Republic of the Philippines

Matutum View Academy

Acmonan, Tupi South Cotabato

“Guava leaves Extract as Alternative for Anti-bacterial

Soap”

The Researcher:
Bea Rada
Kaye Tabanao
Jojen Jay Requillo
April Sarah Panadero
Higina-ness Garduque
 Chapter 1

Introduction

Background of the Study

Nowadays, people are focusing in herbal plants especially those who are common

in the environment. But we are unaware of the fact that even guava leaves have several

medicinal properties, Guava Tree (Psiduim guajava) are very convenient today and based

on research this leaves of this plant is good for healing and treating wounds and other

skin infection. The leaves of the guava tree are full of anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory

agent.

Conceptual Framework

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Guava leaves extract Anti-bacterial soap

Significance of the Study

The significance of the study is that they help the students to have a flawless skin. The

product is effective at the same time has no side effects unlike the other commercial soap

because there are lots of chemical used in producing them. Guava plant is very common

to our place and it is known as an alternative. The study aims to find out the components

and vitamins present in guava leaves. This intent to provide information to the market
and pharmacies about the low cost source of anti-bacterial soap. It can also help those

people who wants to save money from buying expensive anti-bacterial soap.

Scope and Delimitation

The study deals with the components and nutrients found in guava leaves. To determine

if guava leaves can be a component in producing anti-bacterial soap. The study conducted

at Matutum View Academy, Acmonan, Tupi South Cotabato. The researchers used

random sampling in choosing their respondents. Their respondents are those people who

wants to have a flawless skin.

Statement of the Problem

1. How does it help to prevent skin irritation?

2. Which is more effective to use as a soap for your flawless skin?

a. Commercial soap

b. Herbal soap

Hypothesis

H0: Further studies are needed to find out if guava leaves extract as alternative soap is

effective as anti-bacterial soap.

Ha: If guava leaves will be extracted with its natural components and observe by

using it as an anti-bacterial soap that itchiness will lessen, then it can be natural and

economic-friendly anti-bacterial soap.

Definition of Terms

Guava leaves- are just medicinally useful as the nutritional powerhouse fruit they grow

with. The leaves of guava tree are full of antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, and anti-

bacterial.

Anti-bacterial- anything that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or their ability

to reproduce. Heat, chemicals such as chlorine, and antibiotic drugs all have antibacterial

properties.

Soap- a substance used with water for washing and cleaning, made of compound of

natural oils or fats with sodium hydroxide or another strong alkali, ad typically having

perfume and coloring added.

Alternative- one of the two or more ways of achieving the same desired end or goal. An

alternative does not have to be close substitute for the first choice (or other alternatives),

or must solve the problem in a particular way.

Herbal- In general use, herbs and plants with savory of aromatic properties that are used

for flavoring and garnishing food, medicinal purposes, or for fragrance; excluding

vegetables and other plants consumed for macronutrients. Culinary use typically

distinguishes herbs from spices.

Extract- a substance that you can get from something

Commercial- is used to refer to a trading entity engaged in business activities that are

hedged by positions in the futures options markets.

Shea Butter- is a fat extracted from the nut of the African shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa).

It is ivory in color when raw, with more processed versions being white in color,

although it is commonly dyed yellow with borututu root or palm oil. It is widely used in

cosmetics as a moisturizer, salve or lotion. Shea butter is edible and is used in food

preparation in some African countries. Occasionally, shea butter is mixed with other oils

as a substitute for cocoa butter, although the taste is noticeably different.

 Chapter II

Review of Related Literature

Guava, is a genus of about 100 species of tropical shrubs and small treesin the myrtle

family Myrtaceae. It is native in Mexico, as well Central America, Northern America and

parts of the Carribeanbut not cultivated throughout the tropics. In Tagalog, name bayabas

are probably local renditions of guayaba. Numerous referances in medical research

identify guava as Psidium Guajava.

Psidium guajava are cultivated in many tropical and subtropical countries for their edible

fruit. Psidium Guajava are often considered superfruits, being rich in Vit. A and C and

other properties. Its leaves contained antioxidant pigments, carotenoids and Polyphenols

that are good components in turning our skin healthy. Since 1950’s, guava, particularly

its leaves, has been a subject for diverse research in chemical identity of its constituents,

pharmacological properties and history in folk medicine. For example, from preliminary

medicinal research in laboratory models, extract from guava leaves are implicated in

therapeutic mechanisms against cancer, bacterial infections, inflammation and pain and

skin disorder. Essential oils from leaves have shown strong anti-cancer on vitro.

Guavas are incredibly delicious and packed with nutrients. This tropical fruit is low in

calories, loaded with fiber, and an excellent addition to a healthy diet. Many studies also

support the benefits of guava leaf extracts, which are taken as dietary supplements.

Together, guava fruit and leaf extracts may boost your heart health, digestion, and

immune system in addition to other benefits. This remarkable nutrient content gives them
many health benefits. Here are 8 evidence-based health benefits of guava fruits and

leaves.

1. May help lower Blood Sugar levels.

Guava extraxt may help improve blood sugar control in people with diabetes or

those at risk.

2. May boost Heart Health.

Guava fruit or leaf extract may have a positive effect on heart health by lowering

blood pressure, decreasing bad cholesterol, and increasing good cholesterol.

3. May help relieve painful symptoms of menstruation.

Taking guava leaf extract daily may help decrease symptoms of painful

menstruation, including cramps.

4. May benefit your Digestive System.

Consuming guavas or guava leaf extract may prevent or reduce diarrhea and

constipation.

5. May aid weight loss.

Guavas are full of fiber and low in calories, meaning that they may help you feel

full and aid weight loss.

6. May have an anticancer effect.

The high levels of antioxidants in guava may help prevent the development and

growth of cancer cell.

7. May help boost your immunity.

Guavas are one of the richest food sources of vitamin c. maintaining adequate

levels of this vitamins is important protecting against illness and infections.

 8. Eating guavas may be good for your skin.

The antioxidants and vitamins in guavas can help slow down the aging of your

skin, while guava leaf extract may help treat acne.

The main constituents of guava leaves are phenolic compounds, isoflavonoids, gllic acid,

catechin, epicathechin, rutin, naringenin, kaempferol. The pulp is rich in ascorbic acid,

carotenoids. (

Guava is commonly used as a medicine against gastroenteritis and child diarrhea by those

who cannot afford or do not have access to antibiotics. The present study was conducted

to clarify the possible effects of antimicrobial activities of guava extracts. Its

antimicrobial activities was determined against five food-borne pathogens:

Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Bacillus cereus

(BTCC 19), Shigella sonnei (BTCC) and Salmonella typhi (BTCC 197) using disc

diffusion method at four different concentrations: 10%, 50%, 75% and 100%. Its

antibacterial activity was also determined at three different temperatures: 50°C, 75°C and

100°C. The test organisms differed in their reaction to these different extracts, but as a

whole inhibition of bacterial growth increased with the increased concentration. All the

samples showed antibacterial activity after heat treatment at 50°C, 75°C and 100°C

suggesting that the temperature does not affect the activity. Guava extracts showed higher

antibacterial activity against gram positive bacteria compared to gram negative bacteria.

None of the extracts (10%) showed antibacterial activity against these pathogens. The

results of the present study assume that guava extracts possess compounds containing
antibacterial properties that can potentially be useful to control food borne pathogens

especially diarrhea causing organisms.

Psidium guajava L. (guava), a fruit plant belonging to the family Myrtaceae, is found all

over the world. Guava leaves, roots, and fruits have been used for the prevention and

treatment of diarrhea. In several studies, guava showed significant antibacterial activity

against common food borne diarrhea-causing bacteria such as Staphylococcus spp.,

Shigella spp., Salmonella spp., Bacillus spp., E. coli, Clostridium spp., and food spoilage

bacteria such as Pseudomonas spp. [2-5]. Guava is also used medicinally in many parts of

the world as an anti-inflammatory and antiseptic as well as in the treatment of diabetes,

hypertension, pain, fever, respiratory disorders, gastroenteritis, diarrhea and dysentery.

Guava fruits also contain vitamin C, iron, calcium and phosphorus. Guava plants also

contain some secondary metabolites. Much of guava therapeutic activity was attributed to

these flavonoids. The flavonoids had demonstrated antibacterial activity. Guava also had

antioxidant properties which were attributed to the polyphenols found in the leaves.

The problem of microbial resistance is growing and the outlook for the use of

antimicrobial drugs in the future is still uncertain. Therefore, actions must be taken to

reduce this problem, for example, to control the use of antibiotic, develop research to

better understand the genetic mechanisms of resistance, and to continue studies to

develop new drugs, either synthetic or natural. The ultimate goal is to offer appropriate

and efficient antimicrobial drugs to the patient. Development of microbial resistance to

the available antibiotics has led scientists to introduce the antibacterial activity of
medicinal plants. The use of plant extracts and phytochemicals, both with known

antimicrobial properties, can be of great significance in therapeutic treatments. In the last

few years, a number of studies have been conducted in different countries to prove such

efficiency. Many plants have been used because of their antimicrobial traits, which are

due to compounds synthesized in the secondary metabolism of the plant. These products

are known by their active substances, for example, the phenolic compounds which are

part of the essential oils, as well as in tannin. The major antimicrobial components of

plants and their essential oils are, for example, gallotannins in mango, comarins, essencial

oils, flavonoids, triterpenes and ellagitannins in Guava, ellagic acid in grapes, cherries,

pomegranate, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, apples and some nuts, terpenes in

citrus fruits, such as oranges, lemons, grapefruit and tangerines, and in cherries. Guava

juice is very popular in Cuba, Costa Rica, Egypt, Mexico, Colombia, Hawaii, Puerto

Rico, Venezuela, Malaysia, Indonesia and South Africa. The fruit is also often prepared

as a dessert, in fruit salads. In Asia, fresh guava slices are often dipped in preserved prune

powder or salt. In India it is often sprinkled with red rock salt, which is very tart. Because

of its high level of pectin, guavas are extensively used to make candies, preserves, jellies,

jams, and marmalades (such as Brazilian goiabada and Colombian bocadillo), and also

for juices and aguas frescas. "Red" guavas can be used as the base of salted products such

as sauces, substituting for tomatoes, especially for those sensitive to the latter's acidity. In

Asia, a drink is made from an infusion of guava fruits and leaves. The author has been

working with guava extracts which have excellent activity against Staphylococcus

aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Shigella sonnei and Salmonella typhi. This

study is to be undertaken to develop antibiotic substitute for the reduction of pathogens in

foods or food items in Bangladesh. This can motivate farmers to grow guava for which

they can earn money. This will create employment opportunities in the country. (Farhana,

Hossain, Mowlah, 2016).

Soaps are one of the most essential things that are being used every day. It is for cleaning

andwashing the body and it ensures that the microbes in the external parts, such as the

skin, would be removed.In terms of hygienic measures, soap is a prominent cleanser that

helps people eradicate germs and bacteria that made contact with the skin, as well as

maintain body’s health and sanity. According to Hodgson (2015), soaps are lubricant and

may contain agents that disinfect or neutralize bacteria. The lubricant in soap iswhat will

cause dirt to be lifted or moved off of the skin with the help of water.The origin of soaps

was when an excavation of ancient Babylon revealed evidence that they weremaking one

around 2800 B.C. Babylonians were the first to master the art of soap making. Soap was

usedin cleaning wool and cotton in textile manufacturing, and was also used medicinally

for at least 5000 years.Soap is a product for cleaning made from natural ingredients that

may include both plant and animal products, including items such as animal fat, tallow or

vegetable oil, castor, olive, or coconut oil.Supposedly, soap got its name from Mount

Sapo in Rome, which is the Latin word for soap (“Soap History,”2017). According to

Alison Sim, in her book,The Tudor Housewife, wealthy ladies of the Tudor period(1485-

1603) used a scented toilet soap or ‘castill soap’ for their daily washing. This soap, made

with olive oil and imported, was very expensive. A household instruction manual written

during this period includedrecipes for soap which suggests that people of all levels of

society were interested in personal hygiene.Today, there are a lot of different soaps made

for a vast array of purposes. Soap is available for personal, commercial and industrial
use. There is handmade, homemade and commercially produced soap;there is soap used

to wash clothes, dishes and cars; there is soap used for the pet; soap for the carpet

andsoap for the child. But for many types of cleaning, soaps are a lesser used product

these days, as alternativesto soap are the main choice (“Soap History,” 2017). The rise in

soap use also coincided with thedevelopment of mass marketing. One of the early giants

in the commercial manufacture of soap, Proctor &

Gamble (P&G), realized the importance of creating a brand, having an appealing package

and thenadvertising the product on a mass scale (Melissa, 2013).Meanwhile, fragrance

preferences are partly genetic and partly experiential. Many accumulatedfragrance

experiences throughout their lives. In fact, they learn to navigate the world by smell alone

beforethey learn language. The sense of smell is the only fully formed sense at birth.

Newborns can differentiate between mother and not mother within six hours of birth by

smell alone (“Dr. Bubbles Soap,” 2017). Smell plays an important role when it comes to

fragrance because they are collateral and almost synonymous.However, smell is

something that a nose can sense, whereas, fragrance gives not just a smell but a

positivescent which attracts people.In the hot condition of the weather these days, most

people considered availing good fragrance because it could help make an image for

themselves, according to Alex (2017). Supported by Patel (2017), fragrance reflects on

the person’s hygiene of regular bathing and being clean, as it is also a sign that whena

person smells good, they are well groomed. Fragrances are also added to many products

as it makes themfeel good. Smell is the only sense that affects the memory and emotion

part of the brain. If one feel goodwhen buying a product, then they are likely to continue

buying it. This is why many companies addfragrance to their products such as soaps.
Smell has become increasing important to man and as a result,the industry has responded

to the demands (“Why is Smell Important,” 2012). Soap making, according to Gerea

(2016), is a constantly evolving process. It is like a scienceexperiment that one can do

even in homes that will almost work if one knows how to do it. Today, thereare a lot of

soaps that are made in factories. But there are also some households that create and sell

soap.Many people make soap from different purposes, depends on the reason on why

they should make a soap.Perhaps, soap making is an easy process as mentioned by Gerea

in her feature post that even if one is not a chemist or scientist, they can still start making

soap.

Also, one of the significant processes in making a soap is called saponification.

According to page by Hamner (2006), saponification is the name given to a chemical

reaction that occurs when a vegetable oilor animal fat is mixed with a strong alkali. The

product of this reaction will then lead to the making of asoap, which is the basis of the

main idea of the whole study. This study would also be undergoing the same process

along the way through the experimentation.Thus, the researchers attempted to study

about making soap with long lasting fragrance in order tofind its feasibility, which will

also suffice the satisfaction of consumers through making its fragrance lastin long period

of time. Soap making can be a great experience that would, at the same time, give a

leewayin experimenting a different kind of soap. This kind of product has not yet reached

the demands in market, but through the study, researchers aimed to produce a soap that is

different from other soap products.

According to Siddons (2009), bar soaps may look pretty simple and just ordinary. A

bathing processof adding water, soap up and rinse off. But hidden inside the innocent

lump are a few advantages that arewaiting to surf up. Because the skin is bombarded

daily with foreign influences such as scorching sun,drying winds, biting cold weather,

bacteria and dirt, our distant ancestors learned quickly that preservingthe health of skin is

a way for better and longer life.Bar soaps are excellent at getting the skin clean. Soaps are

also cheap and simple. These soapslather up decently allowing the soap and water to

spread across the skin and attach to the dirt and oil toremove them. However, they often

remove too much oil from the skin, taking away the moisture of theskin. Experts

recommend following up with a moisturizer to add it back. With it beneficiary medical

use,ability to clean the clothes and disinfect the surroundings from harmful bacteria and

dirt, soaps remain oneof the most useful and fundamental hygiene tool that mankind ever

created.

According to Dr. Dadu (2017), choosing the right soap is essential for every one of all

ages. It was said that showering and bathing is a part of a human’s daily life. However, it

is good to be informed about the bath products, especially soaps, which people have been

using on a daily basis. Choosing for the apt bath soap is a serious need or necessity since

it frequently comes into contact with the skin. The skins ph level is a major factor

contributing to skin problems, in which it’s a warning for everyone to avoid buying soaps

with the skin ph level between 9 and 11, an example of it is a commercial soap. This may

lead to skin problems. It is a must to be careful in choosing the right bath soap to apply.

According to Carney (2016), soap had been used to clean, to heal skin aches, and as a

skin ointmentfor ages. But in the world today, the general public use soap as a purifier or
aroma. If body needs soap forcleaning, bathing, and washing then soap also needs a

packaging to keep itself safe from harmful effects ofenvironmental conditions. Inclusive,

benevolent and protected covering is necessary to guard the highlyactive ingredients used

in soaps. The quality of these type of soaps can easily get depreciated by keepingthem in

open atmosphere without protective material. With that much usability of soaps, they

could beconsidered as a primary part of the daily life. And most important feature about

all sorts of soaps is their packaging. Whatever soap one is manufacturing or using,

whether it is a liquid soap or a traditional barsoap, it must come with a packaging. With

the same type of ingredients involved in soap manufacturing,the competitive edge gained

by the company could only be achieved through attractive packaging.

 Chapter 3

Methodology

Research Design

This chapter describes the conduct of the study. It explains the researchers method, the

instruments used, the data gathering procedure and statistical analysis of data.

Locale of the Study

The study will conducted at Matutum View Academy, Acmonan, Tupi South Cotabato.

Sampling Size & Sampling Technique

A Purposive sampling procedure will used for selecting the participants in this study.

This technique will employed to ensure a fairly equal representation of the variables for

the study.

Research Instrument

The researcher will be using one on one interview as one of the data collection instrument

of this study. The respondents were interviewed, the interviewed questions were aimed at

eliciting relevant information concerning effectiveness of the anti-bacterial guava soap.

Materials

 Pot

 Ladle

 Gloves

 Plastic Container
  Measuring Cup

 Molder (according to the shape you want in your soap)

Ingredients

 Water

 Lye (NaOH Sodium Hydroxide)

 Coconut Oil

 Shea Butter

 Guava Leaves

 Fragrance (depends on you)

 Food Coloring (green)

Procedure

Extract Guava Leaf Essence

1. Prepare the guava leaves.

2. Get a basin and put some water for washing to remove the dust and some small

insects found in the leaves.

3. After washing, get the clean guava leaves and put it into the other container.

4. Prepare the pot and pour some water, then add the guava leaves and boil it within

15 minutes to get more extract. Keep the water at boiling temperature and stir

occasionally.
 5. After 15 minutes, take the pot off the stove, strain out the guava leaves, and

transfer the guava leaf extract to a container. So that the guava leaves are

separated from the guava leaves extract.

Soap Making

1. Prepare the Lye (NaOH) solution and the Coconut Oil. The guava leaves extract is

also prepared.

2. Mix it with the Lye (NaOH), Oil, Shea Butter, Fragrance and the extract between

2-3 minutes by continuous stirring until foamy emulsion will produce and transfer

it to the molder.

3. After placing to the molder cover it with a cloth and leave it with 24 hours and

make it cool.

4. After that, get the soap into the molder and ready to use.

Data Gathering Method

The researcher should gather new ideas and information about the effectivity of Guava

leaves extract as anti-bacterial soap. In order to gather information about the study the

researcher provided and self-constructed questionnaire to be filled up by the chosen

respondents. The sheet questionnaire contained and details on the affectivity of Guava

leaves extract as anti-bacterial soap.

 Rating Scale

Acce E S G F P

ptabil x at o a o

ity c is o i o

e fa d r r

l ct

l o

e r

n y

t
Text

ure

and

color

of the

prod

uct.
Acce

ptabil

ity of

its

econ

omic
al product.
Effectiveness as Anti-

bacterial soap.
Odor of the soap.
Pleasant to use in everyday

routine.

Respondents of the Study

There were (9) nine evaluators or respondents selected randomly to answer the questions.

The questionnaire will be prepared by the researcher.

Interpretative Scale

The respondents were based on the objectives of the study by using the scale below.

Table 1.1 Scale for the Effectiveness of the Guava extract as Anti-bacterial Soap.

Rating Mean Interval Description

5 4.2-5.0 Excellent
4 3.4-4.1 Satisfactory
3 2.6-3.3 Good
2 1.8-2.5 Fair
1 1.0-1.7 Poor

Statistical Analysis

The researcher uses ANOVA to get the statistical treatment to test the difference between

treatments.
 Chapter 4

Results and Discussion

In this study was done to determine the effect of the guava extract as anti-bacterial soap.

After carefully conducted the experiment, the data were tabulated and presented in table.

Excellent Satisfactory Good Fair Poor Description

Texture and color of 0 4 5 0 0 3.4

the product.
Acceptability of its 5 4 0 0 0 4.5

economical product.
Effectiveness as 2 4 1 2 0 3.6
Anti-bacterial soap.
Odor of the soap. 3 1 5 0 0 3.7
Pleasant to use in 1 5 3 0 0 3.7

everyday routine.

T1 T2 T3 Total Mean
Replicate 1
Replicate 2
Replicate 3