
broadbill (Eurylaimus samarensis); 7. Dusky broadbill (Corydon sumatranus); 8. African green broadbill (Pseudocalyptomena graueri); 9. Black-and-
red broadbill (Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchos). (Illustration by Bruce Worden)

180 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

 1

1. Common sunbird-asity (Neodrepanis coruscans); 2. Velvet asity (Philepitta castanea). (Illustration by Dan Erickson)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 189

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7
6

1. Hooded pitta (Pitta sordida); 2. Indian pitta (Pitta brachyura); 3. Superb pitta (Pitta superba); 4. Graceful pitta (Pitta venusta); 5. Gurney’s pitta
(Pitta gurneyi); 6. African pitta (Pitta angolensis); 7. Rainbow pitta (Pitta iris). (Illustration by Michelle Meneghini)

196 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

 1

1. Female rifleman (Acanthisitta chloris); 2. Male rifleman; 3. Male Stephens Island wren (Xenicus lyalli). (Illustration by Barbara Duperron)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 205

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1

10
9

1. Bar-winged cinclodes (Cinclodes fuscus); 2. Coastal miner (Geositta peruviana); 3. Scale-throated earthcreeper (Upucerthia dumetaria); 4. Bo-
livian earthcreeper (Ochetorhynchus harterti); 5. Thorn-tailed rayadito (Aphrastura spinicauda); 6. Des Murs’s wiretail (Sylviorthorhynchus desmur-
sii); 7. Striolated tit-spinetail (Leptasthenura striolata); 8. Campo miner (Geobates poecilopterus); 9. Rufous hornero (Furnarius rufus); 10.
Band-tailed earthcreeper (Eremobius phoeincurus). (Illustration by Jonathan Higgins)

212 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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2

5 6

7 8

9
10
11

1. Wren-like rushbird (Phleocryptes melanops); 2. Rufous-tailed xenops (Xenops milleri); 3. Mouse-colored thistletail (Schizoeaca griseomurina);
4. Pale-breasted spinetail (Synallaxis albescens); 5. Streak-capped spinetail (Cranioleuca hellmayri); 6. Great spinetail (Siptornopsis hypochon-
driacus); 7. Greater thornbird (Phacellodomus ruber); 8. White-throated treerunner (Pygarrhichas albogularis); 9. Rufous-necked foliage-gleaner
(Syndactyla ruficollis); 10. Cinnamon-rumped foliage-gleaner (Philydor pyrrhodes); 11. Short-billed leaftosser (Sclerurus rufigularis). (Illustration by
Jonathan Higgins)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 213

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4
5

6
7

8 9

1. Warbling antbird (Hypocnemis cantator); 2. Black-throated antbird (Myrmeciza atrothorax); 3. Black-faced antbird (Myrmoborus myotherinus); 4.
Spot-backed antbird (Hylophylax naevia); 5. Gray antbird (Cercomacra cinerascens); 6. Giant ant-pitta (Grallaria gigantea); 7. Black-faced antthrush
(Formicarius analis); 8. Fulvous-bellied ant-pitta (Hylopezus dives); 9. Thrush-like ant-pitta (Myrmothera campanisona). (Illustration by Dan Erickson)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 243

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6
5

10

1. Spot-crowned antvireo (Dysithamnus puncticeps); 2. Gray antwren (Myrmotherula menetriesii); 3. Ash-winged antwren (Terenura spodioptila);
4. Black-capped antwren (Herpsilochmus atricapillus); 5. Scaled antbird (Drymophila squamata); 6. Undulated antshrike (Frederickena unduligera);
7. Barred antshrike (Thamnophilus doliatus); 8. Fasciated antshrike (Cymbilaimus lineatus); 9. Giant antshrike (Batara cinerea); 10. Cinereous
antshrike (Thamnomanes caesius). (Illustration by Dan Erickson)

244 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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5
4

8 9

10

1. Chucao tapaculo (Scelorchilus rubecula); 2. Ocellated tapaculo (Acropternis orthonyx); 3. Collared crescentchest (Melanopareia torquata); 4.
Ochre-flanked tapaculo (Eugralla paradoxa); 5. Moustached turca (Pteroptochos megapodius); 6. Crested gallito (Rhinocrypta lanceolata); 7. Black-
throated huet-huet (Pteroptochos tarnii); 8. Spotted bamboowren (Psilorhamphus guttatus); 9. Slaty bristlefront (Merulaxis ater); 10. Rusty-belted
tapaculo (Liosceles thoracicus). (Illustration by Brian Cressman)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 261

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1. Hammond’s flycatcher (Empidonax hammondii); 2. Sulphur-bellied flycatcher (Myiodynastes luteiventris); 3. Nutting’s flycatcher (Myiarchus nut-
tingi); 4. Great crested flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus); 5. Greater pewee (Contopus pertinax); 6. Western wood-pewee (Contopus sordidulus); 7.
Eastern phoebe (Sayornis phoebe); 8. Say’s phoebe (Sayornis saya). (Illustration by Wendy Baker)

276 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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1
3

6
4

1. Willow flycatcher (Empidonax traillii); 2. Northern beardless-tyrannulet (Camptostoma imberbe); 3. Scissor-tailed flycatcher (Tyrannus forficata);
4. Olive-sided flycatcher (Contopus borealis); 5. Western kingbird (Tyrannus verticalis); 6. Vermillion flycatcher (Pyrocephalus rubinus); 7. Rose-
throated becard (Pachyramphus aglaiae); 8. Great kiskadee (Pitangus sulphuratus). (Illustration by Wendy Baker)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 277

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7
6

1. Red-capped manakin (Pipra mentalis); 2. Striped manakin (Machaeropterus regulus); 3. Long-tailed manakin (Chiroxiphia linearis); 4. Golden-
headed manakin (Pipra erythrocephala); 5. Scarlet-horned manakin (Pipra cornuta); 6. Wire-tailed manakin (Pipra filicauda); 7. Araripe manakin
(Antilophia bokermanni). (Illustration by Brian Cressman)

298 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

Amazonian umbrellabird (Cephalopterus ornatus). (Illustration by Emily Damstra)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 309

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1. Turquoise cotinga (Cotinga ridgwayi); 2. Plum-throated cotinga (Cotinga maynana); 3. Spangled cotinga (Cotinga cayana); 4. Purple-breasted
cotinga (Cotinga cotinga); 5. Banded cotinga (Cotinga maculata); 6. Andean cock-of-the-rock (Rupicola peruviana); 7. Guianan cock-of-the-rock (Rupi-
cola rupicola). (Illustration by Emily Damstra)

310 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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1.Three-wattled bellbird (Procnias tricarunculata); 2. Bare-throated bellbird (Procnias nudicollis); 3. Bearded bellbird (Procnias averano); 4. Long-
wattled umbrellabird (Cephalopterus penduliger); 5. Bare-necked umbrellabird (Cephalopterus glabricollis); 6. White bellbird (Procnias alba).
(Illustration by Emily Damstra)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 311

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1

4 6

7 9

10
11

1. Female Australasian bushlark (Mirafia javanica); 2. Greater hoopoe-lark (Alaemou alaudipes); 3. Black-crowned sparrow-lark (Eremopterix nigri-
ceps); 4. Thick-billed lark (Ramphocoris clotbey); 5. Long-billed lark (Certhilauda curvirostris); 6. Calaudra lark (Melanocorypha calaudra); 7. Fe-
male greater short-toed lark (Calaudrella brachydactyla); 8. Sky lark (Alauda arvensis); 9. Female wood lark (Lullula arborea); 10. Crested lark
(Galerida cristata); 11. Horned lark (Eremophila alpestris). (Illustration by Emily Damstra)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 347

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4
1

6
5

10

1. American cliff swallow (Hirundo pyrrhonota); 2. House swallow (Hirundo tahitica); 3. Square-tailed saw-wing (Psalidoprocne nitens); 4. Crag mar-
tin (Ptyonoprogne rupestris): 5. Mascarene martin (Phedina borbonica); 6. Sand martin (Riparia riparia); 7. Barn swallow (Hirundo rustica); 8. Pur-
ple martin (Progne subis); 9. African river martin (Pseudochelidon eurystomina); 10. House martin (Delichon urbica). (Illustration by Brian Cressman)

362 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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1
2

5
4

6
7

10
8

1. Forest wagtail (Dendronanthus indicus); 2. Golden pipit (Tmetothylacus tenellus); 3. Sprague’s pipit (Anthus spragueii); 4. Yellow-breasted pipit
(Anthus chloris); 5. Rosy-breasted longclaw (Macronyx ameliae); 6. Mekong wagtail (Motacilla samveasnae); 7. Gray wagtail (Motacilla cinerea);
8. Berthelot’s pipit (Anthus berthelotii); 9. Red-throated pipit (Anthus cervinus); 10. Bush pipit (Anthus caffer). (Illustration by Bruce Worden)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 377

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1

6
8
7

1. Varied triller (Lalage leucomela); 2. Blue cuckoo-shrike (Coracina azurea); 3. Mauritius cuckoo-shrike (Coracina typica); 4. Fiery minivet (Peri-
crocotus igneus); 5. Black-winged flycatcher-shrike (Hemipus hirundinaceus); 6. Golden cuckoo-shrike (Campochaera sloetii); 7. Western wattled
cuckoo-shrike (Campephaga lobata); 8. Red-shouldered cuckoo-shrike (Campephaga phoenicea). (Illustration by Emily Damstra)

388 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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5
4

9
8

1. Crested finchbill (Spizixos canifrons); 2. Black-collared bulbul (Neolestes torquatus); 3. Yellow-throated nicator (Nicator vireo); 4. Eastern bearded
greenbul (Criniger chloronotus); 5. Ashy bulbul (Hypsipetes flavala); 6. Icterine greenbul (Phyllastrephus icterinus); 7. Red-tailed greenbul (Criniger
calurus); 8. White-throated bulbul (Criniger flaveolus); 9. Black bulbul (Hypsipetes madagascariensis). (Illustration by Brian Cressman)

400 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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1

7 8

1. Red-whiskered bulbul (Pycnonotus jocosus); 2. Red-vented bulbul (Pycnonotus cafer); 3. Common bulbul (Pycnonotus barbatus); 4. Yellow-vented
bulbul (Pycnonotus goiaver); 5. Leaf-love (Phyllastrephus scandens); 6. Straw-headed bulbul (Pycnonotus zeylanicus); 7. Joyful greenbul (Chloro-
cichla laetissima); 8. Yellow-whiskered greenbul (Pycnonotus latirostris); 9. Shelley’s greenbul (Pycnonotus masukuensis). (Illustration by Brian
Cressman)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 401

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2

7
10

1. Blue-winged leafbird, Sumatran subspecies (Chloropsis cochinchinensis icterocephalus); 2. Orange-bellied leafbird (Chloropsis hardwickii hard-
wickii); 3. Blue-masked leafbird (Chloropsis venusta); 4. Common iora (Aegithina tiphia tiphia); 5. Green iora (Aegithina viridissima); 6. Philippine
or yellow-quilled leafbird (Chloropsis flavipennis); 7. Golden-fronted leafbird (Chloropsis aurifrons); 8. Lesser green leafbird (Chloropsis cyano-
pogon); 9. Asian fairy-bluebird (Irena puella sikkimensis); 10. Philippine fairy bluebird (Irena cyanogaster). (Illustration by Amanda Humphrey)

418 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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1

1. Loggerhead shrike (Lanius ludovicianus); 2. Female red-backed shrike (Lanius collurio); 3. Male red-backed shrike (Lanius collurio); 4. Long-
tailed shrike (Lanius schach); 5. Yellow-crowned gonolek (Laniarius barbarus); 6. Northern puffback (Dryoscopus gambensis); 7. Gray-headed bush-
shrike (Malaconotus blanchoti ); 8. White helmet-shrike (Prionops plumatus); 9. Black-crowned tchagra (Tchagra senegala). (Illustration by John
Megahan)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 431

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1. Female gray hypocolius (Hypocolius ampelinus); 2. Male gray silky flycatcher (Ptilogonys cinereus); 3. Female phainopepla (Phainopepla nitens);
4. Male Bohemian waxwing (Bombycilla garrulus); 5. Male cedar waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum). (Illustration by Jacqueline Mahannah)

450 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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1

1. Siberian accentor (Prunella montanella); 2. Robin accentor (Prunella rubeculoides); 3. Alpine accentor (Prunella collaris); 4. Dunnock (Prunella
modularis). (Illustration by Barbara Duperron)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 461

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1. Brown trembler (Cinclocerthia ruficauda); 2. Blue-and-white mockingbird (Melanotis hypoleucus); 3. Hood mockingbird (Nesomimus macdonaldi); 4.
Northern mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos); 5. Brown thrasher (Toxostoma rufum); 6. Gray catbird (Dumetella carolinensis). (Illustration by Emily Damstra)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 469

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4
5

1. White-capped dipper (Cinclus leucocephalus leuconotus); 2. Eurasian dipper (Cinclus cinclus aquaticus); 3. American dipper (Cinclus mexi-
canus); 4. Rufous-throated dipper (Cinclus schulzi); 5. Brown dipper (Cinclus pallasii ). (Illustration by Dan Erickson)

478 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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3

8
7
6

9 11
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1. Wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe); 2. White-browed robin chat (Cossypha heuglini); 3. Townsend’s solitaire (Myadestes townsendi); 4. Eastern
bluebird (Sialia sialis); 5. White-crowned forktail (Enicurus leschenaulti); 6. Anteater chat (Myrmecocichla aethiops); 7. Magpie-robin (Copsychus
saularis); 8. Nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchos); 9. Stonechat (Saxicola torquata); 10. Rufous bush chat (robin) (Cercotrichas galactotes); 11.
Blackstart (Cercomela melanura). (Illustration by Barbara Duperron)

490 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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4
5

6 8
7

11

9
10

1. Blackbird (Turdus merula); 2. Capped wheatear (Oenanthe pileata); 3. Hermit thrush (Catharus guttatus); 4. Red-legged thrush (Turdus plumbeus);
5. American robin (Turdus migratorius); 6. Black redstart (Phoenicurus ochruros); 7. Spotted palm thrush (Cichladusa guttata); 8. Olive thrush
(Turdus olivaceus); 9. Rock thrush (Monticola saxatilis); 10. Siberian ruby throat (Erithacus calliope); 11. White’s thrush (Zoothera dauma). (Il-
lustration by Barbara Duperron)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 491

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2

4 6

10
8

1. Crossley’s babbler (Mystacornis crossleyi); 2. Yellow-naped yuhina (Yuhina flavicollis); 3. Red-billed leiothrix (Leiothrix lutea); 4. Golden-breasted
fulvetta (Alcippe chrysotis); 5. Black-crowned barwing (Actinodura sodangorum); 6. Bearded reedling (Panurus biarmicus); 7. Fire-tailed myzornis
(Myzornis pyrrhoura); 8. Vinous-throated parrotbill (Paradoxornis webbianus); 9. Yellow-headed rockfowl (Picathartes gymnocephalus); 10. Red-
headed rockfowl (Picathartes oreas). (Illustration by Bruce Worden)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 509

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5

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8

1. Hwamei (Garrulax canorus); 2. Chestnut-backed scimitar-babbler (Pomatorhinus montanus); 3. Wrentit (Chamaea fasciata); 4. Pygmy wren-babbler
(Pnoepyga pusilla); 5. Arabian babbler (Turdoides squamiceps); 6. Flame-templed babbler (Stachyris speciosa); 7. White-crested laughing thrush
(Garrulax leucolophus); 8. Yellow-throated laughing thrush (Garrulax galbanus); 9. Rufous-winged akalat (Trichastoma rufescens); 10. Omei Shan
liocichla (Liocichla omeinsis). (Illustration by Bruce Worden)

510 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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2
3

6
5

8 9

10 11

1. Golden-spectacled warbler (Seicercus burkii); 2. Whitethroat (Sylvia communis); 3. Golden-crowned kinglet (Regulus satrapa); 4. Tawny-flanked
prinia (Prinia subflava); 5. Long-billed crombec (Sylvietta rufescens); 6. Blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla); 7. Slaty-bellied tesia (Tesia olivea); 8. Arctic
warbler (Phylloscopus borealis); 9. Long-billed gnatwren (Ramphocaenus melanurus); 10. Blue-gray gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulea); 11. Chiffchaff
(Phylloscopus collybita). (Illustration by Barbara Duperron)

8 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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10
9

11 12

1. Zitting cisticola (Cisticola juncidis); 2. Cetti’s warbler (Cettia cetti); 3. Common tailorbird (Orthotomus sutorius); 4. Yellow-breasted apalis (Apalis
flavida); 5. Yellow-bellied eremomela (Eremomela icteropygialis); 6. Icterine warbler (Hippolais icterina); 7. Marsh warbler (Acrocephalus palus-
tris); 8. Little grassbird (Megalurus gramineus); 9. Great reed warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus); 10. Little rush-warbler (Bradypterus baboe-
cala); 11. Golden-headed cisticola (Cisticola exilis); 12. Grasshopper warbler (Locustella naevia). (Illustration by Barbara Duperron)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 9

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3

5
4

8 9

10
11

1. Silverbird (Empidornis semipartitus); 2. Black-and-white flycatcher (Bias musicus); 3. Abyssinian slaty flycatcher (Melaenornis chocolatinus); 4.
Orange-breasted blue flycatcher (Cyomis tickelliae); 5. Fraser’s forest-flycatcher (Fraseria ocreata); 6. Female shrike-flycatcher (Megabyas flam-
mulatus); 7. Black-throated wattle-eye (Platysteira peltata); 8. Cape batis (Batis capensis); 9. Female chestnut wattle-eye (Dyaphorophyia cas-
tanea) 10. Large-billed blue-flycatcher (Cyornis caerulatus); 11. Red-tailed newtonia (Newtonia fanovanae). (Illustration by Barbara Duperron)

28 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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3
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7
5
6

10

1. Male collared flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis), spring plumage; 2. Dull-blue flycatcher (Eumyias sordida); 3. Male European pied flycatcher (Ficedula
hypoleuca), spring plumage; 4. Fulvous-chested jungle-flycatcher (Rhinomyias olivacea); 5. Female little slaty flycatcher (Ficedula basilanica) 6.
Brown-chested jungle-flycatcher (Rhinomyias brunneata); 7. Spotted flycatcher (Muscicapa striata); 8. Large niltava (Niltava grandis); 9. Ashy fly-
catcher (Muscicapa caerulescens); 10. Cassin’s flycatcher (Muscicapa cassini). (Illustration by Barbara Duperron)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 29

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1

10
9

1. Variegated fairy-wren (Malurus lamberti); 2. Southern emu-wren (Stipiturus malachurus); 3. Female Wallace’s wren (Sipodotus wallacii); 4. Red-
backed fairy-wren (Malurus melanocephalus); 5. Purple-crowned fairy-wren (Malurus coronatus); 6. Orange-crowned wren (Clytomyias insignis); 7.
Splendid fairy-wren (Malurus splendens); 8. Superb fairy-wren (Malurus cyaneus); 9. Black grasswren (Amytornis housei); 10. Female striated
grasswren (Amytornis striatus). (Illustration by Joseph E. Trumpey)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 47

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1. Bicolored mouse-warbler (Crateroscelis nigrorufa); 2. Yellow-rumped thornbill (Acanthiza chrysorrhoa); 3. Southern whiteface (Aphelocephala
leucopsis); 4. Mangrove gerygone (Gerygone levigaster); 5. Rockwarbler (Origma solitaria); 6. White-browed scrubwren (Sericornis frontalis); 7.
Eastern bristlebird (Dasyornis brachypterus); 8. Yellowhead (Mohua ochrocephala). (Illustration by Amanda Humphrey)

58 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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3
4

1. Blue-capped ifrit (Ifrita kowaldi); 2. Eastern whipbird (Psophodes olivaceus); 3. Blue jewel-babbler (Ptilorrhoa caerulescens); 4. Spotted quail-
thrush (Cinclosoma punctatum); 5. Rail-babbler (Eupetes macrocerus). (Illustration by John Megahan)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 77

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7
8

10

1. Northern fantail (Rhipidura rufiventris); 2. Yellow-bellied fantail (Rhipidura hypoxantha); 3. Dimorphic fantail (Rhipidura brachyrhyncha); 4. Gray
fantail (Rhipidura albiscapa); 5. Rufous fantail (Rhipidura rufifrons); 6. White-throated fantail (Rhipidura albicollis); 7. Blue-headed fantail (Rhipidura
cyaniceps); 8. Streaked fantail (Rhipidura spilodera); 9. Willie wagtail (Rhipidura leucophrys); 10. Sooty thicket-fantail (Rhipidura threnothorax).
(Illustration by Jacqueline Mahannah)

88 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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1. Male African paradise-flycatcher (Terpsiphone viridis) in breeding plumage; 2. White-tipped monarch (Monarcha everetti); 3. Black-naped monarch
(Hypothymis azurea); 4. African blue-flycatcher (Elminia longicauda); 5. Biak monarch (Monarcha brehmii). (Illustration by Emily Damstra)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 99

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1. Chatham Island black robin (Petroica traversi); 2. Scarlet robin (Petroica multicolor); 3. Gray-headed flycatcher (Culicicapa ceylonensis); 4. Jacky
winter (Microeca fascinans); 5. White-winged robin (Peneothello sigillatus); 6. Eastern yellow robin (Eopsaltria australis); 7. Southern scrub-robin
(Drymodes brunneopygia); 8. Gray-headed robin (Heteromyias albispecularis). (Illustration by Emily Damstra)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 107

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4

6
5

10
8

1. Golden whistler (Pachycephala pectoralis); 2. Whitehead (Mohoua albicilla); 3. Regent whistler (Pachycephala schlegelii); 4. Crested bellbird
(Oreoica gutturalis); 5. Little shrike-thrush (Colluricincla megarhyncha); 6. Eastern shrike-tit (Falcunculus frontatus); 7. Rufous-naped whistler (Alead-
ryas rufinucha); 8. Gray shrike-thrush (Colluricincla harmonica); 9. Rufous whistler (Pachycephala rufiventris); 10. Variable pitohui (Pitohui kirho-
cephalus). (Illustration by Emily Damstra)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 119

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1. Gray-crowned babbler (Pomatostomus temporalis); 2. Rufous babbler (Garritornis isidorei). (Illustration by Marguette Dongvillo)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 129

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1. Red-browed treecreeper (Climacteris erythrops); 2. White-throated treecreeper (Cormobates leucophaeus); 3. Rufous treecreeper (Climacteris
rufa). (Illustration by Gillian Harris)

136 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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1. Bushtit (Psaltriparus minimus); 2. Black-throated tit (Aegithalos concinnus); 3. Long-tailed tit (Aegithalos caudatus). (Illustration by Gillian
Harris)

144 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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3

4
6
5

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8

10

1. Black-capped chickadee (Poecile atricapilla); 2. Yellow-browed tit (Sylviparus modestus); 3. Siberian tit (Parus cinctus); 4. Male white-naped tit
(Parus nuchalis); 5. Male sombre tit (Parus lugubris); 6. Male yellow-bellied tit (Parus venustulus); 7. Rufous-bellied tit (Parus rufiventris); 8. Bri-
dled titmouse (Baeolophus wollweberi); 9. Male sultan tit (Melanochlora sultanea); 10. Male great tit (Parus major). (Illustration by Emily Damstra)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 159

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3
4

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1. Red-breasted nuthatch (Sitta canadensis); 2. White-breasted nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis); 3. Nuthatch (Sitta europaea); 4. Giant nuthatch (Sitta
magna); 5. Brown-headed nuthatch (Sitta pusilla); 6. Wall-creeper (Tichodroma muraria); 7. Black sittella (Daphoenositta miranda). (Illustration by
John Megahan)

170 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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1. Brown creeper (Certhia americana); 2. Short-toed treecreeper (Certhia brachydactyla); 3. Eurasian treecreeper (Certhia familiaris). (Illustration
by Michelle Meneghini)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 179

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1. Greater rhabdornis (Rhabdornis grandis); 2. Stripe-breasted rhabdornis (Rhabdornis inornatus); 3. Stripe-headed rhabdornis (Rhabdornis mys-
ticalis). (Illustration by John Megahan)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 185

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5
4

7
6

11

10

1. Fire-breasted flowerpecker (Dicaeum ignipectus); 2. Gray-sided flowerpecker (Dicaeum celebicum); 3. Scarlet-breasted flowerpecker (Prionochilus
thoracicus); 4. Red-capped flowerpecker (Dicaeum geelvinkianum); 5. Fan-tailed berrypecker (Melanocharis versteri); 6. Yellow-vented flowerpecker
(Dicaeum chrysorrheum); 7. Mistletoebird (Dicaeum hirundinaceum); 8. Plain flowerpecker (Dicaeum concolor); 9. Midget flowerpecker (Dicaeum
aeneum); 10. Thick-billed flowerpecker (Dicaeum agile); 11. Scarlet-backed flowerpecker (Dicaeum cruentatum). (Illustration by Bruce Worden)

192 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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1. Red-browed pardalote (Pardalotus rubricatus); 2. Striated pardalote (Pardalotus striatus); 3. Forty-spotted pardalote (Pardalotus quadragintus);
4. Spotted pardalote (Pardalotus punctatus). (Illustration by Wendy Baker)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 203

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6
4

9
8
10

1. Reichenbach’s sunbird (Anabathmis reichenbachii); 2. Scarlet-tufted sunbird (Deleornis fraseri); 3. Collared sunbird (Hedydipna collaris); 4. Purple-
naped sunbird (Hypogramma hypogrammicum); 5. São Tomé sunbird (Dreptes thomensis); 6. Ruby-cheeked sunbird (Chalcoparia singalensis);
7. Green sunbird (Anthreptes rectirostris); 8. Orange-breasted sunbird (Anthobaphes violacea); 9. Green-headed sunbird (Cyanomitra verticalis);
10. Plain-throated sunbird (Anthreptes malacensis). (Illustration by Barbara Duperron)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 211

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9
8

1. Olive-bellied sunbird (Cinnyris chloropygius); 2. Greater double-collared sunbird (Cinnyris afra); 3. Yellow-eared spiderhunter (Arachnothera
chrysogenys); 4. Golden-winged sunbird (Drepanorhynchus reichenowi); 5. Gould’s sunbird (Aethopyga gouldiae); 6. Malachite sunbird (Nectarinia
famosa); 7. Scarlet-chested sunbird (Chalcomitra senegalensis); 8. Olive-backed sunbird (Cinnyris jugularis); 9. Crimson-backed sunbird (Lepto-
coma minima); 10. Purple sunbird (Cinnyris asiaticus). (Illustration by Barbara Duperron)

212 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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1. Japanese white-eye (Zosterops japonicus); 2. Seychelles gray white-eye (Zosterops modestus); 3. Cape white-eye (Zosterops pallidus). (Illus-
tration by Wendy Baker)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 231

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5

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10

1. Greater Sulawesi honeyeater (Myza sarasinorum); 2. Western spinebill (Acanthorhynchus superciliosus); 3. Bishop’s oo (Moho bishopi ); 4. Cape
sugarbird (Promerops cafer); 5. Rufous-banded honeyeater (Conopophila albogularis); 6. Common smoky honeyeater (Melipotes fumigatus);
7. Tui (Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae); 8. New Holland honeyeater (Phylidonyris novaehollandiae); 9. Belford’s melidectes (Melidectes belfordi)
10. Puff-backed meliphaga (Meliphaga aruensis). (Illustration by Emily Damstra)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 239

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1. Red myzomela (Myzomela cruentata); 2. Brown honeyeater (Lichmera indistincta); 3. Strong-billed honeyeater (Melithreptus validirostris); 4.
Stitchbird (Notiomystis cincta); 5. Regent honeyeater (Xanthomyza phrygia); 6. Yellow-tufted honeyeater (Lichenostomus melanops); 7. Noisy fri-
arbird (Philemon corniculatus); 8. Bell miner (Manorina melanophrys); 9. Striped honeyeater (Plectorhyncha lanceolata); 10. Red wattlebird (An-
thochaera carunculata). (Illustration by Emily Damstra)

240 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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1. Red-eyed vireo (Vireo olivaceus); 2. Bell’s vireo (Vireo bellii); 3. Warbling vireo (Vireo gilvus); 4. Rufous-browed peppershrike (Cyclarhis guja-
nensis); 5. Lemon-chested greenlet (Hylophilus thoracicus); 6. Slaty-capped shrike-vireo (Vireolanius leucotis); 7. Black-capped vireo (Vireo atri-
capillus). (Illustration by Michelle Meneghini)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 257

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5

6 7

10
9

1. Chipping sparrow (Spizella passerina); 2. Savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis); 3. Blue-black grassquit (Volatinia jacarina); 4. Lark
bunting (Calamospiza melanocorys); 5. Chestnut-capped brush-finch (Atlapetes brunneinucha); 6. Variable seedeater (Sporophila americana); 7.
Plumbeous sierra-finch (Phrygilus unicolor); 8. Bachman’s sparrow (Aimophila aestivalis); 9. Eastern towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus); 10. Wood-
pecker finch (Cactospiza pallida). (Illustration by Bruce Worden)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 267

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4
5

9
11
10

1. Reed bunting (Emberiza schoeniclus); 2. White-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis); 3. Snow bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis); 4. Rock bunting
(Emberiza cia); 5. Corn bunting (Miliaria calandra); 6. Yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella); 7. Lapland longspur (Calcarius lapponicus); 8. Dark-
eyed junco (Junco hyemalis); 9. Nelson’s sharp-tailed sparrow (Ammodramus nelsoni); 10. Song sparrow (Melospiza melodia); 11. Crested bunting
(Melophus lathami). (Illustration by Bruce Worden)

268 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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3

4 5

6 8

9
10

1. Kirtland’s warbler (Dendroica kirtlandii); 2. Cerulean warbler (Dendroica cerulea); 3. Yellow warbler (Dendroica petechia); 4. Hooded warbler
(Wilsonia citrina); 5. Yellow-breasted chat (Icteria virens); 6. Blue-winged warbler (Vermivora pinus); 7. Golden-winged warbler (Vermivora
chrysoptera); 8. Black-and-white warbler (Mniotilta varia); 9. Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus); 10. Prothonotary warbler (Protonotaria citrea). (Il-
lustration by Gillian Harris)

292 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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1. Rusty blackbird (Euphagus carolinus), nonbreeding plumage; 2. Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus); 3. Chopi blackbird (Gnorimopsar chopi);
4. Great-tailed grackle (Quiscalus mexicanus); 5. Western meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta); 6. Brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater); 7. Baywing
(Agelaioides badius); 8. Brown-and-yellow marshbird (Pseudoleistes virescens); 9. Melodious blackbird (Dives dives); 10. Long-tailed meadowlark
(Sturnella loyca). (Illustration by Gillian Harris)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 307

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3

4 6

7 8

9 10

1. Jamaican blackbird (Nesopsar nigerrimus); 2. Yellow-billed cacique (Amblycercus holosericeus); 3. Yellow-headed blackbird (Xanthocephalus
xanthocephalus); 4. Baltimore oriole (Icterus galbula); 5. Yellow-hooded blackbird (Agelaius icterocephalus); 6. White-browed blackbird (Sturnella
superciliaris); 7. Red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus); 8. Yellow-rumped cacique (Cacicus cela); 9. Female Montezuma oropendola (Psaro-
colius montezuma); 10. Oriole blackbird (Gymnomystax mexicanus). (Illustration by Emily Damstra)

308 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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3

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7

1. Gray-crowned rosy finch (Leucosticte tephrocotis); 2. Canary Islands finch (Fringilla teydea); 3. Red crossbill (Loxia curvirostra); 4. Chaffinch
(Fringilla coelebs); 5. Common redpoll (Acanthis flammea); 6. American goldfinch (Carduelis tristis); 7. Brambling (Fringilla montifringilla); 8. Green-
finch (Carduelis chloris). (Illustration by Barbara Duperron)

326 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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5

1. Hawfinch (Coccothraustes coccothraustes); 2. Eurasian siskin (Carduelis spinus); 3. Evening grosbeak (Coccothraustes vespertinus); 4. Pine
grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator); 5. European goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis); 6. European serin (Serinus serinus); 7. Island canary (Serinus ca-
naria); 8. Eurasian bullfinch (Pyrrhula pyrrhula). (Illustration by Barbara Duperron)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 327

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7
9

1. Lanai hookbill (Dysmorodrepanis munroi); 2. Anianiau (Viridonia parvus); 3. Akohekohe (Palmeria dolei); 4. Po’ouli (Melamprosops phaeosoma);
5. Apapane (Himatione sanguinea); 6. Akikiki (Oreomystis bairdi); 7. Akepa (Loxops coccineus); 8. Palila (Loxioides bailleui); 9. Greater koa finch
(Psittirostra palmeri); 10. Laysan finch (Psittirostra cantans). (Illustration by Patricia Ferrer)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 345

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1. White-breasted negro-finch (Nigrita fusconota); 2. Peter’s twinspot (Hypargos niveoguttatus); 3. Red-headed finch (Amadina erythrocephala);
4. Male (top) and female red-fronted flowerpecker weaver-finch (Parmoptila rubrifrons); 5. Green-winged pytilia (Pytilia melba); 6. Jameson’s fire-
finch (Lagonosticta rhodopareia); 7. Crimson seedcracker (Pyrenestes sanguineus); 8. Common waxbill (Estrilda astrild); 9. Male (top) and female
red-cheeked cordon-bleu (Uraeginthus bengalus); 10. African silverbill (Lonchura cantans); 11. African quailfinch (Ortygospiza atricollis). (Illustra-
tion by Joseph E. Trumpey)

358 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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1. Diamond firetail (Stagonopleura [Emblema] guttata); 2. Spotted munia (Lonchura punctulata); 3. Red avadavat (Amandava amandava); 4. Female
(left) and male pin-tailed parrotfinch (Erythrura prasina); 5. Female (left) and male Gouldian finch (Chloebia gouldiae); 6. Pink-billed parrotfinch
(Erythrura kleinschmidti); 7. Java sparrow (Padda oryzivora); 8. Male (left) and female zebra finch (Poephila guttata); 9. Double-barred finch (Poephila
bichenovii). (Illustration by Joseph E. Trumpey)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 359

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4
5

7
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1. Red-headed weaver (Anaplectes rubriceps); 2. Sociable weaver (Philetairus socius); 3. White-browed sparrow weaver (Plocepasser mahali);
4. Dark-backed weaver (Ploceus bicolor); 5. Thick-billed weaver (Amblyospiza albifrons); 6. Village weaver (Ploceus cucullatus); 7. Blue-billed mal-
imbe (Malimbus nitens); 8. Spectacled weaver (Ploceus ocularis); 9. Red-billed buffalo weaver (Bubalornis niger). (Illustration by Amanda Humphrey)

380 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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6

1. Rock sparrow (Petronia petronia); 2. House sparrow (Passer domesticus); 3. Golden sparrow (Passer luteus); 4. Tree sparrow (Passer mon-
tanus); 5. Père David’s ground sparrow (Pyrgilauda davidiana); 6. Snow finch (Montifringilla nivalis); 7. Pale rock sparrow (Carpospiza brachy-
dactyla); 8. Southern rufous sparrow (Passer motitensis). (Illustration by Amanda Humphrey)

400 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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3

6
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9
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1. Helmeted myna (Basilornis galeatus); 2. Bare-eyed myna (Streptocitta albertinae); 3. Male golden-crested myna (Ampeliceps coronatus); 4.
Red-billed oxpecker (Buphagus erythrorhynchus); 5. Hill myna (Gracula religiosa); 6. Male Bali myna (Leucopsar rothschildi); 7. Black-winged star-
ling (Acridotheres melanopterus); 8. Common myna (Acridotheres tristis); 9. Sri Lanka myna (Gracula ptilogenys); 10. Crested myna (Acridotheres
cristatellus). (Illustration by Emily Damstra)

412 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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9
10

1. Male magpie starling (Speculipastor bicolor); 2. Rarotonga starling (Aplonis cinerascens); 3. Male white-eyed starling (Aplonis brunneicapilla);
4. Male European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) in spring plumage; 5. Male spot-winged starling (Saroglossa spiloptera); 6. Copper-tailed glossy-starling
(Lamprotornis cupreocauda); 7. Male Kenrick’s starling (Poeoptera kenricki); 8. Male red-winged starling (Onychognathus morio); 9. Babbling star-
ling (Neocichla gutteralis); 10. Rosy starling (Sturnus rosea) in spring plumage. (Illustration by Emily Damstra)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 413

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1. Crimson-bellied oriole (Oriolus cruentus); 2. Eastern black-headed oriole (Oriolus larvatus); 3. Timor figbird (Sphecotheres viridis); 4. Olive-
backed oriole (Oriolus sagittatus); 5. Eurasian golden oriole (Oriolus oriolus); 6. Australasian figbird (Sphecotheres vieilloti). (Illustration by Emily
Damstra)

430 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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3

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1. Greater racket-tailed drongo (Dicrurus paradiseus); 2. Ashy drongo (Dicrurus leucophaeus); 3. Square-tailed drongo (Dicrurus ludwigii); 4. Ribbon-
tailed drongo (Dicrurus megarhynchus); 5. Pygmy drongo (Chaetorhynchus papuensis); 6. Black drongo (Dicrurus macrocercus). (Illustration by
Brian Cressman)

440 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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1. White-winged chough (Corcorax melanorhamphos); 2. Apostlebird (Struthidea cinerea); 3. Australian magpie-lark (Grallina cyanoleuca). (Illus-
tration by Wendy Baker)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 455

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1. White-breasted woodswallow (Artamus leucorynchus); 2. Male white-browed woodswallow (Artamus superciliosus); 3. Little woodswallow (Arta-
mus minor); 4. Black-faced woodswallow (Artamus cinereus); 5. Dusky woodswallow (Artamus cyanopterus). (Illustration by Bruce Worden)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 461

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1. Gray butcherbird (Cracticus torquatus); 2. Female Bornean bristlehead (Pityriasis gymnocephala); 3. Pied currawong (Strepera graculina); 4. Click-
ing peltops (Peltops blainvillii); 5. Australian magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen). (Illustration by Dan Erickson)

470 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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1. Satin bowerbird (Ptilonorthynchus violaceus); 2. Regent bowerbird (Sericulus chrysocephalus); 3. Tooth-billed bowerbird (Scenopoeetes den-
tirostris); 4.Spotted bowerbird (Chlamydera maculata); 5. Archbold’s bowerbird (Archboldia papuensis); 6. Macgregor’s bowerbird (Amblyornis mac-
gregoriae); 7. Golden bowerbird (Prionodura newtoniana); 8. Green catbird (Ailuroudus crassirostris). (Illustration by Joseph E. Trumpey)

482 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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1. Female and 2. Male Lawes’s parotia (Parotia lawesii). (Illustration by Emily Damstra)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 493

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All males: 1. Ribbon-tailed astrapia (Astrapia mayeri); 2. Crested bird of paradise (Cnemophilus macgregorii); 3. Standardwing bird of paradise
(Semioptera wallacii); 4. King of Saxony bird of paradise (Pteridophora alberti); 5. Crinkle-collared manucode (Manucodia chalybata); 6. Greater
bird of paradise (Paradisaea apoda); 7. Short-tailed paradigalla (Paradigalla brevicauda); 8. King bird of paradise (Cicinnurus regius); 9. Victoria’s
riflebird (Ptiloris victoriae). (Illustration by Emily Damstra)

494 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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1. Pinyon jay (Gymnorthinus cyanocephalus); 2. Gray jay (Perisoreus canadensis); 3. Azure-winged magpie (Cyanopica cyana); 4. Green magpie
(Cissa chinensis); 5. Eurasian jay (Garrulus glandarius); 6. Rufous treepie (Dendrocitta vagabunda); 7. Western scrub-jay (Aphelocoma california);
8. Hume’s ground-jay (Pseudopooces humilis); 9. Eurasian magpie (Pica pica); 10. Blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata). (Illustration by Gillian Harris)

510 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia

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1. American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos); 2. Spotted nutcracker (Nucifraga caryocatactes); 3. Red-billed chough (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax);
4. Western jackdaw (Corvus monedula); 5. Northern raven (Corvus corax); 6. House crow (Corvus splendens); 7. Torresian crow (Corvus orru);
8. Rook (Corvus frugilegus); 9. Carrion crow (Corvus corone). (Illustration by Gillian Harris)

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 511