ROSE
Botanical Name: (Rosa hybrida)
Family: Rosaceae
About the Rose
Rose is much older than man.
History of man and rose is linked over 5000 years.
Fossil remains of rose were found in Oregon and
Colorado and are estimated 30 million years old.
There are about 120 species under Rosa genus
Rose reached Rome before Christ.
Rose cultivation in India developed with the
distillation of roses as mentioned by Charaka in
Ayurveda around 100 A.D.
Uses of Rose
Loose flower
Cut flower
Shrub or bush
Standard
Climber
Hedge/ Edge
Rock plant
Pot plant
Hanging basket plant
Perfume and allied products
Source of vitamins
Potpourris and dry flowers
Important categories of roses
Hybrid Teas (Hybrid perpetual x Tea rose) 1st
variety-- La France in 1867
variety
Floribundas (Hybrid Teas x Perpetual polyanthas)
1st variety
variety-- Rodhatte in 1924
Off-springs of Rosa chinensis, R.
Hybrid perpetual ( Off-
gallica and R. centifolia)
Teas or Tea scented China roses (Origin from Rosa
chinensis and R. gigantea)
Grnadifloras (Hybrid Teas x Floribundas)
Polyanthas ( Ancestry of crosses of R. multiflora, R.
wichuriana and R. chinensis) 1st variety
variety-- La
Paquerette in 1875
China roses (Rosa chinensis)
Miniatures
Damask rose (Rosa damascena)
Important categories of roses
Bourbon rose (Rosa bourboniana)
Cabbage rose (Rosa centifolia)
French rose (Rosa gallica)
Albas
Musk rose (Rosa moschata)
Rugosas (Rosa rugosa)
Australian briars (Rosa foetida/ lutea)
Moss roses (modified bristles looking like moss)
Ramblers (Rosa wichuriana, R. multiflora)
Noisette roses (Rosa chinensis x R. moschata)
Genetically Engineered Rose in
Japan released on 1st July, 2004
Way to Blue Rose
• The very first truly blue roses have gone on display in Japan and will
be on sale to the public next year.
• After 13 years of research the Japanese Suntory
company have finally perfected the mythical flower.
• Working with the Australian company Florigene the
researchers took the delphinidin gene, which creates the blue
colour, from a petunia. They then inserted it into a mauve rose
called the Cardinal de Richelieu.
• The resultant flower was a dark burgundy colour due to an excess
of the blue pigment cyanidin.
• After using RNAi technology to reduce this the final blue rose was
today unveiled at the annual Flower Expo held at Makuhari Messe in
Chiba, Japan.
• Source: Mail On Line: 1st November, 2008
Important characters of cut-
cut-rose
More number of petals
Petals open slowly
More longevity
Attractive colour
Long and strong stem
Important cultivars of cut-
cut-roses for
export
Cora, Corvetti, Diplomat, Femma, First Red,
Grand gala, Kiss, Konfetti, Lambada, Laser,
Nicole, Noblesse, Osiana, Papillon, Parea,
Pavrotte, Rodeo, Rossini, Sacha, Samura,
Sandy, Sangaria, Soledo, Susanne, Texas,
Tineke, Vivaldi.
Indian Rose Varieties
• About 600 cultivars of roses have been developed in India. Some of
important are given below:
IARI, New Delhi:
• Hybrid Tea:-
Tea:- Abhisarika, Anurag, Arjun, Bhim, Charugandha, Chitwan,
Dr. B.P. Pal, Dr. Bharat Ram, Ganga, Jawahar, Mother Teressa, Mridula,
Mrinalini, Nurjahan, Priyadarshini, Pusa Sonia, Pusa Gaurav, Pusa
Bahadur, Pusa Priya, Pusa Garima, Raj Kumari, Raktagandha, Rangasala,
Surabhi, Vasant. New varieties from IARI are Pusa Ajay, Pusa Arun, Pusa
Mansij, Pusa Mohit, Pusa Abhisek, Pusa Komal, Pusa Manhar, Pusa
Muskan, Pusa Sharbati, Pusa Urmil, Pusa Priya and Pusa Ranjan.
• Floribunda:
Floribunda:-- Arunima, Chandrama, Deepshikha, Himangini, Mohini, Nav
Sadabahar, Neelambri, Prema, Pusa Barahmasi, Pusa Pitamber, Pusa
Virangana, Sadabahar, Saratoga, Shabnam, Sindhoor, Suchitra and
Suryodaya.
• Miniature:
Miniature:-- Delhi Scarlet.
• Polyanthas:
Polyanthas:-- Swati.
Important factors affecting growth and
flowering of cut-
cut-roses
Environmental factors
Management factors
Harvest and post harvest factors
Environmental factors
Temperature (Day: 18-18-28 and night: 15
15--
18o C)
Light (Photoperiod over 12 hours and
intensity: 6000-
6000-8000 foot candles)
Relative humidity (50(50--60 %)
Aeration (Good in air and soil)
Carbon dioxide (1000
(1000--3000 ppm)
Management factors
Soil or medium condition
Nutrition
Pruning
Pinching
Disbudding
De--shooting
De
Defoliation
Removal of faded flowers
Bending of shoots (about 25 %)
Ideal Soil or Growing media
Light, well drained
pH 6.5
EC less than 1.0
Humus 10-
10-12%
Important constituents of soilless growing
medium are:
sand
coco--peat and
coco
rock--wool.
rock
Propagation of roses
Seeds (Developing new cutivars)
Cuttings (Propagation of rootstocks-
rootstocks- 15 to
20 cm long stem cuttings of pencil thickness
having at least three buds)
Shield or T-
T-Budding (Commercial method)
Grafting (Cleft, bench and inarching)
Layering (ground and air)
Stenting method ( Budding done on
cuttings, which are planted for rooting in mist
chamber)
Micro--propagation
Micro
Characteristics of rootstocks
Should produce fibrous root system.
Propagated easily by cuttings.
Vigorous growth habit and healthy.
Resistant or tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses.
Uniform plant growth.
Free from suckers.
Thick bark to hold firmly the bud.
Support the bud for long time.
Able to grow in varied soil and agro-
agro-climatic
conditions.
Important rootstocks of rose
Rosa bourboniana
Rosa indica var. Odorata
Rosa laxa
Rosa multiflora
Rosa noisettiana
Rosa rugosa
Rosa chinensis
Rosa moschata
IXL
Dr. Huey
Budding Time in Rose
• N.I. plains: Nov.-
Nov.-Dec.
• Low hills: Dec.-
Dec.-Feb.
• Mid hills: Jan.-
Jan.-Mar.
• High hills: Feb.-
Feb.-April.
• Pruning in roses should also be done
during this period.
Optimum Planting Density in Rose
• Purpose of growing roses determines the
planting density and spacing.
• In open 60 x 60 cm (Row-
(Row-Row and Plant
Plant--Plant)
or 60 x 30 cm.
• Closer spacing of 30 x 30 cm is now very
common.
• In greenhouse single, double or four row
planting system in bed is being followed and
spacing of 30 x 25 cm is kept.
• Optimum plating density in greenhouse is 60- 60-70
thousand per hectare.
Optimum dose of nutrients (ppm)
to be given as fertigation in roses
• pH: 6.2-
6.2-6.8 • Calcium: 55
• EC: 0.7 • Magnesium: 20
• Nitrate: 180 • Ammonium: 2
• Phosphate: 4 • Iron: 0.39
• Potassium: 45 • Manganese: 0.04
• Sodium: 25 • Zinc: 0.07
• Chloride: 35 • Boron: 0.08
• Sulphate: 105 • Copper: 0.05
• Bi--carbonate: 30
Bi
Factors determining the amount of
pruning in roses
• Cultivar
• Class or category of rose
• Health and vigour of plant
• Spacing
• Soil fertility
• Desired quality
Pinching in roses
• In pinching 2-
2-5 unfolded leaves are
removed.
• Reduces plant height
• Promote lateral branching
• Regulate flowering
• Early pinching result in increased diameter
of cane, with more height.
How rose plants are to be prepared
for the next season?
• Stop watering and nutrition after
harvesting flowers, for about 4-
4-8 weeks
until most of the leaves drop.
• Do pruning up to 30-
30-60 cm from ground
level.
• Start slowly watering and nutrition.
Wintering of roses
• The base of the plant is exposed to sun
and air by removing 10-
10-15 cm deep soil
layer in 20-
20-30 cm plant periphery.
• After about a fortnight fill this with a
mixture of well decomposed manure and
do watering.
• Wintering of roses is very common in
western part of India.
Important insect-
insect-pests of roses
• Red scales
• White ants
• Aphids
• Thrips
• Red spider mites
• Jassids
• Chafer beetles
• Mealy bugs
• Stem girdler
• Sawflies
Important diseases of roses
• Die back (Diplodia rosarum, Colletotrichum sp.)
• Black spot (Diplocarpon rosae)
• Powdery mildew (Spaerotheca pannosa)
• Downey mildew (Peronospora sparsa)
• Gray mould (Botrytis cinerea)
• Rust (Phragmidium sp.)
• Crown ball (Agrobacterium tumefaciens)
• Wilt (Marmor flaccumfasciens) are important
disease of roses.
Disorders in roses
• Bull head
• Bent neck
• Limp neck
• Blind shoot
• Vascular plugging
• Deficiencies of Zn and B.
Optimum stage of harvesting cut
roses
• For local market: When outer one/two
petals start unfurling.
• For distant market: Fully coloured tight
buds
• Loose flowers: Fully open flowers.
• White, pink and yellow cultivars are
harvested earlier to red as red may not
open if harvested at tight bud stage
Qualities of Rose cut flowers
• Strong straight stem capable of holding the
flower in upright position.
• Uniform stem length.
• Shape and size of flower representative of the
cultivar.
• Uniform stage of development.
• Flowers should be free from injuries of any kind
or discolouration.
• Foliage should be healthy and of good quality.
Popular grades of cut roses
• Large flower cultivars: Stem length 60-
60-90
cm and bud size 3-3-3.5 cm.
• Small flower cultivars: Stem length 40-
40-50
cm and bud size 2-2-2.5 cm.
Packaging of cut roses
• In bundles of 10, 12, 20
or 25.
• In corrugated card
board boxes of 100 x
32.5 x 20 cm (L x W x
H) accommodates
about 80-
80-100 cut roses
of 60-
60-65 cm length.
• Wrap flower bunches in
cellophane sleeves.
• Inline the boxes with
tissue paper or news
paper.
Optimum yield of cut roses
• Open field: 25-
25-50 stems/m2/ year.
• Indian greenhouse: 150-
150-200
stems/m2/year.
• European greenhouse: 350-
350-400
stems/m2/year.
• Loose flowers: 3-
3-5 ton/ ha/ year.
