Chapter 2

Review of Seismic Design

Philosophies and Analysis Methods

CIE 626
Supplemental Structural
Damping and Control
Seismic Isolation
1
Chapter
Chapter22–– Design
Designand
andAnalysis
Analysis
 CONTENT
1. Introduction
2. Force-Based Seismic Design Procedure
3. Performance-Based Seismic Design Procedure
4. Static Nonlinear Analysis Methods
5. Direct Displacement-Based Seismic Design
Procedure
6. Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis
7. Incremental Dynamic Analysis
8. Need for Supplemental Damping and Seismic
Isolation Systems
CIE 626
Supplemental Structural
Damping and Control
Seismic Isolation
2
Chapter
Chapter22–– Design
Designand
andAnalysis
Analysis
 Major References
• Chapter 2
– Sections 2.1 to 2.8

Supplemental Damping and Seismic Isolation

3
Chapter 2 – Design and Analysis
 1. Introduction

• Brief review of current seismic design

philosophies and analysis methods
• Supplemental damping and seismic isolation
systems have evolved from and can be
implemented in each of these seismic design
philosophies and analysis methods
• Framework for the rest of the material covered
in the course
CIE 626
Supplemental Structural
Damping and Control
Seismic Isolation
4
Chapter
Chapter22–– Design
Designand
andAnalysis
Analysis
2. Force-Based Seismic Design Procedure
• Principles and Objectives
– Elastic spectral accelerations used to determine
required lateral strength of equivalent elastic
structure
– Elastic strength divided by a force reduction
factor R representative of the inherent
overstrength and global ductility capacity
Ve
V=
R
CIE 626
Supplemental Structural
Damping and Control
Seismic Isolation
5
Chapter
Chapter22–– Design
Designand
andAnalysis
Analysis
2. Force-Based Seismic Design Procedure
• Concept of Ductility

CIE 626
Supplemental Structural
Damping and Control
Seismic Isolation
6
Chapter
Chapter22–– Design
Designand
andAnalysis
Analysis
2. Force-Based Seismic Design Procedure
• Concept of Ductility

CIE 626
Supplemental Structural
Damping and Control
Seismic Isolation
7
Chapter
Chapter22–– Design
Designand
andAnalysis
Analysis
 2. Force-Based Seismic Design Procedure
• Response under El Centro Earthquake
May 18, 1940, ML = 7.1, North-South Component

CIE 626
Supplemental Structural
Damping and Control
Seismic Isolation
8
Chapter
Chapter22–– Design
Designand
andAnalysis
Analysis
 2. Force-Based Seismic Design Procedure
• Responses for different lateral strength values, Vy

CIE 626
Supplemental Structural
Damping and Control
Seismic Isolation
9
Chapter
Chapter22–– Design
Designand
andAnalysis
Analysis
 2. Force-Based Seismic Design Procedure
• Responses for different lateral strength values, Vy

CIE 626
Supplemental Structural
Damping and Control
Seismic Isolation
10
Chapter
Chapter22–– Design
Designand
andAnalysis
Analysis
 2. Force-Based Seismic Design Procedure
• Maximum displacement is almost independent of lateral
strength (Equal Displacements/Newmark’s Principle)
δmax (mm)

160

140
maximal, δmax (mm)

120
Displacement,

100

80
Déplacement

60
Maximum

40

20

0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Résistance
Lateral maximaleV, Vy(kN)
Strength, (kN)
y
CIE 626
Supplemental Structural
Damping and Control
Seismic Isolation
11
Chapter
Chapter22–– Design
Designand
andAnalysis
Analysis
 2. Force-Based Seismic Design Procedure
• Equal Displacements Principle

VE

Facteur Ductility
Displacement Factor, µ∆
de ductilité
V /WV

Vy /W = 0.13
Vy

δy δmax
CIE 626
Supplemental Structural
Damping and Control
Seismic Isolation
12
Chapter
Chapter22–– Design
Designand
andAnalysis
Analysis
2. Force-Based Seismic Design Procedure
• Linear Static Analysis Method

– Typical Code Design Base Shear Equation, V:

Ft
– Seismic Design Force at Level i, Fi:
Fi
Wi

hi
CIE 626
Supplemental Structural
Damping and Control
Seismic Isolation
13
Chapter
Chapter22–– Design
Designand
andAnalysis
Analysis
2. Force-Based Seismic Design Procedure
• Linear Dynamic Analysis Method
– For tall and/or irregular structures
– Linear modal superposition method
– Input motion defined by design acceleration
response spectrum
– Statistical combination of modal maxima
– Peak dynamic base shear scaled to static design
base shear
– Better evaluation of higher modes effects
CIE 626
Supplemental Structural
Damping and Control
Seismic Isolation
14
Chapter
Chapter22–– Design
Designand
andAnalysis
Analysis
2. Force-Based Seismic Design Procedure
• Limitations of Force-Based Seismic Design
Procedures
– Process uses estimate of elastic fundamental
period
– Force reduction factor R based on judgment
– Deformation limit-states not directly addressed
– Equal displacement approximation
inappropriate for short period structures
– No consensus on definition of yield and
ultimate displacements
CIE 626
Supplemental Structural
Damping and Control
Seismic Isolation
15
Chapter
Chapter22–– Design
Designand
andAnalysis
Analysis
3. Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering

• Framework Current Codes

Supplemental Damping &
Seismic Isolation
Systems

CIE 626
Supplemental Structural
Damping and Control
Seismic Isolation
16
Chapter
Chapter22–– Design
Designand
andAnalysis
Analysis
3. Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering

• Explicit Consideration of Residual Deformations

CIE 626
Supplemental Structural
Damping and Control
Seismic Isolation
17
Chapter
Chapter22–– Design
Designand
andAnalysis
Analysis
4. Static Nonlinear Analysis Methods
• Monotonic Pushover Analysis
– Monotonic lateral load pattern slowly increased
until lateral capacity of the structure is reached
– Seismic code equivalent static or first mode
loading pattern often used
– Capacity of the structure depends on loading
pattern

CIE 626
Supplemental Structural
Damping and Control
Seismic Isolation
18
Chapter
Chapter22–– Design
Designand
andAnalysis
Analysis
4. Static Nonlinear Analysis Methods
• Monotonic Pushover Analysis

Code

CIE 626
Supplemental Structural
Damping and Control
Seismic Isolation
19
Chapter
Chapter22–– Design
Designand
andAnalysis
Analysis
4. Static Nonlinear Analysis Methods
• Monotonic Pushover Analysis
– Example (Carr, 2004)

NZS 4203:
1992 and
Outward
Parabolic

CIE 626
Supplemental Structural
Damping and Control
Seismic Isolation
20
Chapter
Chapter22–– Design
Designand
andAnalysis
Analysis
4. Static Nonlinear Analysis Methods
• Adaptive Monotonic Pushover Analysis
– Loading pattern reflects the deformation pattern of
the structure at end of each loading step
– Structural capacity independent of initial loading
pattern
– Several procedures developed

CIE 626
Supplemental Structural
Damping and Control
Seismic Isolation
21
Chapter
Chapter22–– Design
Designand
andAnalysis
Analysis
4. Static Nonlinear Analysis Methods
• Adaptive Monotonic Pushover Analysis
– Example: Procedure proposed by Satyarno (1998)

CIE 626
Supplemental Structural
Damping and Control
Seismic Isolation
22
Chapter
Chapter22–– Design
Designand
andAnalysis
Analysis
4. Static Nonlinear Analysis Methods
• Adaptive Monotonic Pushover Analysis
– Example: Procedure proposed by Satyarno (1998)

CIE 626
Supplemental Structural
Damping and Control
Seismic Isolation
23
Chapter
Chapter22–– Design
Designand
andAnalysis
Analysis
4. Static Nonlinear Analysis Methods
• Cyclic Pushover Analysis
– Cyclic load or displacement history supplied for a
specified degrees of freedom.
Equivalent viscous
damping ratio:

CIE 626
Supplemental Structural
Damping and Control
Seismic Isolation
24
Chapter
Chapter22–– Design
Designand
andAnalysis
Analysis
4. Static Nonlinear Analysis Methods
• Effective Period and Equivalent Viscous
Damping

CIE 626
Supplemental Structural
Damping and Control
Seismic Isolation
25
Chapter
Chapter22–– Design
Designand
andAnalysis
Analysis
4. Static Nonlinear Analysis Methods
• Capacity Spectrum Analysis
– Compares structural capacity (pushover curve) with
structural demands (response spectrum).
– Base shear and roof displacement from a non-linear
pushover curve converted into equivalent spectral
accelerations and displacements.
– Graphical intersection of the two curves approximates
peak structural response.
– Non-linear inelastic behavior of structural system
accounted for by effective viscous damping values
applied to linear-elastic response spectrum.
CIE 626
Supplemental Structural
Damping and Control
Seismic Isolation
26
Chapter
Chapter22–– Design
Designand
andAnalysis
Analysis
4. Static Nonlinear Analysis Methods
• Capacity Spectrum Analysis
SA

SD
CIE 626
Supplemental Structural
Damping and Control
Seismic Isolation
27
Chapter
Chapter22–– Design
Designand
andAnalysis
Analysis
 4. Static Nonlinear Analysis Methods
• Capacity Spectrum Analysis
Pushover curve → System Capacity curve
(1)
xroof V
SD = ; SA =
α1 A (1)
roof M 1*
S D = Spectral displacement
S A = Spectral accelerati on
(1)
xroof = Roof displacement from pushover curve
Spectral
SA (1)
Aroof = First mode roof component
α1 = First modal participation factor
SD V = Base shear from pushover curve
M 1* = First modal mass
CIE 626
Supplemental Structural
Damping and Control
Seismic Isolation
28
Chapter
Chapter22–– Design
Designand
andAnalysis
Analysis
4. Static Nonlinear Analysis Methods
• Capacity Spectrum Analysis
SA

SD

CIE 626
Supplemental Structural
Damping and Control
Seismic Isolation
29
Chapter
Chapter22–– Design
Designand
andAnalysis
Analysis
 5. Direct Displacement-Based Design
• Origin:
• Reinforced concrete structures: Priestley (1994)
• Basic concept:
• Establishment of target displacement limits for different
pairs of seismic hazard and performance levels
• Linear substructure modeling:
• Equivalent linear single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system
• Equivalent lateral stiffness at target displacement limit
• Equivalent viscous damping at target displacement limit

CIE 626
Supplemental Structural
Damping and Control
Seismic Isolation
30
Chapter
Chapter22–– Design
Designand
andAnalysis
Analysis
 CIE 626
Supplemental Structural
Damping and Control
Seismic Isolation
31
Chapter
Chapter22–– Design
Designand
andAnalysis
Analysis
 5. Direct Displacement-Based Design
• Step 1: Definition of target displacement and
seismic hazard
• Define target displacement that structure should not
exceed under a given seismic hazard level
• Define design relative displacement response spectrum

0.44
Teq2
=
0.10  T 
S D Code = S A Code S D ζ eq S D Code S D Tr =  r  S D Code
4π 2 0.05 + ζ eq  474 
Transform spectral accelerations Scale for damping Scale for hazard level
into spectral displacements (Eurocode 8) (FEMA 450)

CIE 626
Supplemental Structural
Damping and Control
Seismic Isolation
32
Chapter
Chapter22–– Design
Designand
andAnalysis
Analysis
 5. Direct Displacement-Based Design
• Step 1: Definition of target displacement and
seismic hazard

CIE 626
Supplemental Structural
Damping and Control
Seismic Isolation
33
Chapter
Chapter22–– Design
Designand
andAnalysis
Analysis
 5. Direct Displacement-Based Design
• Step 2: Determination of Equivalent Viscous
Damping
50/300
60

30 E D ∆t
− ∆t
ζ eq =
Load (kN)

keq

2π k eq ∆
0
50 ∆ t
2
-100 -50 0 100
-30
ED ∆t t
-60
Displacement (mm)

– Add nominal damping ratio (e.g. 2% of critical)

CIE 626
Supplemental Structural
Damping and Control
Seismic Isolation
34
Chapter
Chapter22–– Design
Designand
andAnalysis
Analysis
 5. Direct Displacement-Based Design
• Step 3: Determination of Effective Elastic Period

CIE 626
Supplemental Structural
Damping and Control
Seismic Isolation
35
Chapter
Chapter22–– Design
Designand
andAnalysis
Analysis
 5. Direct Displacement-Based Design
• Step 4: Computation of Effective Lateral
Stiffness

CIE 626
Supplemental Structural
Damping and Control
Seismic Isolation
36
Chapter
Chapter22–– Design
Designand
andAnalysis
Analysis
 5. Direct Displacement-Based Design
• Step 5: Computation of Design Base Shear

CIE 626
Supplemental Structural
Damping and Control
Seismic Isolation
37
Chapter
Chapter22–– Design
Designand
andAnalysis
Analysis
 5. Direct Displacement-Based Design
• Step 6: Determination of Actual Force-Deflection
Characteristic

• Step 7: Verification

CIE 626
Supplemental Structural
Damping and Control
Seismic Isolation
38
Chapter
Chapter22–– Design
Designand
andAnalysis
Analysis
 5. Direct Displacement-Based Design
• Advantages:
– No estimation of the elastic period of the building is required
– Force reduction factors do not enter the design process
– Displacements drive the design process
– The relationship between the elastic and inelastic
displacements is not required
– The yield displacement does not enter the design process
• Disadvantages:
– Requires knowledge of system-level behavior
– Global non-linear monotonic load-displacement behavior
(pushover)
– Variation of global equivalent viscous damping with
displacement amplitude
– Linear substructure modeling
CIE 626
Supplemental Structural
Damping and Control
Seismic Isolation
39
Chapter
Chapter22–– Design
Designand
andAnalysis
Analysis
 6. Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis
• For very tall and/or highly irregular important structures
• Time-integration of equations of motion
• Nonlinear structural model needed
– Cyclic behavior of structural elements deemed to respond in the inelastic
range of the material needs to be included
– Realistic representation of limit states
• Ground motion input represented by an ensemble of
acceleration time-histories
– Scaled historical ground acceleration time-histories
– Synthetic records
• Usually performed at the end of the design process for
verification purposes
CIE 626
Supplemental Structural
Damping and Control
Seismic Isolation
40
Chapter
Chapter22–– Design
Designand
andAnalysis
Analysis
 7. Incremental Dynamic Analysis
• To investigate seismic capacity of structural systems
• Nonlinear dynamic analyses performed for an ensemble of
earthquake ground motions scaled to a given intensity level
IDA Curves Fragility Curve
Limit State

 ^
β2/ 2 
 ln (y) − m y e 
Lognormal CDF(y) = Θ
 β 
 

Response Parameter

CIE 626
Supplemental Structural
Damping and Control
Seismic Isolation
41
Chapter
Chapter22–– Design
Designand
andAnalysis
Analysis
 8. Need for Supplemental Damping and
Seismic Isolation Systems
• Main aim of current seismic design philosophies: avoiding
catastrophic failures and loss of life
• Cost associated with loss of operation following a moderate/ strong
earthquake not currently accounted for in the design process
• Critical facilities must be designed to achieve significantly higher
performance levels
• Building owners and insurance companies increasingly considering
impact of a major earthquake as an economic decision tool
• Supplemental damping and seismic isolation systems needed for
economical implementation of performance-base design

CIE 626
Supplemental Structural
Damping and Control
Seismic Isolation
42
Chapter
Chapter22–– Design
Designand
andAnalysis
Analysis
Questions/Discussions

CIE 626
Supplemental Structural
Damping and Control
Seismic Isolation
43
Chapter
Chapter22–– Design
Designand
andAnalysis
Analysis