ﺑﺴﻢ ﷲ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﯿﻢ
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN-I
(CE 370)
LECTURE #19
Bond and Development Length
(Problems)
By
CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017
Contents
2
Objectives of the present lecture
Problems
Cutting off or Bending Bars
Bar Splices in Flexural Members
Types of Splicing
Further reading
CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017
Objectives of the Present lecture
3
To illustrate how to calculate development length in RC
beams using code procedures.
CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017
Revision
4
The force in the steel at a crack (in a beam) :
M
T
jd
The avrage bond stress between two cracks in a beam
V
avg
o jd
The development length in terms of the ultimate value of the average bond stress ( avg,u )
f y db
ld
4 avg ,u
Here avg,u is the value of avg at bond failure in a beam test.
CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017
Revision: Basic Tension-Development Equation
(SBC 304 Equation for ld )
5
9 fy
ld db
where
10 f c' cb K tr
ld development length of deformed bars; db Note: ACI/SBC limits the value of
d b nominal dia of bar; confinement term (cb+Ktr)/db to a
reinforcement location factor; maximum value of 2.5, to prevent pull-out
bond failures, and the length ld is not taken
coating factor; less than 300 mm. That is
reinforcement size factor;
1 cb K tr
lightweight concrete modification factor; 2.5; and ld 300 mm
'
db
side cover of bars (measured from center of bars) or
cb Bar spacing factor Smaller of
one - half of center to center spacing of bars
Atr f yt
K tr transverse reinforcement index ;
10sn
Atr the total cross - sectional area of all transverse reinforcement having center to center spacing s
and a yield strength f yt ;
n the number of bars or wires being developed along the plane of splitting. If steel is in two layers, n
is the largest number of bars in a single layer; and
s maximum center to center spacing of transverse reinforcing within ld
CE 471: Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui 28-May-17
Revision: Simplified Tension-Development Equations
6
The basic equation was simplified by substituting lower limit values of cb and Ktr
to obtain simplified tension-development-length equations
20 and smaller bars and 22 and larger bars
deformed wires
Case 1: Clear spacing of bars not less
than db, stirrups or ties throughout ld 12 f y 12 f y
not less than the code minimum ld db ld db
'
or 25 f c' 20 f c
Case 2: Clear spacing of bars not less
than 2db and clear cover not less than
db
18 f y 18 f y
ld db ld db
Other cases 25 f ' '
c 20 f c
The length ld computed using above equations shall not be taken less than 300 mm. 1
In general, the simplified equations are very conservative compared to basic equation. Note :
'
CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017
Revision (Contd.)
7
Basic Compression-Development Equation
0.24d b f y 1
ldc but not less than 0.043d b f y Note :
f c' '
0.24d b f y
ldc Max , 0.043d b f y
f '
c
Development length for Bundled Bars
• Development length of 3-bar bundle=1.2×individual bar development length
• Development length of 4-bar bundle=1.33×individual bar development length
• For a group of bundled bars:
d b2 4A 4 Abundle
Abundle d b2 bundle d b
4
CE 471: Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui 28-May-17
Revision (Contd.)
8
Development length for Standard hooks
0.24 f y
ldh d b Factor
'
f c
ldh obtained from above equation shall not be less than 150 mm or 8d b
ldh ,min max(8d b , 150 mm)
or 60 mm min
CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017
Correction Factor Values
9
Hook Hooked Side Tail Stirrups Factor
Type bar db cover cover or ties value
1800 ≤ 36 mm ≥ 60 mm Any Not required 0.7
900 ≤ 36 mm ≥ 60 mm ≥ 50 mm Not required 0.7
900 ≤ 36 mm Any Any Perpendicular 0.8
s ≤ 3db
900 ≤ 36 mm Any Any Parallel 0.8
s ≤ 3db
900 or 1800 ≤ 36 mm Any Any Perpendicular 0.8
s ≤ 3db
For all other cases : Factor = 1.0
CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017
Problem-1
10
Determine the development length required for the 25mm uncoated bottom bars shown below.
(a) assume K tr 0
(b) Use the computed value of K tr
10 200 c/c
Given
f y f yt 420 MPa; f c' 20 MPa 375 450
Reinforcement location factor 1.0
Coating factor (for uncoated bars) 1.0 3 25
Reinforcement size factor (for 25 mm bars) 1.0
75 2 @ 75 150 75
75
300
All dimensions in mm
CE 471: Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui 28-May-17
Solution (a)
reinforcement location factor 1.0
coating factor 1.0
reinforcement size factor 1.0
1.0 for normal weight concrete
Side cover of bars (measured from center of bars) 75 mm
cb Smaller of 37.5 mm
and one - half of center to center spacing of bars 75/2.0 37.5 mm
(a ) K tr transverse reinforcement index 0
cb K tr 37.5 0
1.5 2.5 OK
d b 25
9 fy 9 420 11 11
ld db db
10 f c' cb K tr
10 20 1.5
d b
ld 56 25 1400 mm
CE 471: Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui 11 28-May-17
Solution (b)
reinforcement location factor 1.0
coating factor 1.0
reinforcement size factor 1.0
1.0 for normal weight concrete
Side cover of bars (measured from center of bars) 75 mm
cb Smaller of 37.5 mm
and one - half of center to center spacing of bars 75/2.0 37.5 mm
2
2 10 420
A f 4
(b) K tr transverse reinforcement index tr yt 10.99
10 sn 10 200 3
cb K tr 37.5 10.99
1.94 2.5 OK
d b 25
9 fy 9 420 1111
ld db
10 f c' cb K tr 10
20 1.94
d b
ld 44 25 1100 mm
CE 471: Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui 12 28-May-17
Problem-2
13
Determine the development length for the epoxy-coated bars shown in the
o o
beam for (a) bars end in a 90 hook and (b) bars end in a 180 hook. All the
bars are top bars. Use a concrete strength of 30 MPa and a steel yield stress
of 420 MPa. Assume multiplying Factor =1.0.
350
75 2 @ 100 200 75
75
6 28 100
6 28 500
325
All dimensions in mm
CE 471: Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui 28-May-17
Solution (a): 90 degree Hook
14
Using 900 hooks note that 1.2 as required in SBC section 12.5.2 for epoxy -
coated hooks :
0.24 f y 0.24 1.2 1.0 420
ldh d b Factor 28 1 618.4 mm. Say 625 mm
'
fc 30
150 mm or 8d b ( 8 28 224 mm) Ok.
ldh = 625 mm
Critical section
12 db = 336 mm
CE 471: Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui 28-May-17
Solution (b): 180 degree Hook
15
Using 180 0 hooks note that 1.2 as required in SBC section 12.5.2 for epoxy -
coated hooks :
0.24 f y 0.24 1.2 1.0 420
ldh d b Factor 28 1 618.4 mm. Say 625 mm
'
fc 30
150 mm or 8d b ( 8 28 224 mm) Ok.
ldh = 625 mm
Critical section
5db = 140 mm
4db = 112 mm
CE 471: Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui 28-May-17
Problem-3
16
Figure shows a cantilever beam with b = 300 mm containing 3-22 mm bars that are anchored in the column by standard
900 hooks. fc’ = 35 MPa (normal weight), fy = 420 MPa and fyt = 280 MPa., If the steel is stressed to fy at the face of the
column, can these bars
(a) be anchored by hooks into the column? The clear cover to the side of the hook is 70 mm. The clear cover to the bar
extension beyond the bend is 50 mm. The joint is enclosed by ties at 150 mm .
(b) be developed in the beam? The bar ends 50 mm from the end of the beam. The beam has 10 mm double-leg stirrups at
180 mm.
450 1200
3 22
fs f y
50 (clear cover) 50
180 50 (clear cover)
150 450
Side cover 70 mm for columns and 50 mm for beams;
Beam width 300 mm
10, double legs
All dimensions are in mm
CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017
Solution (a)
17
Except for the side cover of 70 mm, a clear cover of 50 mm is assumed
throughout the beam and joint.
Step - 1 : Check if a 90 standard hook can be used.
Length of the hook tail including the bend 12d b 3d b 0.5d b 15.5d b
15.5 22 341 mm 15.5d b
Available vertical room for the hook tail h 2 clear cover
450 - 2 50 350 mm 341 mm, OK
CE 471: Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui 28-May-17
Contd.
Step - 2 : Required development length of 90 standard hooks.
Factors :
1 for uncoated reinforcement (assunmed)
1 for normal - weight concrete
Multiplying factor :
Hook type 90 o ; Hooked bar dia ( 22 mm) 36 mm; Side cover ( 75 mm) 60 mm
Tial cover( 50 mm) 50 mm; tie spacing (s 180 mm 3d b ) Not required
Factor 0.7
0.24 f y 0.24 11 420
ldh d b Factor 22 0.7 262.4 mm
f c' 35
ldh ,min max(8d b , 150 mm) max(8 22,150) max(176,150) 176 mm 262.4 mm, OK
Available horizontal rom for 90 o standard hook 450 2 clear cover
450 - 2 50 350 mm 262.4 mm, OK
The bars can be anchored in the column by using 900 standard hook.
CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui 18 May 28, 2017
Solution (b)
19
Except for the side cover of 70 mm, a clear cover of 50 mm is assumed
throughout the beam and joint.
Step - 1 : Available room in the beam for straight anchorage :
1200 - 50 1150 mm
Step - 2 : Required development length of straight bars
bar location factor 1.3
(because the bars are top reinforcement with a depth of fresh concrete below :
450 - 50 - 22 378 mm 300 mm)
coating factor 1
Bar size factor 1 for 22 mm bars
lightweight concrete modification factor 1 (normal - weight concrete)
CE 471: Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui 28-May-17
Contd.
20
Bar spacing factor cb
1 b 2 clear cover - d b
One - half of center to center spacing of the bars
2 2
1 300 2 50 - 22
44.5 mm
2 2
d
Smallest distance from beam surface to centers of bars clear cover b
2
22
50 61 mm
2
cb min(44.5 mm,61 mm) 44.5 mm
Transverse reinforcement index, K tr
2 10 2 280
Atr f yt 4
K tr 8.14 mm
10sn 10 180 3
cb K tr 44.5 8.14
2.39 2.5, OK
db 22
CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017
Contd.
21
9 fy 9 420 1.3 111
ld db 22 764.6 mm 1150 mm.
10 f c' cb K tr 10 35 2.39
db
The bars can be developed in the beam by using straight anchorage.
CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017
Cutting off or Bending Bars
22
The beams designed up to this point have been
selected on the basis of maximum moments.
These moments have occurred at or near mid span
for positive moments and at the faces of supports
for negative moments.
At other points in the beams, the moments were
less.
Although it is possible to vary beam depths in some
proportion to the bending moments, it is normally
more economical to use prismatic sections and
reduce or cut off some reinforcing when the
bending moments are sufficiently small.
Reinforcing steel is quite expensive, and cutting it
off where possible may appreciably reduce costs.
If the bending moment fall off 50% from its
maximum, approximately 50% of the bars can be
cut off or perhaps bent up to the other face of the
beam.
CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017
Bar Splices in Flexural Members
23
Reinforcing bars must frequently be spliced because of:
The limited bar lengths available
Bar length usually limited to 12 m and exceptionally to 18 m
Changes from larger bars to smaller bars
Requirement at construction joints
CE 471: Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui
Types of Splicing
24
Frequently, reinforcement in beams and columns must
be spliced. There are four types of splices:
Lapped Splices (Lapping of bars)
Mechanical Splices
Welded splices (Welding of bars)
End-bearing splices
CE 471: Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui 28-May-17
Lap Splices
25
Lap splices are achieved by overlapping the bars over a
certain length, thereby enabling the transfer of axial force
from the terminating bar to the connecting bar through the
mechanism of anchorage (development) bond with the
surrounding concrete.
Lap splices are usually not permitted for very large diameter
bars (ø > 36 mm), for which welded splices are
recommended (except at footing-column joints).
CE 471: Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui 28-May-17
Tension Lap Splice
26
In a lapped splice, the force in one bar is
transferred to the concrete, which transfers it to
the adjacent bar.
The transfer of forces out of the bar into the
concrete causes radially outward pressures on
the concrete, these pressures, in turn, may cause
splitting cracks along the bars. Once such cracks
occur, the splice fails.
The splitting cracks generally initiate at the ends
of the splice, where the splitting pressures tend
to be larger than at the middle.
Transverse reinforcement in the splice regions
delays the opening of the splitting cracks and
hence improves the splicing capacity.
The center to center distance between two bars
in lap splice cannot be greater than one fifth of
the splice length, with a maximum of 150 mm.
CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017
Tension Lap Splice
27
There are two classes of tension lap splices with the following lengths :
Class A splice : 1.0 ld
Class B splice : 1.3 ld
The required lap class is selected as shown :
Amount of steel spliced
Stress ratio 50 % or less More than 50 %
fs / fy spliced spliced
0.5 or less Class A Class B
More than 0.5 Class B Class B
Use of class B is conservative.
Welded Splices and Mechanical Connections
28
Welded splices and mechanical connections are
particularly suitable for large diameter bars.
This results in reduces consumption of reinforcing
steel.
CE 471: Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui 28-May-17
Compression Lap splices
29
Compression lap splices will be described in the
Column topic.
CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017
Further Reading
30
Read more about the theory of bond and development
length from:
1. Reinforced concrete, Mechanics and Design by James
K. Wight and James G. Macgregor, Sixth Edition,
Pearson Prentice Hall, USA.
2. Design of Reinforced Concrete by Jack C. McCormac
and Russell H. Brown, Eighth Edition, John Wiley &
Sons.
CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017
Thank You
31
CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017
