CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that

Mr. Vikas Vasant Rajurkar

Has completed the necessary seminar work and prepared the bonafied report
on

UBIQUITOUS NETWORKING

in a satisfactory manner as partial fulfillment for requirement of the degree

of

B.E (Computer)
Of
University of Pune In the academic year 2002-2003

Date:

Place:

Prof. Rekha Kulkarni Prof. G P Potdar Prof. Dr. C V K Rao

Internal Guide Seminar coordinator H.O.D

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

PUNE INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY
PUNE - 43
 UBIQUITOUS NETWORKS

TODAY’S AND TOMORROW’S NETWORKS

VIKAS V. RAJURKAR
BE-II
PUNE INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY.
 Acknowledgement

I take this opportunity to thank respected Prof. Rekha Kulkarni

(my seminar guide) for his generous assistance.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude especially to the

coordinator of seminars, Prof. G P Potdar, without whose guidance, support
and motivation this seminar would not have been possible.

I am immensely grateful to our Hon. HOD Dr. C.V.K Rao for his
encouragement and guidance.

I extend my sincere thanks to our college library staff and all the staff
members for their valuable assistance.

I am also thankful to my fellow colleagues for their help and suggestions.

Vikas Rajurkar
 INDEX
Page
Chapter 1.
Introduction 2
->Ubiquity.
->Ubiquitous computing.
->Ubiquitous networks.
Chapter 2.
The Evolution of IT Paradigm 6
->Early Days.
->Web Computing.
Chapter 3.
Ubiquitous Networking 8
->Traditional Networks.
->Exotic Networks.
->Intermediate State.
Chapter 4.
How Ubiquitous Networks will work 12
->Send Out Bat Signal.
->In The Zone.
->Information Hoppers and Smart Posters.
Chapter 5.
Multi-modal Broadband Networks 17
->Broadband.
>Aims and Views.
>Goals.
->Multi-modal.
>What is it?
> Protocol for Multi-modal
Chapter 6.
Total Mobility 22
->Information Devices With Borderless Connectivity.
->Seamless Portable Content.
Chapter 7.
 Applications 26
Chapter 8.
Appendix 27
Bibliography 28
*1*
 1.Introduction

1.1 What is Ubiquity?

Ubiquity means “Anytime, anywhere”. It is total mobility. One can use

this ubiquity in technical aspects, say computing. While concerning computing we
have to consider networking area. With the help of ubiquity life is going to be
very much easier than before and much more comfortable.
We can say that concept of using ubiquity in the computing world, beyond
the desktop is going to be a new paradigm in the Information Technology.

1.2 The power of ubiquitous computing

Computers in the workplace can be as effortless, and ubiquitous, as that.

Long-term the PC and workstation will wither because computing access will be
everywhere: in the walls, on wrists, and in "scrap computers" (like scrap paper)
lying about to be grabbed as needed. This is called "ubiquitous computing", or
"ubicomp".
Ubiquitous computing has as its goal the enhancing computer use by
making many computers available throughout the physical environment, but
making them effectively invisible to the user. A number of researchers around the
world have worked in the ubiquitous computing framework. Their work had
impacted all areas of computer science, including hardware components (e.g.
chips), network protocols, interaction substrates (e.g. software for screens and
pens), applications, privacy, and computational methods.
Ubiquitous computing is not virtual reality, it is not a Personal Digital
Assistant (PDA) such as Apple's Newton, it is not a personal or intimate computer
with agents doing your bidding. Unlike virtual reality, ubiquitous computing
endeavors to integrate information displays into the everyday physical world. It
considers the nuances of the real world to be wonderful, and aims only to
*2*
augment them. Unlike PDA's, ubiquitous computing envisions a world of fully
connected devices, with cheap wireless networks everywhere; unlike PDA's, it
postulates that you need not carry anything with you, since information will be
accessible everywhere. Unlike the intimate agent computer that responds to one's
voice and is a personal friend and assistant, ubiquitous computing envisions
computation primarily in the background where it may not even be noticed.
Whereas the intimate computer does your bidding, the ubiquitous computer leaves
you feeling as though you did it yourself.
Because ubiquitous computing envisions hundreds of wireless computers
in every office, its need for wireless bandwidth was prodigious. For instance, in a
not-very-large building with 300 other people. If each had 100 wireless devices in
offices, each demanding 256kbits/sec, using 7.5 gigabits of aggregate bandwidth
in a single building.
A second challenge of the mobile infrastructure was handling mobility.
Networking developed over the past twenty years with the assumption that a
machine's name, and its network address, were unvarying. However, once a
computer can move from network to network this assumption was false. Existing
protocols such as TCP/IP and OSI were unprepared for to handle machine
mobility without change. A number of committees and researchers worked on
methods of augmenting or replacing existing protocols to handle mobility.
Third challenge of the mobile infrastructure was window systems. Most
window systems, such as those for the Macintosh and for DOS, were not able to
open remote windows over a network. Even window systems designed for
networking, such as X, had built into them assumptions about the mobility of
people. The X window system protocol, for instance, made it very difficult to
migrate the window of a running application from one screen to another, although
this was just what a person traveling from their office to a meeting might want.
Ubiquitous computing, whereby Internet appliances automatically satisfy
almost any need could improve the way companies conduct business.
Corporations could use it to automate their flow of information and dynamically
*3*
 adjust operations to fit the environment.
"Today networking is not at all transparent,"
Ubiquitous networking will allow connectivity to corporate applications
anywhere, anytime. Employees will be able to retrieve and send information
easily from their cars, mobile devices, and homes as well as from their offices.
Creating an architecture methodology provides the key to developing these new
solutions.

1.3 Ubiquitous Networking

Ubiquitous networking is the actual implementation of the ubiquitous

computing. The utilization of information technology by businesses had shifted
from the era of mainframe to one of the client server systems in the second half of
the 1980s.Then from mid-1990s onwards, the Web computing paradigm has been
taking root against the backdrop of the rapid spread of the Internet. Nevertheless,
it is unlikely that the IT paradigm, which had evolved through these stages, would
leap in one step to the world of exotic networks, which rely on the full utilization
of the wearable computers or paper computers. There is bound to be an interim IT
paradigm before we reach exotic networks. Ubiquitous networks might be such an
interim paradigm.

Ubiquitous networks are an IT paradigm comprising

1) Network infrastructures featuring broadband, mobile and

constant Internet access,
2) Diverse information equipment that provides access to internet
Protocol version 6(Ipv6), and
3) Seamlessly linked interactive contents.

*4*
NOTE: Japan is about to embark on the implementation of an ambitious e-Japan
strategy, which aims to make it possible for the 10 million Japanese households to
use broadband networks of 30-100Mbps b6y 2005. This is thought to be an
attempt to create a new IT paradigm, and ubiquitous networks can become a
strong candidate for this new IT paradigm.

*5*
2.The evolution of IT paradigm.

2.1 Early days

In order to find a new direction for the new paradigm of the economy, it is
necessary to find a new direction for the information technology. The first wave
of the information technology revolution started with the explosive diffusion of
the innovative MOSIAC browser in 1993. Information technology paradigm of
each era strongly influences the growth and evolution of the information industry.
In early days, the utilization of computers had been equivalent to the use of
mainframe computer. The lengthy period when the information industry
exclusively organized systems and operation around mainframe computers started
to come to an end in the 1980s. Client-server system began to spread quickly
during the early 1990s, and system that greatly reduced cost through combinations
of workstations (WSs) and personal computers (PCs) rapidly replaced the systems
then in use. The world of Internet began with the start of the commercial use of
the Internet in 1991 and the explosive spread of MOSIAC browser software in
1993.Web technology continues to rewrite the computing paradigm.

Figure 1. Change in IT paradigm.

UBIQUITOUS
NETWORKING

WEB
EXOTIC
COMPUTING
NETWORKING

*6*
2.2 Web Computing

The web-computing paradigm is currently spreading by taking a form that

can link PCs, WSs and even mainframe computers using an Ipv4 network.
Because the various systems now in place throughout the world can easily ride the
IP protocol, users have greatly begun connecting them to IP networks. These IP
networks are spreading to every corner of the world, every corner of our society
and even every corner of our lives at a staggering speed. With slight time lags and
differences arising from the digital divide, this phenomenon is quickly spreading
throughout the world and into various facets of social system.

As we continue for the foreseeable future to use the Web computing

paradigm that forms the core of the present Internet? Or will the shift to the next
paradigm be just as swift as the speed at which today’s PC-centered Web
computing has spread?
The future evolution of information technology depends on advanced
research laboratories where research continues.
It is impossible today to even imagine that researchers can create paper
computers and wearable computers that will soon be able to use in our daily lives.
But researchers are already working on such devices for the future computing.
These devices will certainly be connected to networks. We may call this type of
IT paradigm exotic networks.

*7*
3.Ubiquitous Networking.

3.1 Traditional Networks.

Since Internet has become popular, it has been used vastly. Traditional
networks including LANs in the small organizations, following different
topologies as well as architectures like client-server have got connected to the
Internet. Use of Internet in the desktop computers is increasing rapidly. Very soon
it is going to occupy the whole world, which is not connected yet. This is the
current scenario of the networking. But the experts from the industry have
tremendous ideas about the future world of the networking.
Figure 1. Web Computing (traditional networks)

PC

MAINFRAME MOBILE
PC

PC WORKSTATION

SERVER

PC
PC

WORKSTATION
MOBILE
PC

PC
INTERNET
SERVER

*8*
3.2 Exotic Networks.
Present information technology is at the stage in which it enhances the PC-
centered web-computing world created on the Internet. An extension of this line
of the development is the world of Exotic networks. It is difficult to imagine,
however, that users will move in one leap from web computing to a world of
exotic networks, where everything becomes an object of computing and is
connected to networks.

Figure 2. Exotic networks.

INTERNET SMART INTERBODY
CAR ROOM SIGNALLING

THINGS
THAT
SERVER THINK

ELECTRONIC WEARABLE
PAPER COMPUTERS
INTERNET

It is expected that there will be an intermediate IT evolution paradigm

between these two worlds. That stage is ubiquitous network paradigm.

3.3 Intermediate stage.

In the Ubiquitous-networking paradigm, users do not rely on devices such
as paper or wearable computers or exotic networks that do not yet exist. Instead
the desktop PCs or mobile PCs, they will use existing information devices that are
not yet fully connected to the internet, such as cellular telephones, PDAs
(Personal Digital Assistants), video game consoles, set top boxes, digital
television, multimedia kiosks, car navigation devices and forthcoming

*9*
information appliances.
All of these devices will be connected to much broader band (chapter5)
networks than the present fixed telephone lines of today’s Internet. At the same
time the network must have multi-modal (chapter6) access to the internet, perhaps
by Ipv6 protocol, from not only fixed telephone lines but also by mobile phone,
xDSL, CATV, Fixed wireless access and, of course, fiber optic network. Network
will enable users to watch movies and listen to music as well as create and
transmit their own works. The IT paradigm under such an environment will be
ubiquitous networks.
The word “Ubiquitous” comes from the Latin word meaning “existing
everywhere simultaneously.” Ubiquitous networks enable consumers to access the
Internet from anywhere and at anytime.
When we use this word, we are referring to the ability of individuals to
take advantage of high quality digital media from any location, and to obtain
greater power of expression. Users will be able not only to receive large volume
digital contents such as music, images and even motion pictures on demand and
without trouble, but also to edit and send long speeches, music and motion
pictures they create on their own.
Adding the constant access function to this will fundamentally change our
existing concepts of Internet use. It will also change how we use
telecommunications and broadcasting, how business operates, as well as styles of
environment.
The ubiquitous networks we discuss here are a concept for the IT
paradigm that should be executed in the proposed form by around 2005.

* 10 *
Figure 3. Ubiquitous networks

FFTH, XDSL, IMT-2000, FWA,

CATV, DIGITAL TV,
BROADCASTING

INFORMATION
APPLIANCE

CAR DIGITAL
NEVIGATION TV
SYSTEM CATV

MOBILE SET TOP

PHONE BOX
HOME
SERVER
* BROADBAND
* MOBILE VIDEO
SERVER GAME
* CONSTANT ACCESS MACHINE

PDA
MULTI-
MEDIA
KIOSK

INTELLIGENT
VENDINIG IPv6
MACHINE
BLUETOOTH, IEEE 1394,
JLKFMFJON_MFP
POWER LINK NETWORK, RFID

* 11 *
4.How Ubiquitous Networking Will Work

Mobile computing devices have changed the way we look at computing.

Laptops and personal digital assistants (PDAs) have unchained us from our
desktop computers. A group of researchers at AT&T Laboratories Cambridge are
preparing to put a new spin on mobile computing. In addition to taking the
hardware with you, they are designing a ubiquitous networking system that
allows your program applications to follow you wherever you go.
By using a small radio transmitter and a building full of special sensors,
your desktop can be anywhere you are, not just at your workstation. At the press
of a button, the computer closest to you in any room becomes your computer for
as long as you need it. In addition to computers, the Cambridge researchers have
designed the system to work for other devices, including phones and digital
cameras.
As we move closer to intelligent computers, they may begin to follow our
every move. In this we will look at the parts of such a system and how they allow
our data and information to move with us. (Following is just a single way that
could be used to implement the Ubiquitous Networking.)
4.1Send Out the Bat Signal
In order for a computer program to track its user, researchers had to
develop a system that could locate both people and devices. The AT&T
researchers came up with the ultrasonic location system. This location
tracking system has three basic parts:
Bats - small ultrasonic transmitters worn by users
Receivers - ultrasonic signal detectors embedded in ceiling
Central controller - coordinates the bats and receiver chains
Users within the system will wear a bat, a small device that transmits a
48-bit code to the receivers in the ceiling. Bats also have an imbedded transmitter,
which allows it to communicate with the central controller using a bi-directional
* 12 *
433-MHz radio link.
Bats are 3 inches long (7.5 cm) by 1.4 inches wide (3.5 cm) by .6 inches
thick (1.5 cm), or about the size of a pager. These small devices are powered by a
single 3.6-volt lithium thionyl chloride battery, which has a lifetime of six
months. The devices also contain two buttons, two light-emitting diodes (LEDs)
and a piezoelectric speaker, allowing them to be used as ubiquitous input and
output devices, and a voltage monitor to check the battery status.
A bat will transmit an ultrasonic signal, which will be detected by
receivers located in the ceiling approximately feet (1.2 m) apart in a square grid.
There are about 720 of these receivers in the 10,000-square-foot building (929
m2) at the AT&T Labs in Cambridge. An object’s location is found using
trilateration, a position-finding technique that measures the objects distance in
relation to three reference points.

Trilateration works by measuring the distance from the bat worn

by the user to three sensors in the ceiling. Researchers can locate a user's
position to within 1.18 inches (3 cm).

If a bat needs to be located, the central controller sends the bat’s ID over a
radio link to the bat. The bat will detect its ID and send out an ultrasonic pulse.
The central controller measures the time it took for that pulse to reach the
receiver. Since the speed of sound through air is known, the position of the bat is
* 13 *
 calculated by measuring the speed at which the ultrasonic pulse reached three
other sensors. This system provides a location accuracy of 1.18 inches (3 cm)
throughout the Cambridge building.
By finding the position of two or more bats, the system can determine the
orientation of a bat. The central controller can also determine which way a person
is facing by analyzing the pattern of receivers that detected the ultrasonic signal
and the strength of the signal.
4.2 In the Zone
With an ultrasonic location system in place, it’s possible for any device
fitted with a bat to become yours at the push of a button. Let’s say the user leaves
his workstation and enters another room. There’s a phone in this room sitting on
an unoccupied desk. That phone is now the user’s phone, and all of the user’s
phone calls are immediately redirected to that phone. If there is already someone
using that phone, the central controller recognizes that and the person using the
phone maintains possession of the phone.
The central controller creates a zone around every person and object
within the location system. For example, if several cameras are place in a room
for videoconferences, the location system would activate the appropriate camera
so that the user could be seen and move freely around the room. When all the
sensors and bats are in place, they are included in a virtual map of the building.
The computer uses a spatial monitor to detect if a user’s zone overlaps with the
zone of a device. If the zones do overlap, then the user can become the temporary
owner of the device. If the ultrasonic location system is working with virtual
network computing (VNC) software, there are some additional capabilities.
Computer desktops can be created that actually follow their owners anywhere
with in the system. Just by approaching any computer display in the building, the
bat can enable the VNC desktop to appear on that display. This is handy if you
want to leave your computer to show a coworker what you’ve been working on.
Your desktop is simply teleported from your computer to your co-worker’s
computer.
* 14 *
4.3 Information Hoppers and Smart Posters
Once these zones are set up, computers on the network will have some
interesting capabilities. The system will help us store and retrieve data in an
"information hopper." This is a timeline of information that keeps track of
when data is created. The hopper knows who created it, where they were and
whom they were with.
Think of the hopper as a ubiquitous filing clerk. It will change how we
think of our computer filing systems. By using a digital camera that is connected
to the network, a user’s photographs are immediately stored in his or her timeline.
Tape recorders could also send audio memos to the information hopper.
Two items of information created at the same time will be found at the
same place on the timeline. The system knows whom the user was with when he
created the data, and the various timelines of the users working together. This way
another timeline can be created to keep track of particular projects.
Another application that will come out of this ultrasonic location system is
the smart poster. A conventional computer interface requires us to click on a
button on our computer screen. In this new system, a button can be placed
anywhere in your workplace, not just on the computer display. The idea behind
smart posters is that A smart poster will have buttons printed on to it that can
be triggered by a bat.
Smart posters will be used to control any device that is plugged into the
network. The poster will know where to send a file and a user’s preferences.
Smart posters could also be used in advertising new services. To press a button on
a smart poster, a user will simply place his or her bat on the smart poster button
and click the bat.
The system automatically knows who is pressing the poster’s button.
Posters can be created with several buttons on it. Ultrasonic location systems will
require us to think outside of the box. Traditionally, we have used our one
* 15 *
computer at work to store all of our files, and we may back up these files on a
network server. This new ubiquitous network will enable all computers in a
building to transfer ownership and store all of our files in a central timeline.

* 16 *
5.Multi-Modal Broadband Networks

5.1 Broadband
5.1.1 Aims and views
Although the ubiquitous network concept should not be discussed only in
terms of bandwidth, the nature of broadband networks is nevertheless the starting
point of discussion. The telecommunication infrastructure intended for final users
inn 2005 will undoubtedly involve a wider bandwidth than that currently
available. But there are arguments over what specific Mbps level will or should be
achieved. There is a wide variety of views, ranging from one that says speed will
not go above the same64Kbps used in today’s ISDN even in 2005,to one that
evisions 30-100Mbps as called for in the e-Japan strategy. Much remains unclear,
such as whether the bandwidth is one that will be usable at the household or
single building level, or whether the figure represents the high-end capability that
ordinary households can use only by paying exorbitant prices.
5.1.2 Goals.
For this ubiquitous network concept for 2005,bandwidth goals should be
set from user’s side.
1 We should make individuals the user unit. While the Internet has
brought many innovations to the environment for information use, the largest
single change has been that individuals with desktop PCs or mobile PCs have
become the unit for receiving or sending information. Before the Internet brought
this change, computer terminals had been installed at the organization or the
facility level. Our way of using computers involved one computer per department
or division, or perhaps 10 terminals per building. The internet or intranets have
changed this, so today a ten-person organization probably has come to mean a
ten-PC network. Similarly, in the future a four-person family will come to mean a
unit of four individuals, each with a ubiquitous terminal. This means the capacity
* 17 *
when everyone in the groups uses the terminals simultaneously should be
discussed.
2 On the point of constant access or on-demand access, constant access
is indispensable for basic daily communications. Because of high telephone
charges, users have been accessing only at late night in a poorly connected
environment and are worried about their monthly telephone bills. These
experiences may influence the future use of the network, especially while
developing ubiquitous networks.
3 While the greater the better would seem obvious in terms of
bandwidth, this should also be determined by taking into consideration the cost
and speed of diffusion. Quality will vary even if the bandwidth can handle music
and animation without difficulty. Bandwidths from several dozen Mbps to several
hundred Mbps per person will be required to enable users to download television
broadcasting content and movies from the network instantaneously with
absolutely no trouble so that they can view the files immediately.
As the goal for the concept of ubiquitous networks envisioned for 2005,a
recommending benchmark is of 6Mbps per person. At 6 Mbps, users will be able
to enjoy motion picture content with the quality of current television broadcasts or
MPEG2-level content by using streaming type software.
But this is strictly 6Mbps per person. To enable a family of four to
simultaneously use the network without quality deterioration even when the father
is enjoying an information-rich, interactive-type professional cricket network
broadcast, the mother is using an online educational gardening program, the
daughter is chatting on the videophone and the son is playing network game, a
total bandwidth of 24 Mbps or more per household would be required. Moreover,
a family unit watching motion pictures will require as much as 20 to 30 Mbps to
handle HDTV quality data. It is probably unrealistic to expect an environment in
which four people can simultaneously enjoy high-definition television by the year
2005.
* 18 *
 With a bandwidth of 50 Mbps, users can download a 70-minute long CD
with MP3-class music quality in about 10 seconds. At this speed it is possible to
download two-hour DVD movie in approximately 11 minutes. At 50 Mbps, users
can independently and comfortably handle images and music through the
network, whether the information adopts a streaming type or accumulation type
format.
4 Views are divided with regard to whether the cost to users must be
Yen2000 or less per month, or whether a fee up to about Yen10, 000 is
acceptable. In the ubiquitous network environment this is a fee per person, so the
cost of Yen2000 per month will come to Yen8000 for per family of four.
Moreover, when we add charges related to each telecommunication system,
broadcasting system, cable system, and wireless system, the expenses quickly
amount to a considerable sum.

5.2 Multi-modal
5.2.1 What is it?
Ubiquitous networks should be broadband, and at the same time, multi-
modal. The goal should be to make it possible to receive information at 6 Mbps
not only over cable and fixed-point networks but also with portable terminals that
permit mobile telecommunication via wireless systems that work even from
automobiles. Moreover, even when completely interactive capabilities are
impossible because of differences in the levels of information handled, we should
design ubiquitous networks so that users can exchange information in various
ways routinely by using storage media or devices that degrade information,
whether it arrives via surface waves or satellite broadcasts. In other words,
ubiquitous networks are multi-modal networks that can switch between fixed
point and mobile locations, cable and wireless, and telecommunication and
broadcast network modes without undue difficulty.

* 19 *
5.2.2 Protocol for Multi-modal
The IP protocol for this multi-modal network should naturally be Ipv6.As
an IP address is required for each information appliance or automobile in
ubiquitous-network configuration, we cannot rely upon Ipv4, which is expected to
face a shortage of addresses in a foreseeable future even for the networks
currently in place.
Users can also take advantage of services using ADSL with the powerful
broadband services now in place. ADSL is a technology that makes it possible to
use existing telephone circuits to offer broadband services on one line at a
maximum of 640 kbps for the uplink an about 9Mbps for the downlink.
Satellite Internet has begun high speed Internet services for consumers.
But the increase in the needs for constant access has led to financial problems for
operators and efforts by providing to specialize in business uses.
In wireless systems, NTT DoCoMo’s I-mode has started a cellular
telephone Internet boom. The start of third generation IMT-2000 mobile
telecommunications service in 2001 is about to give this service another large
boost. NTT DoCoMo will initially begin IMT-2000 with 384Kbps service. This
would become an ideal ubiquitous network and terminal if NTT DoCoMo
upgrades the service in the future to the Mbps level at a moderate price.
Another development is Bluetooth technology, which can connect all
devices within ten-meter radius at speeds up to maximum of 1Mbps.It could
greatly expand PDA and Cellular telephone capabilities.
Companies are also proceeding with research and development on other
possible candidates for broadband networks. These include FWA (Fixed Wireless
Access) networks or the wireless LAN type access systems.
An other alternative is electric power distribution networks that directly
use electric power lines instead of telephone or cable lines to form a network that
connects information appliances.
Of these, however, the most likely candidate for broadband service for
* 20 *
household ubiquitous network is an optical fiber FTTH (fiber-to-the-home)
network. The potential for FTTH, which appeared to have been forgotten for a
period, continues to increase. While FTTH has various problems, including its
high cost structure and immense time and costs required for the construction and
placement of terminals, it undoubtedly holds the key to realizing ubiquitous
networks.

* 21 *
6.Total Mobility

6.1 Information devices with borderless connectivity.

In ubiquitous network, consumers will possess an environment connected
to the Internet whatever they are. This means users will require information
devices connected to the Internet in whatever circumstances they find themselves.
The most basic information devices will probably still be desktop PCs,
mobile PCs and PDAs. These tools provide the input devices, processing units,
memory, display and other output components to utilize the Internet, and this
situation is unlikely to change. It is also certain that mobile telephones are taking
on a new role as a terminal for Internet use.
As described earlier, as bluetooth’s technology spreads, users will begin to
directly connect information appliances with cellular telephones. Even without a
cellular phone, they will be able to connect information appliances into a
domestic wireless LAN system as well as to link them with PCs via connectors
which use the IEEE 1394 standard that can simultaneously transmit voice and
images at a super high speed of 100Mbps or more.
By connecting an MP3 player to the Internet for music or personal video
recorder for images, users will be able to use program guide services and
automatically record music and images.
Propelled by the diffusion of network games and downloading need of
game software, it is hoped that the technology to connect video game consoles to
the Internet will be developed and spread quickly. This includes not only
stationary consoles, but also mobile game consoles linked to the Internet via
mobile phones.
Providers and users may connect digital broadcasts from broadcasting
systems to the Internet through television set-top boxes for electronic commerce
users called T business.
Moreover, by also connecting the multimedia kiosk and POS terminals in
* 22 *
 convenience stores, gasoline stations, train stations and other location to the
Internet to create click-and-mortar outlets, companies will change the distribution
industry itself.
Not only will we increase the connection of people to the Internet, we will
also deepen the connection between automobile and Internet.
It is still uncertain whether such information devices will evolve into
location-specific devices, such as “office formats” for the office, “living room
format” for the living room and “car formats” for the car, or whether they will
evolve so that the function of different information and telecommunication
devices will be unbundled and re-bundled. What is certain is that they will take a
format that enables us to be unaware of the borders between our various
environments.
6.2 Seamless Portable Content
With ubiquitous networks, users will be able to move rich contents, such
as voice or motion picture information, seamlessly between various network
modes and information devices. This will not be a complete environment that will
enable perfect real-time, one-source, multi-use access, but it will be possible to
create a condition that is near enough to this goal.
We must develop ubiquitous networks that enable users to seamlessly use
large quantities of electronic commerce content on the web via information
appliances, video games, or even on-board LANs for automobiles. Such networks
will overcome many obstacles and limitations that consumers presently face in the
existing EC or e-business systems. Ubiquitous networks will lead entirely new
type of electronic commerce in which consumers can enjoy more freedom and
comfort that could be called ubiquitous business or “u-business” instead of e-
business. While web-based product catalogs for e-business contain color
photographs, u-business product catalog are likely to be centered on motion of
products and services will become far effective than at present.
It is likely that with ubiquitous networks we will change our concept of
website homepage as well. We will transfer them from homepage to some form of
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“home video clips,” starting with motion picture commercials or videos, which
are short and can directly appeal to our senses. We will also change our concept
of information seasrches. New search engines that seek voice, picture or images
will also be required.
As we develop new forms of content, one large problem will be what to do
with the still photographic content aimed at e-business that has accumulated on
the web. The emergence of u-business with its focus on video clips and motion
picture content may well shorten the shelf life of the voluminous still-image
contents in the e-business market. The current premise for TV-related digital
broadcast content is to use the content only once. Providers will quickly have to
change so that they can use content repeatedly. Under an environment that can
handle motion picture content without difficulty, such resources will become
valuable source of content for ubiquitous network communication system.
But if this happen without a proper copyright management system, content
providers and creators will face a nightmarish situation. Therefore it is necessary
to establish a system for intellectual property rights that allows for seamless
portability in the use of the content of the Internet created by ubiquitous networks
in the future, and this may become a system for using ubiquitous networks to
obtain permissions to books. This may cover not only text material but also music
contents. Moreover, one may create a business model wherein written or music
content is offered for multiple uses, perhaps increasing the frequency of exposure
by making the content free of charge and earning profits for advertising.
The linking of ubiquitous networks with bluetooth or RFID (Radio
Frequency IDentification) technologies could radically change the structure of
work at the outlets of the distribution or financial establishments. Retail outlets
changed dynamatically with introduction of the supermarket system, and they
may once again go through revolutionary changes with ubiquitous networks. If
the technology to instantly read a group of RFIDs attached to merchandise and a
system that links mobile terminals equipped with personal identification function
with a payment settlement systems are developed, completely unmanned checkout
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counters are possibility. Although it is not yet clear to what extent this would
reduce the costs of operating store, it is certain that the system would allow store
employees to spend more time with customers to engage in more sophisticated
interactions than day today.
An environment with a multi-modal broadband network of ubiquitous
networks, borderless connectivity of devices and seamless portability of content
has the possibility of fundamentally altering the relationships among users, the
creators of content, and the firms operating between users and creators.

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7. Applications
1-> The combination of ubiquitous networking, mobility and ubiquitous
computing devices will provide new opportunities for e-commerce products and
services
2-> Ubiquitous networking will allow connectivity to corporate applications
anywhere, anytime. Employees will be able to retrieve and send information
easily from their cars, mobile devices, and homes as well as from their offices
3-> The network can reach handhelds through a simple serial wire, infrared, or
wireless digital radio and turn them into Internet clients and servers. With this
capacity, a student can hold the entire cyberspace infosphere. There is no need to
possess hard drives for on-board personal files, no need to squeeze in an
encyclopedia or huge databases, no need to have computational muscle; these
capacities can exist at a remote server. The handheld need only be large enough to
run a browser (which, granted, will be large).

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8.Apendix
3rd Generation-IMT 2000: The target of this work is to develop methods to efficiently
implement high quality multimedia 3G networks and to ensure that the IMT-2000 Radio
Access Network features support these methods. This activity is carried out by a joint
team consisting of experts from SK Telecom and Nokia and draws from the wide body of
experience the parties have in 2G networks and the research in IMT-2000.

Bluetooth: Bluetooth is replacement for the mechanically vulnerable and inconvenient

cable connections between communications products. In order to be as independent as
possible of environmental and operating conditions, radio techniques were chosen in
preference to the infrared transmission that was, at that time, already very popular. This
made connections possible through cloth, leather and even walls, without line-of-sight
contact. Bluetooth is a short distance radio link technology, enabling the wireless
connection of mobile terminals such as notebooks, printers and mobile telephones so that
they can exchange data with one another. This overcomes two of the greatest barriers that
limit, at the present, the user friendliness of such equipment – the special cables, and the
specific entries and settings that are required to establish communication

 Broadband (cable): It is a cable wider than 4 KHz. In the computer networking world
“Broadband cable” means any cable network using analog transmission. It can be used up
to 450 MHz and can run nearly 100Km.

Car Navigation Devices: Car navigation devices are the most widely used form
of information terminals for Intelligent Transportation Systems. These devices provide
drivers with information on traffic conditions, tourist-site facilities, restaurant menus, and
so on, as well as recommending routes to destinations. The developmental work which is
required for the route-guidance techniques of these devices may be divided into two
categories: the investigation of dynamic route-selection methods for finding the easiest-
to-drive and quasi-shortest routes in real-time and the development of simulators for
evaluating these methods in dynamic environments where congestion frequently occurs.
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CATV: CATV (originally "community antenna television," now often "community
access television") is more commonly known as "cable TV." In addition to bringing
television programs to those millions of people throughout the world who are connected
to a community antenna, cable TV is an increasingly popular way to interact with the
World Wide Web and other new forms of multimedia information and entertainment
services

Interbody signaling: Human body itself becomes a live communication network.

IPv6: Internet Protocol Version 6 is abbreviated to IPv6 . The previous version of the
Internet Protocol is version 4 (referred to as IPv4). IPv6 is a new version of IP which is
designed to be an evolutionary step from IPv4. It is a natural increment to IPv4. It can be
installed as a normal software upgrade in Internet devices and is interoperable with the
current IPv4. Its deployment strategy is designed to not have any flag days or other
dependencies. IPv6 is designed to run well on high performance networks (e.g. Gigabit
Ethernet, OC-12, ATM, etc.) and at the same time still be efficient for low bandwidth
networks (e.g. wireless). In addition, it provides a platform for new Internet functionality
that will be required in the near future. IPv6 includes a transition mechanism , which is
designed to allow users to adopt and deploy IPv6 in a highly diffuse fashion and to
provide direct interoperability between IPv4 and IPv6 hosts. The transition to a new
version of the Internet Protocol must be incremental, with few or no critical
interdependencies, if it is to succeed. The IPv6 transition allows the users to upgrade their
hosts to IPv6, and the network operators to deploy IPv6 in routers, with very little
coordination between the two.

Multimedia Kiosk: The Internet as the biggest Distributed Multimedia Information

System on Earth provides a wealth of information »at your fingertip« from your desktop
at your office or at home. However it is often desirable or even necessary to have access
to information in the field, that is, at the location where the information is required (E-
Commerce solutions like POS, client information systems, etc.) The adequate solution
* 28 *
for this problem may often be a Multimedia Kiosk. CCG designed and developed a
generic Kiosk platform that is easily adaptable to a wide range of specific requirements.

PDA: PDA is a remarkable, tiny, fully functional computer that you can hold in one
hand. And unlike that paper organizer, a PDA can hold your downloaded e-mail and play
music.

POS terminals: If you are merchants and would like to offer your clients the
convenience of making disbursements via debit and credit cards in your trade centers,
EIBANK places at your disposal a POS terminal (Point of Sale/Service) completely
free of charge, through which you could accept non-cash payments. Your staff will also
be trained to work with a POS terminal free of charge. The POS terminal is installed next
to the cash register and serves for accepting non-cash payments. The check of the
bankcard is conducted by the POS’ reading device in on-line mode. The sums paid are
deducted from the cardholder’s account and they enter into your checking account.

Set Top Boxes: A set-top box is a device that enables a television set to become a user
interface to the Internet and also enables a television set to receive and decode digital
television (DTV) broadcasts. DTV set-top boxes are sometimes called receivers. A set-
top box is necessary to television viewers who wish to use their current analog television
sets to receive digital broadcasts

Smart Room: Smart Rooms act like invisible butlers. They have cameras,
microphones, and other sensors, and use these inputs to try to interpret what people are
doing in order to help them.

Wearable computers: In the next few years, we might be filling our closets with
smart shirts that can read our heart rate and breathing, and musical jackets with built in
all-fabric keypads. Thin light-emitting diode (LED) monitors could even be integrated

* 29 *
into this apparel to display text and images. Computerized clothes will be the next step
in making computers and devices portable without having to strap electronics to our
bodies or fill our pockets with a plethora of gadgets. These new digital clothes aren't
necessarily designed to replace your PC, but they will be able to perform some of the
same functions.

xDSL: DSL is a technology for pushing a (relatively) large number of bits through
wiring that is typical for "last mile" telephone connections i.e. small gage copper wire of
lengths less than 18,000 feet. There are a number of different protocols that fall under the
DSL umbrella: ADSL, RADSL, HDSL. xDSL is used to push high bit rates through
copper wires that run from point A to point B. For most people, point A will be their
home and point B will be the other end of the copper phone wire, that is the substation of
the local phone company.

YEN: Japanese currency, 1YEN= Rs.30 (approx.)

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 Bibliography
1.www.howstuffworks.com
2.White-papers by Namura Research Institute

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