Medieval History(A.D 750-A.

D1707)

• Early Medieval History (A.D750-A.D1206 )

• Delhi Sultanate (A.D 1206 –A.D1526)

• Mughal History (A.D 1526-A.D 1707) Great Mughals

• Gap of 15 yrs (A.D 1540-A.D1555)

• Later Mughals (A.D1707-A.D1858)

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 The years AD 750-AD 1206
• Origin if Indian feudalism
• Economic origin beginning with land grants
first by satavahana
• Political origin it begins in Gupta period
,Samudragupta started it (samantha system)
• AD750-AD950 peak of feudalism ,it continues
under sultanate but its nature changes they
allowed fuedalism to coexist.

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 North India (A.D750 –A.D950)
Period of Triangular Conflict –Pala,Prathihara,Rashtrakutas
Gurjara Prathiharas-West
Pala –Pataliputra
• Naga Bhatta -1 ,defends wetern border
• Started by Gopala
• Mihira bhoja (Most powerful)
• Dharmapala –most
powerful,Patron of Buddhism • Capital -Kannauj
Est.Vikramshila university
Senas
• Vijayasena founder • Rashtrakutas
• Last ruler –Laxmana sena • Dantidurga-founder,
defeated by defeated Badami Chalukyas
• Bhakthiyar Khalji(A.D1206) (Dasavatara Cave)
• Krishna-1
Vesara School of architecture
• Amoghvarsha
New capital-Manyaketa
Rajputs and Kayasthas the new castes of Medival India Patron-Jainism &Kannada
Famous works-Kavirajamarga,Ratnamalika
• Krishna-3 last powerful ruler
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 Period of mutlicornered conflict-the 4 Agni
Kulas(AD950-AD1206)
Chauhans-
Solankis Pawars
Ajayameru(Ajmer)
Patronn of Jainsim Bhoja Deva -23 classical
• Prithviraj chauhan-3 Dilwara temples of Mt.Abu works in sanskrit
• PrthvirajRasok- Nagara school
ChandBardai
• Battle of Tarain-1
• Battle of tarain-
2(1192) Ghadwala of Kannauj
Jayachandra (last)

Chandellas of bundelKhand Tomars of Delhi

Kajuraho AnangaPal _Dillika

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 History of Peninsular India (750-1206)

• Satavahanas –First local Dynasty

• Sangam Age-Sangam Literature,Sangam Dynasties
• Cholas,Pandyas,Cheras
(N.T.N)(S.T.N) (Kerala)
Harsha,Badami Chalukyas,Pallavas -Contemporary
Other Chola Achievements
Imperial Cholas (AD900-AD1250)
• Nataraja Bronze statue ,Tanjavur
Cheras and Pandyan are feudatories Painting,
• Vijayala Chola Founder
• Tamil literature
• Aditya Chola defeats Pallava ruler

• Raja Raja chola(A.D985-A.D1014) • Local self government ,perfected

Brihadeshwara Temple-Shiva temple (Uttaramerur Inscription of
Tallest temple Pinnacle of Dravida School Of Architecture parantaka)

• Rajendra-1
Invasion to Gangetic valley-gangaikondacholapuram
Naval Expeition to Srivijaya (Indonesia)
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Post Chola Dynasties

• Yadavas of Devagiri

• Kakatiyas of Warangal
Rudradeva –buit thousand pillar temple at Hanmakonda, Orugallu(warangal)
Ganapatideva –new capital Warangal(completed and shifted)
Rudramadevi-Greatest rulers

• Chalukyas of Vengi

• Hoyasala of Dwarasumdras
Ballala-1
Ballala-2
Temples of Halebid and belur

Malik Kafur in his deccan campaign ends these empires

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India after the Second battle of Tarain.

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 1192 AD: Second Battle of Tarain.
An inspired Prithiviraj could not contain a relentless Ghori.
Islam enters India after the second battle.

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 In 1193 Nalanda University was
destroyed by an invading Afghan ruler.

Hindu empires simultaneously collapse all over

India due to independent reasons.

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Hindu-Islamic Era.
(1200 - 1800 AD)

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Delhi Sultanates (1200 - 1526 AD)
5 dynasties: Mamluk, Khilji, Tuqlaq, Sayyid, Lodhi

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 The way of the Prophets

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 Advent of Muslims in India
• Arabs Conquered Sind –A.D712,Mohammad-bin-qasim

• A.D1001-A.D1026-25 yrs-17 times raided,Mohamud of Ghazini

• Battle of Tarain-1,Prithvi Raj vs Mohammad Ghori

• Battle of Tarain-2,Prithvi Raj chauhan Vs Mohammad Gori

• Battle of Chandwar ,Raja Jaya Chander

Delhi Sultanate (A.D1206-A.D1526)

5 Dyanasties-
• Turkish
Slaves,
Khalji,
Tuglqas

• Afghan
Sayyids,
lodhis(Afghan)
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Slave Dyansty(Mamuluk-Slave in
arabic)(A.D1206-A.D1290)
• Qutubuddin Aibak(1206-10)
LakBaksh
Died playing Polo
• Iiltutmish(1211-36)

• Son-in-law of Qutubuddin(overthrew son of

Qutub)

• sought investiture from caliph(faced

challenge from Amirs and Maliks)

• Danger of Genghis Khan

• Real founder, started Iqta system(Two

types of land iqtadars and khalisa )

• Tanka(silver coin),Jeetal(copper coin)

• Chalisa-Nobles become powerful, loyal to

him(to ward og Amirs)

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• Razia(1236-40)
The only women to sit on throne of delhi

• Baharam Shah(1240-66)

• Balban(1266-86)
No legitimacy needed ulema (Slave who rose up in the ranks)
Uluk Khan,most powerful among slave dynasty
Introduced-Sijada(Prostration),Paibos(kissing feet)
Nauroj –Festival introduced by him
Diwani-i-Airz military Dept(against mongol threat)

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 1221: Genghiz Khan
retreats back from the
Indus river.

Alaudin Khilji of Delhi

was strong and Khan
didn’t want to take a
chance.

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Khalji Dynasty(1290-1320)
• Jalaluddin Khalji(1290-96)
• Allauddin Khalji(1296-1316)
• Military reforms
Dagh-branding of horse, chahra-Descriptive roll of soldiers
Regular muster of army(cash payment )
• Economic reforms
Establishment of separate market for
foodgrains,cloth,horses(fixing of prices )
Increase of land revenue by 50%,elimination of middle
man
• Chari(pasture tax),Khari(house tax),Jiziya,Kharaj(on land )
Diwani-i-Mustakharaj-a separate
Department to enquire in to revenue arrears
• Conquests

• Malik Khafur rajput states Devagiri,Warangal

• Protected India from Foreign Invaders
• Alli-Darwaza (Gate way to qutub Minar)

• Nasiruddin Khusrau
first hindu convert to sit on throne

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Tughluqs(1320-1414)

• Founder -Ghiyasuddin Tughluq

• Muhammad-bin-tughluq(1325-1351)

ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS:

• TAXATION IN THE DOAB.(1326A.D)

More taxes on non-muslims (up to half and
10-20 times more than the muslims
population)
• TRANSFER OF CAPITAL.(1327A.D)
forcing people to move out ,abandoning it
for lack water
• INRODUCTION OF TOKEN CURRENCY
.(1329A.D)
counterfeit coins by people due to high
taxes
Diwan-i-Kohli( Dept of Agriculture)

Decline of empire 1336-vijayanagara

Bahamani-1347
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Firuz Tugluq (1351-88)

• Establishment of Diwan-i-
Khairat(department for poor and
needy people) and Diwan-i-
Bundagan(department of slaves).
• Making Iqtadari system hereditary.
• Construction of canals for irrigation
from
Yamuna to the city of Hissar
From the Sutlej to the Ghaggar
From the Ghaggar to Firuzabad
From Mandvi and Sirmour Hills to
Hansi in Haryana.
• Establishment of four new towns,
Firuzabad, Fatebabad, Jaunpur and
Hissar.
• Imposition of Jaziya on the
Brahmans for the first time
• Establishment in Delhi a hospital
described variously as Darul-Shifa,
Bimaristan or Shifa Khan
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1398: Timur of Samarkhand plunders Delhi
and leaves 100,000 dead in 1 day.

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Timurs Invasion of India 1398
weakening if Sultanate

Sayyidis (1414-51)
Sayyind Khizir Khan by Timur

Lodis(1451-1526)

Bahlul Lodi-Founder

Sikander Lodi
Exapanded kingdom ,shifted
capital to Agra from Delhi

Ibrahim Lodi
Battle of Panipat
(invitation by Daulat Khan lodi)

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 Literature :

Al-Beruni Kitab fi Tahqiq About Indian Sciences

(Indian Philosophy, sciences etc) express
regret that scientific pursuit has been
abandoned
Firdausi Shah Namah Mahmud Ghazani’s reign

Amir Khusaru Kaizan-ul-futuh

15 years of Allaudin rule
(Tabla &sitar ,Qawwalis)
(Tarik-i-Alahi)

Ashika Khijr Khan(son of Allauddin) love for gujarati

Devarani

Miftah-ul-futuh Khilji and his campaign

Amir Khusrau Tughluq Namah Rise of Ghiyasuddin

Ibn Battutah Kitab-ul-Rahla A Travelogue

Kalhana Rajatarangini History of Kashmir

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 Islamic Architecture
• TOMBS

• FORTS

• MOSQUE

Features of Islamic Architecture

• Arch and Dome Method

• Mortar

• Arbesque (Quran+Floral designs)

Previously trabeate style.

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Qutubuddin-aibak Adhai-din-ka-jhopda,Kuwwat-ul –Islam
Mosque,Qutub Minar
Iltutmish Tomb of Sultanigarhi (first tomb)
Balban Tomb of balban first true arch

Alauddin Jammat-i-khana mosque (first true islamic

monument),Alli darwaza(Scientific dome)
Ghiasuddin tuglaq Tuglakabad
Mohammad-bin-tuglaq Jahapanah,Daulatabad
Feroz shah tuqlaq Feroz shah kotla
Ferozabad(Ashokan pillar)
Jaunpur(memory of Mohammad-bin-tuglaq)
Repaired qutub minar
Lodis Double domes ,Char bagh

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1336: Rise of Vijayanagara Empire

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 Provincial Kingdoms-Vijaya Nagara ,Bahamani
Literature-Ashta Diggajas
Vijaya Nagara (1336-1650)(Robert Stevel
–forgotten empire) • Allasani peddana-
Manucharitam
4 Dyansties
• Sangama • Tenali Ramakrishna-
Hariha &Bukka Panduranga Mahatyam

• Saluva • Krishandevara-Amuktamalyada

• Tuluva Foreign Visitors

Krishna Devara ya • Ibn Battuta-Harihara 1

• Aravidu • Nicole de Conti,Italian –Deva Raya 1

Battle of Bannihati or Tallikota,1565
• Abdur Razzak,Persian-Devara raya2

• Domingo Peas,portugese

• Barbosa,(Krishna deva raya)

• Fernando nuniz- Achyuta Devaraya

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Bahamani kingdom(1347)

• Allaudin Hasan Bahaman Shah

(Hasan gangu),capital at gulbarga
• Firuz Bahamani –Most powerful ruler

5-Splinter States

• Nizam Shahis of AhmedNagar

• Imad Shahis of Berar

• Adilshahis of Bijapur

• Barid Shahis of Bidar

• Qutubshahis of Golkonda

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 Bhakti and Sufi movement

Bhakti,Karma,Gnan marga-to attain

salvation
Vasudev Krishna –Bhagavatism

1-Phase south India

Alvars-Vaishnavites(12) -Prabhandas
Nayannars-Shaivaites (63 )-Tevarams

• Adi Shankaracharya-Advaita(central
upanish philosohy,TAT-VAM-ASI,Gyan
marg is the best)

• Ramanuja-Vishist Advait
• Madhavacharya-Dvait
• Nirambakacharya-Dvait-advait
• Vallabhacharya-Shuddh advaita
• Bassavacharya
virashaivism-lingayats

Bhakti movement
Ramanuja-Srivaishnavism
Ramananda –took it to north India
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Nirguna form-believe in formless god
• Kabir-Doha(Found in Bijak)

• Guru Nanak Saguna Bhakti-worshiping of a god

in murthi
• Dadu dayal-(Bani)
Dadu Panthi • Chaitanya-Bengal-keertans

• Shankerdev-Assam

• Surdas-U.P
Sikhism-Guru Nanak Sursagar,Sur Sarawali

Diff-Need for guru,Purity of • Mirabhai-Rajasthan

Character
• 2-Angadh-Gurumukhi Script • Tulsidas-Ramcharithmanas
• 5-Arjun-1-Adi-
Granth,Hermander Sahib
• 9-Guru Teg bahadur –
executed
• 10-Guru gobind-Khalsa

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Sufism-

Wahadat-ul-wuzud

No difference between Haq(creator),Khalq

Abu-Fazl mentions -14 major silsila

Chisti Silsila most popular

• Moinuddin Chisti
• Qutubuddin kaki
• Nizamuddin Auliya
• Salim Chisti

Shurawati silsila –served only ruling class

Qadri silsila-Dara shikoh

Qanqah= Place of living of Pir

The followers are called Murids

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Samrat Hemu Chandra Vikramaditya (Hemu) fights
back the Afghans and takes back Delhi

Wins 22 battles against Afghans. Loses

against Akbar due to a stray arrow
hitting him in the eye in the Second
Battle of Panipat (1556).

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1526-1757: Mughal Dynasty.
Akbar’s lucky
victory against
Hemu starts a
200 year Mughal
dynasty that ruled
a big chunk of
north India.

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 Mughal(1526-40)(1555-1707),Sur Empire(1540-1555)

Mughals –descendents of Mongols

Babur

Invited by Daulat Khan Lodi ,governor of

punjab

• Battle of Panipat-1526
• Battle of Kanwa
Rana Sanga
• Battle of Ghagra

Humayun
• Battle of Chausa,Kanauj-defeated by sher
shah suri

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 Sur Empire(1540-1555)

Sur Dyanasty’ Trade &commerce

Sher Shah-5 year rule Building new roads and restoration of
Admin old ones
Sarkars>>Paraganas>>Villages Built GT road
Revenue Built rest houses along the roads
Classification of land,Assessment of land
revenue on the basis of measurement Currency Reforms
and quaality(Good,middle,bad) of land. Issue of coins of silver(rupee) and
Sikandari Gaj>>biswa>>bigha copper(Dham)

Mohar (Gold) added by Akbar

Kubuliyats(peasant had to sign)
Patta (he was given)

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 Mughal(1526-40)(1555-1707),Sur Empire(1540-1555)
Akbar
• Battle of panipat-2(Akbar-Hemu)
Akbars Reforms
• Non Rajputs –many campaigns
Malwa-1561,Khandesh1601-last Campaign
• Mansabdari system-Military-Civil
• Rajputs slowly submitted except Ranas of
Bureaucracy
Mewar.
Zat(determined personal pay, and
• Rebellion of Salim
horses),Sawar(How many in realty they
maintained the number of horses)
Jahangir
Jagirs-Land commuted in lieu of Salary
• Rebellion of Price Khusaru
Not hereditary but based on merit
• Marriage to Nur-Jahan
• Zabti system-Todar Mal-revenue is
Final peace with Rana Amar Singh
determined based on measurment of
land.
Shah Jahan
• Dahsals systems-revenue collected is avg
• Complete annexation of Ahmadnagar
past of 10 years were calculated and 1/3
• Bijapur and Golkonda Recognised Mughal
of average produce
Suzerinity

Aurangazeb Social measures

• Imperialistic annexation of Bijapur(1686) Piligrim Tax(1563)
and Golkonda (1687) Jiziya(1564)
Prohibited Polygamy,sati
Fixed age of marriage,girl schools.
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Babur Babur Tuzuk-i-Babri

Humayun Gulbadanbegam(sister) Humayunama

Akbar Abu-Fazal Akbar-Nama

4-parts
• (first up to 1572)
• Up to 1588
• Ain-i-Akbari
• Geography(people,climate)

Nizam-uddin-Ahmed Akbarnama

Mustakkabh-ul-Tarikh Al-Badayuni

Jehangir Jehangir Tuzuk-i-jahangiri

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Shah jahan Padhshah Nama Abdul hamid Lahori(First 20 years)
Kazimi(First 10)
Muhammad Waris(Last 10 years)

Aurangazeb AlamgirNama Kasem Shiraji(first 10 years)

Jean Travernier(French gem Describes peacock throne Shah Jahan

trader)
Francis Travels in Mughal Empire Initially Darashikoh later Aurangazeb(12 yrs )
Bernier(frenchphysician) Described kashmir

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 Mughal Architecture
Akbar
Painting-
• Agra Fort,Lahore,Allahabad
Potrait,Miniature,Nature
• Fahtepur Sikri Humayun
Buland Darwaza-To commemorate
• Abdus salaam,Mir sayyid Ali
Gujarat Victory Akbar
Jodha bhai Palace,Birbals
• Hamza Nama,
house,Diwan-i-am,Diwan-i- Karkhanas
Khas,Panch Mahal Dasawanth,Basawan
Humayun tomb,Salim Chisti
Jahangir
Tomb,Akbars tomb Ustad Mansur
Heights of mughal Painting
Jahangir
Akbars Tomb
Tomb of Imat-ud-daula at Agra-Pietra-dura
Mughal Gardens : Shalimar (Kashmir), Nishad gardens (Kashmir)
Shah jahan
Red Fort –Delhi
Tajmahal(Ustad mansur
Lahori)
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Aurangzeb: Last of the Mughal Emperors
goes harsh on native Hindu population.

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 Marathas(1674-1818)

Shivaji Bhonsle :

Father –Shahaji Bhonsle under Adil Shahi

• Captures Torna Fort,Fight with Afzal Khan(1659),general of Adil shah

• Battle of Pratapgarh (1659)
• Battle of Kohlapur

Aurangazeb now focuses on Shivaji

• Shaist Khan (defeated )
• Raja Jai singh 1
1665-Treaty of Purandar(Insulted by Aurangazeb)

• 1666-Escape from Agra

• 1674-Coronation and assumption of “Haindava Dharmodharak”

• Death in 1680

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Successors of Shivaji • Adminstration
Peshwas(1713-1818)
Central Adminstration- • Balaji Vishwanath
Astapradhan (1713-20)
• Shambhaji(1680-1689) Peshwa-Finance and general 1-peshwa,made peshwa
Killed by Aurangazeb Adminstration most
important,powerful,here
• Rajaram(1689-1700) Amatya-Accountant General ditary
Shivaji-2(1700-1707) • Baji Rao(1720-40)
• Revenue Greatest exponent of
• Shahu(1707-49) Prants guerilla warfare
son of Shambaji
• Chauth-1/4 of the land System of confedaracy
• Battle of Khed(1708) revenue of on land not
part of empire ,so that no Gaekwad-Baroda
Rise of Peshwaship raids would be conducted Bhosle-Nagpur
Holkar-Indore
• Sardehmukhi-Additional Scindihia-Gwalior
levy of 10% on those Peshwa-Poona
Lands of Maharashtra
over which Marathas • Balaji Baji Rao(1740-61)
claim hereditary Rights Nanasaheb
Third battle of panipat -
1761
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Marathas of Central India: Bhosle Era (1674 - 1759)
Shivaji introduces guerilla warfare against the Mughals. Hindu rulers
fight back again.

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By 1761, Marathas take control of most
of north India.

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1761: 3rd battle of Panipat. Marathas lose against
the combined strength of Afghans and Persians.
In 1818 a weakened Maratha Empire is
completely defeated by the East India Company.

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Entry of Colonial Powers in
India (17th - 19th centuries)

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Marco Polo : Venetian traveller before Vosco-da-gama

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After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, European
sailors start looking for alternative routes to Asia.
‘Daccai Muslin: Sometimes, foreign travellers also used to refer to it as malmal

shahi or malmal khas implying that it was worn by, or fit for, the royalty

Vasco da Gama reaches India in 1498.

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Europe starts building strong trade
routes to India. Goa is colonized.

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Portugal, Netherlands, France, Denmark
and England all setup trading posts.

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 Advent of Europeans
Portugese English
1498-Vosco-da-gama lands in 1599-English East India Company
Calicut 1609-John Hawkins in court of Jahangir
• Fransis –de –almeida(1505- 1613-First factory
1509) 1615-sir Thomas Roe ,Jehangir grants
First governor permission to erect factories
• Alfonso-de-Albuquerque Factories –Mauslipatnam(1611),Surat
Second governor and capture Acquisition of bombay-1688
of Goa Sultanuti,Kalikakata and GovindPur
Fort William-1700
Dutch St.george
Dutch East India Company-1602
French
Factories-
French East india company-1664
Masulipatnam(1605),Pulicat(1610),
1 factory-Surat,Masulipatnam
Surat(1616)
Dupleix-1742
Nagapatnam(1658)
Anglo-French Conflict ,carnatic
Nagapatnam main base
wars
Battle of Bedara(1759) final defeat
Danish
Danish East India Company-1616
Serampur(Bengal),Tranquebar(Tamil
Nadu
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 East India Company is one the first modern
Corporation. It entered India as a trading
company in 1612 after Jahangir allowed them.

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 The Company gets a lot of natural harbors that are
unutilized by the native rulers who ignore navy.

In 1668 England got Bombay as a dowry from Portugal

(after the royal wedding of Charles II). The company
gets permission to setup factory in Madras after
Vijayanagara kings give permission.

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