Water Soluble vitamins

Vitamin Enzyme Pathway Deficiency Disease

B 1 (Thiamine) Associated with Alcoholism Wernicke’s encephalopathy:
dehydrogenases: TCA cycle CNS damage
-Pyruvate dehydrogenase Interferes with absorption Korsakoff’s syndrome:
-α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase Amnesia & psychiatric manifestations
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome:
Both neurologic and psychiatric manifestations
In regions dependent on Beriberi syndrome:
polished or dehusked rice (husk A. Wet beriberi: high output cardiac failure due to inadequate ATP
is the source of thiamine) and accumulation of keto-acids in the cardiac muscle.
B. Dry beriberi: Without fluid retention
`-Transketolase (activity requires HMP shunt
only thiamine) and its activity is
used to diagnose thiamine
deficiency.

-Branched chain keto acid Metabolism of branched Maple syrup disease

dehydrogenase chain amino acids

B 2 (Riboflavin) -Succinate dehydrogenase TCA -Ariboflavinosis -Corneal neovascularization

Used to make FAD(H2) -Fatty acyl-CoA dehydrogenase Β-Oxidation of F.A. Dietary deficiency (TPN) -Stomatitis
-Glycerol phosphate GP shuttle -Angular stomatitis
dehydrogenase
B 3 (Niacin) -Cofactor for dehydrogenases In large doses it can inhibit -Malnutrition -Pellagra:
-Used to make NAD(H) & hormone sensitive lipase -tea and toast diet in elderly Diarrhea, Dementia, Dermatitis & Death
NADP(H) (Antihyperlipidemic drug)
B 5 (Pantothenic Used to make Co-enzyme A
acid) -Fatty acid synthase
-Fatty acyl-CoA synthase -Fatty acid metabolism
-Pyruvate dehydrogenase
- α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase -TCA
B 6 (Pyridoxine) Used as Pyridoxal-Phosphate by -Detoxify ammonia -Alcoholic liver disease -Sideroblastic anemia
all Aminotransferases -Heme synthesis -Liver damage ( increase -Stomatitis
(Transaminases) transaminases) -Encephalopathy
-Isoniazid
Also used by cystathionine β-
synthase -Supplemented in pts with homocysteinuria
B 7 (Biotin) Associated with carboxylases
(ABC enzymes: ATP, Biotin, and
Carbon). -Gluconeogenesis -Excessive ingestion of raw -Fasting hypoglycemia
-Pyruvate carboxylase -Fatty acid synthesis eggs which contains Avidin
-Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (biotin binding protein)

-Odd chain fatty acid Alopecia

-Propionyl-CoA metabolism and metabolism Bowel inflammation
of Val, Met, Ile and Thr. Muscle pain
 Vitamin Enzyme Pathway Deficiency Disease
B 9 (Folic acid) -Thymidylate synthase (U T) -Thymidine (Pyrimidine -Pregnancy (depletion of the - Increase risk of NTD.
THF is the active form synthesis) stores within 3 months).
-Purine synthesis - Alcoholics -Megaloblastic anemia
-Buildup of homocysteine (homocystinemia)  DVT and
atheroma formation.
-Supply of B12 , folate or pyridoxine lowers homocysteine
levels
B 12 -Homocysteine methyltransferase - reactivate folate - No dietary deficiency. -Megaloblastic anemia (no folate reactivation)
(Cyanocobalamine) - pernicious anemia (most
-Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase -Odd chain fatty acid common)
metabolism and -Bacterial overgrowth
metabolism of Val, Met, Ile -Terminal ileum resection
and Thr. -Pancreatitis
-Crohn’s disease
-Source of succinyl-CoA -Vegans -Subacute degeneration of spinal cord
-Diphyllobothrium latum Degeneration of posterior and lateral columns
Vitamin C -Prolyl & Lysyl hydroxylase -Collagen synthesis -Diet deficient in citrus fruits& -Scurvy:
(Ascorbate) -Dopamine hydroxylase -Catecholamine synthesis green vegetables Poor wound healing, easy bruisability, bleeding gums,
increase bleeding time, glossitis and anemia
-Iron absorption from GIT from plant
sources