SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION OF VEGETABLE GROWERS IN SELECTED AREAS

IN DISTRICT III OF CAMARINES SUR

JHONA PEMPE DELA CRUZ

SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL

ECONOMICS, COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL
RESOURCES, CENTRAL BICOL STATE UNIVERSITY
OF AGRICULTURE, PILI, CAMARINES SUR IN
PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
DEGREE IN

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE

(AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS)

April 2018
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

Vegetables are any part of a plant that consumed by humans

as food as part of a meal. The term vegetable is somewhat

arbitrary, and largely defined through culinary and cultural

tradition. It normally excludes other food derived from plants

such as fruits, nuts, and cereal grains, but includes seeds such

as pulses. The original meaning of the word vegetable, still used

in biology, was to describe all types of plant, as in the terms

"vegetable kingdom" and "vegetable matter". Vegetables can be

eaten either raw or cooked and play an important role in human

nutrition, being mostly low in fat and carbohydrates, but high in

vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber. Many nutritionists

encourage people to consume plenty of fruit and vegetables, five

or more portions a day often being recommended.

Vegetables play a crucial role in human diet due to the

amount of vitamin, carbohydrate, fat, protein, and mineral

substances they contain. Their nutritional advantage is that they

offer a high concentration of micronutrients and low contents of

calories and fat. Each region grows and consumes different types

of vegetables because of ecological and geographical differences,

the impact of national consumption culture, and social dimensions

associated with the habits the society gained over time.

Assessing food consumption is complex due to the various factors

involved (Maciel et al., 2013).

The vegetable cultivation has an increasingly important

commercial role, especially for low-income households. It has

great potentiality and scope for improving the socio-economic

condition of small and marginal farmers since it provides higher

yield and high economic return in short time as compared to food

grains. It has more income per unit area and employment

generation in short span of time and thereby has attracted the

farmers. These crops have proved to be the boon to the small and

marginal farmers who account for more than 90% holding. It was,

therefore, required to study the profile and condition of

vegetable growers to get some knowledge about the socio-economic

condition of vegetable growers.

Statement of the Problem

The study aimed to determine the socio-economic condition of

vegetable growers in Selected Areas in District III of Camarines

Sur.

Specifically, this study was undertaken to answer the

following questions:

1. What are the socio-economic profiles of the respondents?

2. What are the livelihood activities of the respondents

engaged in vegetable production?

3. What are the different consumption patterns of the

respondents?

4. What are the current needs and problems encountered and

coping mechanism of the respondents?

Objectives of the Study

In general, the objectives of the study was determine the

socio-economic condition of vegetable growers in Selected Areas

in District III of Camarines Sur.

Specifically, the study aims:

1. To determine the socio-economic profiles of the respondents.

2. To determine the livelihood activities of the respondents

engaged in vegetable production.

3. To determine the different consumption patterns of the

respondents.

4. To identify the current needs and the problems encountered

and coping mechanism of the respondents.

Significance of the Study

This study was bring out significant concerns in the fields

of agricultural classes among which are the following:

GOVERNMENT SECTOR, the result of this study may help to

improve the vegetable production program and projects that help

people in the rural community.

AGRICULTURIST, it could provide substantial information on

how to improve and enhanced production and management practices

and marketing efficiency to augment their production and enhance

income as well.

FARMERS, this will benefit them through giving them insights

on how to improve their production and management practices in

vegetable production that will uplift their way of living.

GOVERNMENT - this study was give an overview of the real

condition of the vegetable production and aid planning for

improvement.

STUDENTS - for those taking Bachelor of Science in

Agriculture Major in Agricultural Economics, this study may serve

as a reference and additional reading materials.

 OTHER SUPPORTING AGENCIES, it was serve as information

dissemination strategies to inform to general public which the

means for them to generate additional profit.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The study was focus on the Socio-Economic Condition of

Vegetable Growers in Selected Areas in District III of Camarines

Sur. It covers five vegetables which are Sitao, Eggplant, Okra,

Bitter gourd and Squash. It includes the socio-economic profile

of respondents, the other activities livelihood source of the

respondents engaged for the vegetable production, the consumption

pattern of the respondents and current needs and problems

encountered and coping mechanism of the respondents.

Time and Location of the Study

This study was conducted in Selected Areas in District III

of Camarines Sur namely; Pili, Canaman, Bombon, Calabanga and

Ocampo. The study will identify after the researcher coordinated

with the Provincial Agricultural Office (PAO) and provided the

list of the producers. It was conducted from November 2017 to

January 2018.
Definition of Terms

Condition - It refers to the position of an individual in

relation to other of the same class, social standing, professor,

and others.

Farmer – It is a person engaged in agriculture, raising

living organisms for food or raw materials. The term usually

applies to people who do some combination of raising field crops,

orchards, vineyards, poultry, or other livestock. A farmer might

own the farmed land or might work as a laborer on land owned by

others, but in advanced economies, a farmer is usually a farm

owner, while employees of the farm are known as farm workers or

farmhands.

Government – is a group of people that governs a community

of unit, it sets and administers public policy and exercises

executive, political and sovereign power through customs,

institutions, and laws within a state.

Postharvest - is the stage of crop production immediately

following harvest, including cooling, sorting and packing?

Production – It is the act or process of producing, the

creation of utility; the making of goods available for use.

 Respondent - It is a person who is called upon to issue a

response to a communication made by another. The term is used in

legal contexts, in survey methodology, and in psychological

conditioning.

Socio-economic - It refers to the interaction between the

social and economic habits of a group of people — like the dating

habits of millionaires.

Socio-economic condition- It is an economic and sociological

combined total measure of a person’s work experience of an

individual’s or family’s economic and social position in relation

and to others, based on income, education, and occupation.

Survey – It pertains to a comprehensive study aims at giving

or gaining valid, clear and information through the use of a pre-

tested questionnaire.
 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter is devoted to the review of literature relevant

to the topic of Socio-Economic Condition of Vegetables Growers

Selected Areas of District III of Camarines Sur.

Vegetables are known to enrich some diets with nutrients

including lipids, carbohydrates, and vitamins (Komolafe et al,

1980). Vegetable crops are important for almost every household.

According to Dittoh (1992), vegetables add flavor to the food and

also provide considerable protein, vitamins, and minerals. Most

vegetables are low in starch content and are a good source of

phytonutrients. They serve as roughage, which promotes digestion

and prevents constipation. Vegetable crops not only improve the

nutritional quality of diets, the production of vegetables under

irrigation and their marketing provides many people with

employment in the dry season 11 Vegetables constitute a major

component of the country’s food sector. Though not a staple in

most areas of Ghana, the commodity occupies a significant

position in the total per capita calorie intake of most

Ghanaians. It is estimated that about 70% of the vegetables

produced in Ghana is marketed and consumed fresh. (Danso et al,

2003). Like other agricultural commodities, low producer and high

consumer prices characterize vegetable markets a phenomenon that

suggests an inefficiency marketing system (Abbot, 1993).

Central Statistical Office (CSO)stated that Poland and

National Research Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics

the consumption of vegetables (excluding potatoes) and fruits in

Poland fell down from 306.1 g/person/day in 2005 to 275.2 g/

person/day in 2012 (data gathered according to analysis of home

budgets). This means that Poles eat only 68.8 % of the

recommended amount of vegetables and fruits. That is why the

educational programs focusing on the increase in fruit and

vegetable consumption are very important in the aspect of

prevention of diseases related to unbalanced nutrition. Several

educational programs have been or are held in Poland. They are

mainly designed for children, for example “Fruits in school”

(promoted by Agenais LITERATURE REVIEW OF STRATEGIES TO INCREASE

FRUIT & VEGETABLES INTAKE 9 RynkuRolnego), “Time for tomato, that

is there is no way not to like polish vegetables and fruits”,

“Eat vitamins, get well soon”. However, some programs are also

guided to either children or adults: several editions of “5

servings of vegetables, fruits or juice”, “Extraordinary

properties of ordinary fruits”, “Don’t be a beetroot – eat

vegetables” (play on words – in Polish beetroot is also a term

for someone ill-mannered and stupid). There is also some program

concerning nutritional education concerning different topics,

such as POL-HEALTH program for 2007-2011.

According to research, preferable fruits for Poles are

apples (37% of all fruits) and tropical fruits (30%), mainly

citrus and bananas. From vegetables, the highly consumed are

tomatoes (17% of all vegetables), cucumbers (12%), carrots (11%)

and cabbage (11%). Even though these vegetables and fruits are

mostly preferred by Poles its consumption is lower than in

countries leading to high consumption of vegetables and fruits

like Italy or Greece. The main difference in the structure of

consumption between those countries and Poland is higher

consumption of tropical fruits and tomatoes [Trajer and Dyngus,

2013]. Many studies report that various subpopulations and

populations in Poland do not have proper nutritional habits,

usually, the consumption of fruit and vegetables is too low

(European Union, 2015).

According to CSO of Poland, the average consumption of fruit

and vegetables (excluding potatoes) among retired people was

higher than in general population and accounted for 388

g/person/day. From all fruits, retired people prefer eating

apples (40.2% of all fruits), exotic fruits (28.4%) and berries

(12.9%). Most frequently eaten vegetables are: tomatoes (16.5% of

all vegetables), cabbage (11.4%), cucumbers (11.2%) and carrots

(10.2%) [CSO 2013].

 Tiway (2003), reported that the vegetable industry in Bauko,

Mountain Province is affected by some problems such as non-

availability of high yielding varieties; poor quality seeds

problems on the pest, disease management especially rainy season

and problems on soil acidity. He further stated that is affected

by the limited transfer of technology from the

experimental/research to the farmers, limited knowledge on pest

harvest handling, and poor marketing systems to limited credit

facilities.

Cida (2004), explained that production strategies in areas

with mild winter climate are more concerned with the biological

aspects of cultivations than sophisticated shelters. Varieties

are those resistant to cold, pest and diseases and appropriate

cropping cycles and cultivations. Systems are biological tool

normally used to support the production process.

Cox, (2007), explained that farmers of today and tomorrow

must become experts not only in the efficient production of

maximum crop yield but also protecting their soil from erosion by

water and by wind and in maintaining the building up the elements

of fertility by crops and livestock.

 Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework of the study shows that the

socio-economic of vegetable growers in 3rd District of Camarines

Sur is influenced by their personal characteristics such as their

age, sex, civil status, education attainment and household size.

Their personal characteristics affect their decision making and

level of knowledge and in vegetable farming especially in the

production level with regards to lady’s finger, bitter gourd,

eggplant, string beans and squash, other crops and livestock.

From their production, it determined their level of income.

The socio-economic conditions can be determined by their

sources of income such as on farm which is the main source of

income and non-farm which is the secondary source of income so

given their level of income and by their level of living

condition. The household choose their type of dwelling

facilities, the properties to be owned. It also determine the

health and sanitation of the household such as toilet facility

and source of potable water and their household consumption and

expenditures.

Socio-Economic Condition of
Vegetable Growers in Selected Ares
in District III of Camarines Sur

Socio-Economic Information

 Age
 Gender
 Civil Status
 Educational Attainment
 Household size

Income and Income Farm Information Dwelling Facilities

Sources
 Total farm area  Types of housing
Main source of income  Land area  Lightning
 On Farm devoted to facilities
vegetable crops
Secondary source of Properties
 No. of
income vegetables  Home ownership
planted and acquisition
 Off Farm
 Sources of  Home lot
Existing livelihood seedlings ownership
activities  Appliances
 Farm animals
raised
Health and Sanitation

 Toilet facility
 Source of
potable water
 Economics
Consumption and Expenditure

Problems Encountered and Coping

Mechanisms

Figure 1. The conceptual framework

CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Sample and Sampling Procedure

The respondents of the study was identified through complete

enumeration method.

Location and Time of the Study

The study was conducted in Selected Areas in District III of

Camarines Sur Namely; Pili, Canaman, Bombon, Calabanga and

Ocampo. The residents in their barangay are engaged vegetable

growers as their main source of living. Its location and other

factors are favorable to vegetable growers.

Method of Data collection

The respondents were interviewed personally by the

researcher using the structured survey questionnaire as a guide

in gathering data and other relevant information needed for the

study and clarification of the answers as primary data.

 The secondary data was taken from the published, un-publish

manuscript, and other related studies which gather by other

researcher and other institution and agencies.

Data Gathered
The data gathered in this study included the socio-economic

profile of the respondents, to determine the other activities

livelihood source of the respondents engaged for the vegetable

production, to identify the current needs, the problems

encountered and coping mechanism of the respondents.

Data Analysis
The data and information which were collected from the

respondents was consolidated, tabulated and analyzed using

frequency counts, average, and percentage.

The computation of percentage, mean and frequency was

obtained using the formula;

Percentage = Number of response X 100

Total no. of respondent

Class interval = Range

-------------
Categories
The Description of the Areas

Camarines Sur is a province of the Philippines located in

the Bicol region in Luzon. Its capital is Pili in the north, and

Albay to the south. Camarines Sur is the largest among the six

provinces in Bicol region both in terms of population and land

area. Its territory encompasses two cities: Naga city, the loan

chartered city is the provinces and regions religion and cultural

center, while Iriga City, a component city is the center of the

Rinconada area.

Camarines Sur has total land form 432.62 km2, the largest in

the Bicol region. Its economy is mostly agriculture based out of

the 35 towns, 29 towns are mainly agricultural, producing rice,

corn, fresh water, fish, livestock, coconut, sugar, abaca, and

water lily. Entrepreneurs engage in trading, often branching out

towards neighboring provinces in the south as local demand might

be limited, indicated by its mostly 3rd-5th income municipality.

The study covered only in one municipality of Camarines Sur,

specifically in Calabanga.

Calabanga is a first class municipality of Camarines Sur in

the Philippines. It is composed of 48 Barangays, 14 of which are

within the urban area and the remaining 34 Barangay are within

the rural areas. According to the 2010 census it has a population

of 78,119 people and a land area of 16,380 hectares which

constitutes 3.1% of the province’s land area.

Pili is a first class municipality and capital of the

province of Camarines Sur, Philippines. According to the 2015

census, it has a population of 89, 545 people. The municipality

was classified as first class in terms of income classification

(2007). Pili as one of the municipalities comprising the

metropolitan area of Metro Naga, serving as the center for agro-

industrial development.

Canaman is a fourth class municipality of the province of

Camarines Sur, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has

a population of 34,210 people. A landlocked municipality

centrally located in the province of Camarines Sur, it is bounded

on the north of Magarao, on the south by Gainza and Camaligan, on

the East by Naga City, and on the south-west by the Bicol River.

From the north to south, it is 6 kilometers (3.7 mi) long, and 14

kilometers (8.7 mi) wide from east to west.

 Bombon is a fifth class municipality in the province of

Camarines, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a

population of 16,512 people.

Ocampo is a third class municipality in the province of

Camarines Sur, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has

a population of 45,934 people.

DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE RESPONDENTS

Table 1 shows the distribution of the respondents per areas

in Camarines Sur. There are thirty nine (39) total of respondents

of vegetable growers that were interviewed. There are five (5)

selected municipalities in District III namely Pili, Canaman,

Bombon, Calabanga and Ocampo Camarines Sur that was known for

having more grower dependent on commercial vegetable farming in

the district with poor lifestyle. And to help them, the

researcher chose to study the socio-economic condition to know

better their condition and to also know what the researcher can

contribute to help them have better way of living.

Table 1. Distribution of the Sample Respondents by Location,

Pili, Canaman, Bombon, Calabanga and Ocampo Camarines

Sur, 2017

Areas Frequency Percentage

Pili 21 53.85%
Canaman 1 2.56%
Bombon 2 5.13%
Calabanga 2 5.13%
Ocampo 13 33.33%
Total 39 100%
As shown in table, 40 respondents were interviewed and

provided with questionnaire.

CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Socio-Economic Characteristics of the Respondents

Table 2 shows the socio- economic characteristics of the

respondents.

AGE

The ages of the respondents range from 20 to 73 years old.

Based from the results, it was revealed that 30.77% of them are

in age ranges from 47 to 55 years old, 23.08% as the age of 29 to

37 years old, 17.95% are ranges from 38 to 46 years old, then

same as 17.95% of them are ranges from 56 to 64 years old, 7.69%

are them ranges from 65 to 73 years old, 2.56% of them ranges

from 20 to 28 years old.

GENDER

In terms of the gender of the respondents, there are 66.67%

female and 33.33% male in the area that selected in 5

municipalities of district 3 in Camarines Cur which are Pili,

Canaman, Bombon, Calabanga and Ocampo Camarines Sur.

CIVIL STATUS

As to the civil status, it was observed that majority of the

respondents were married with 92.31%. Other respondents were live

in with 5.13% and only 2.56% widow.

RELIGION

In terms of Religion it was observed that majority of the

respondents were 100% Roman Catholic.

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

As to the Educational Attainment of the respondents, it was

observed that there were thirty-eight point forty-six percent

38.46% elementary graduate, twenty-five point sixty-four percent

25.64% were high school graduate, fifteen point thirty-eight

15.38% were high school level, twelve point eighty two percent

12.82% were college level, ten point twenty six percent 10.26%

were elementary level, seven point sixty nine 7.69% were college

level and two point fifty six 2.56% were college graduate. Based

on the result presented some of the farmers had poor educational

attainment which they don’t have enough knowledge to handle a

business well.
Table 2. Socio- economic information of Vegetable Growers in
Selected Areas in 3rd District of Camarines Sur, 2017.

Socio-Economic
Information Pili Canaman Bombom Calabanga Ocampo Total
Age
65-73 1 1 - 1 - 3
56-64 4 - - 1 2 7
47-55 8 - 1 - 3 12
38-46 5 - - - 2 7
29-37 2 - 1 - 6 9
20-28 1 - - - - 1

Gender
Female 17 1 1 1 6 26
Male 4 - 1 1 7 13

Civil Status

Married 21 1 2 2 10 36
Widow - - - - 1 1
Live-in - - - - 2 2
Religion
Roman Catholic 21 1 2 2 13 39

Educational
attainment
College - - - 1 - 1
Graduate
College Level 2 - 1 - - 3
High School 4 - 1 1 4 10
graduate
High School 3 1 - - 2 6
Level
Elementary 9 - - - 6 15
Graduate
Elementary 3 - - - 1 4
Level
Total 21 1 2 2 13 39
Table 3. Household size of sample respondents in Selected Area
in 3rd District of Camarines Sur, 2017

Household Pili Canaman Bombon Calabanga Ocampo Total

Size
0-1 - - - - - 0

2-3 4 1 - - 4 8

4-5 7 - 1 1 4 13

6-7 7 - - 1 5 13

8-9 3 - 1 - 1 5

Total 21 1 2 2 13 39

Table 3 shows that majority of the total respondents had 6-7

members of the family with an average of 38.46%. Most farmers

spent lot a money for having large number of family members.

Table 4. Educational Status of the children of the Sample
Respondents in Selected Area in 3rd District of
Camarines Sur, 2017

Educational
Status of
Pili Canaman Bombon Calabanga Ocampo Total
the
children
Pre-school 3 - 2 5
Elementary 10 - 1 1 8 20
High School 10 - 1 2 5 18
College 2 - 1 1 1 5

Table 4 shows the number of children going to school of the

respondents. As presented in the table, 51.28% are elementary,

46.15% are in high-school including the junior and senior high,

12.82% are in college, 12.82% are in pre-school, and the other

children of the respondents are already finished studying.

Table 5. Number of Children of the Respondents staying with the
family of sample respondents in Selected in 3rd
District of Camarines Sur, 2017.

Number
of Pili Canaman Bombon Calabanga Ocampo Total
Children
0-1 5 1 - - 2 8

2-3 6 - 1 - 4 11

4-5 6 - - 1 5 12

6-7 2 - 1 - 2 5

Total 21 1 2 2 13 39

Table 5 shows the number of children staying with the family

of sample respondents then the majority of the respondents had a

children stay of 2-3 and 4-5 children staying with the family.
The Farm Information

Table 6. Total Farm Area (ha) of the sample respondents in

3rd District of Camarines Sur, 2017.
Total
Total
farm Pili Canaman Bombon Calabanga Ocampo
Area
0.1-0.5 6 - 2 - 5 13
0.6-1.0 10 - - 1 6 17
1.1-1.5 3 - - - - 3
1.6-2.0 1 1 - - 2 4
2.1-2.5 1 - - - - 1
Over 2.5 - - - 1 - 1
Total 21 1 2 2 13 39

Table 6 shows that most of the respondents or 43.59% of them

had a farm hectare of 0.0.6 to 1.0 hectares. According to them,

five types of vegetables are planted in their farm.

Table 7. Total Farm Area in Hectare (ha) devoted in vegetable
Crops of Sample Respondents in Selected Area in 3rd
District of Camarines Sur, 2017.
Total farm Pili Canaman Bombon Calabanga Ocampo Total
Area
Vegetables
0.1-0.5 6 - 2 - 5 13
0.6-1.0 10 - - 1 6 17
1.1-1.5 3 - - - - 3
1.6-2.0 1 1 - - 2 4
2.1-2.5 1 - - - - 1
Over 2.5 - - - 1 - 1
Total 21 1 2 2 13 39

Total Farm Area in Hectare (ha)

Table 7 shows that most of the respondents had 0.60-1.0

hectare of farm land devoted to vegetables.

Table 8. List of vegetable planted in the Farm of the sample
respondents, Selected Area in 3rd District of
camarines sur, 2017.
Vegetable
Pili Canaman Bombon Calabanga Ocampo Total
Planted
Okra 19 1 1 2 9 32
Eggplant 12 - 2 2 11 27
Ampalaya 18 1 2 2 12 35
Sitaw 20 1 2 2 13 38
Squash 17 1 2 2 11 33
*with multiple answer*

Table 8 shows that majority of vegetable planted is Sitaw in

the range of 38, Ampalaya in the range of 35, Squash in the range

of 33, in the range of 32 and Eggplant in the range of 27 out of

39 respondents.

Table 9. Average of vegetables per kilo per week of sample

respondents in Selected Area in 3rd District of
Camarines Sur, 2017.
Average kilo Pili Canaman Bombon Calabanga Ocampo Total
per week
Bitter gourd
1-10 3 - - - - 3
 11-100 14 1 2 2 9 28
101-500 1 - - - 2 3
Over 500 - - - - - -
String bean
1-10 2 - 1 - 2 5
11-100 19 1 1 2 10 33
101-500 - - - - 1 1
Over 500 - - - - - -
Eggplant
1-10 1 - - - - 1
11-100 12 - - 2 9 23
101-500 - - 2 - - 2
Over 500 - - - - - -
Squash
1-10 - - - - - -
11-100 15 1 - 2 8 26
101-500 1 - - - 1 2
Over 500 - - 2 - 2 4
Ladies finger
1-10 4 1 - - 1 6
11-100 14 - 1 2 7 24
101-500 - - - - 1 1
Over 500 - - - - - -

Table 9 shows that 71.79% of the respondents planted Bitter

gourd and harvested 11-100 kilos per week, 81.62% of the

respondents planted of string bean and harvested 10-100 kilos per

week, 58.97% of the respondents planted the eggplant and

harvested 10-100 kilos per week, 66.67% of the respondents

planted the squash and harvested 11-100 kilos per week and 61.54%

of the respondents planted the ladies finger and harvested of 10-

100 kilos per week.

Table 10. Source of Vegetable Seedlings of sample respondents, in

Selected Area in 3rd District Camarines Sur, 2017.

Sources Pili Canaman Bombon calabanga Ocampo Total

 Commercial

Agri. 20 1 2 1 11 35

store

DA 2 1 - 2 2 7

Table 10 shows that most of the vegetable farmers purchase

seedlings at commercial agri. store and the other farmers

purchase at DA.

Types of dwelling

Table 11. Shows the Level of Living indicators of the sample

respondents in Selected Area in 3rd District of
Camarines Sur, 2017.
Level of Living Pili Canaman Bombon Calabanga Ocampo Total
Indicator
Types of houses
Nipa roof with 4 - - - 3 7
wood walls &
floors
Concrete floor 2 - 1 - 3 6
with nipa roof &
wood walls
Wood walls with 1 - - - 1 2
concrete floor
and galvanized
iron roofing
Mostly concrete 13 1 2 2 6 24
with galvanized
iron roofing &
some wooden

Total 21 1 2 2 13 39

Table 11 shows the level of living indicators of the

respondents in five municipality of District III Of Camarines Sur

namely Pili, Canaman, Bombon, Calabanga and Ocampo. With regards

to house type, it was observed that most of the respondents

resided in mostly concrete with galvanized iron roofing type as

represented by 61.54%, 17.95% resided in nifa roof, wood walls,

concrete floor with galvanized iron roofing, 15.38% resided in

concrete floor with nifa and bamboo walls and 5% resided in wood

and bamboo walls.

Table 12. Source of power supply of sample respondents in

selected area in 3rd District of Camarines Sur, 2017.

Source of Pili Canaman Bombon Calabanga Ocampo Total

power
Kerosene 1 - - - - 1
Lamp
LPG Lamp 4 - - - - 4
Electricity 16 1 2 2 6 27
Battery - - - - 7 7
Total 21 1 2 2 13 39

Table 12 shows of the sources of power which presented

69.23% of the respondents are using electricity, 17.95% are using

battery, 10.25% are using LGP Lamp and 2.56% of them using

kerosene lamp. And as for the sources of fuel for cooking, it was

observed that there were 89.74% of the respondents are using

firewood, 7.69% are using electricity/rice cooker and 2.56% of

them are using gas or kerosene.

Table 13. Source of cooking of sample respondents, Selected Area

in 3rd District of Camarines Sur, 2017.
Source
Pili Canaman Bombon Calabanga Ocampo Total
of cooking
Firewood 18 - 1 2 13 34
Kerosene gas 1 1 - 1 - 3
Electricity 3 - 1 - - 4
Total 22 1 2 3 13 41
*with multiple answer*

Table 13 shows for the sources of fuel for cooking, it

was observed that there were 87.18% of the respondents are using

firewood, 10.26% are using electricity/rice cooker and 7.69% of

them are using gas or kerosene. In pili most of them using a

firewood or cooking, same as the other municipality.

INCOME AND INCOME SOURCE

MAIN SOURCE OF INCOME

ON-FARM INCOME

Table 14. Monthly income derived from the farm sources of sample
respondents, in selected Area in 3rd District of
Camarines Sur, 2017.

Vegetable Pili Canaman Bombon Calabanga Ocampo Total

planted
Bitter gourd
1,000-5,000 6 - - - - 6
5,001-10,000 7 1 - 1 3 12
10,001-15,000 3 - - 1 2 6
15,001-20,000 1 - 1 - 2 4
20,001-25,000 - - 1 - 2 3
25,001-30,000 1 - - - - 1
Over 30,000 - - - - 2 2
None 2 - - - 2 4
String Bean
1-1,000 - - - - 2 2
1,001-2,000 2 - 1 1 - 4
2,001-3,000 1 - - - 1 2
3,001-4,000 4 - - - 3 7
4,001-5,000 6 - - 1 2 9
5,001-6,000 2 - 1 - - 4
6,001-7,000 2 - - - 1 3
7,001-8,000 1 - - - - 1
8,001-9,000 - - - - - -
9,001-10,000 - 1 - - 1 2
Over 10,000 2 - - - 3 5
None - - - - - -
Eggplant
1,000-10,000 13 - 1 2 8 24
10,000-20,000 - - - - 1 1
20,001-30,000 - - - - - 1
30,001-40,000 - - 1 - - 1
Over 40,000 - - - - 3 -
None 9 1 - - 13
Squash
1,000-5,000 17 1 - 2 8 28
5,001-10,000 - - - - - -
10,001-15,000 - - - - 1 1
15,001-20,000 - - - - - -
20,001-25,000 - - - - - -
25,000-30,000 - - 1 - - 1
Over 30,000 - 1 - - 2 3
None 4 - - - 3 7
Lady Finger
100-500 2 1 - - - 3
600-1,000 7 - 1 1 1 10
1,100-1,500 7 - - - 3 10
1,600-2,000 2 - - - 2 4
2,100-2,5000 2 - - - - 2
2,600-3,000 - - - - 1 1
3,100-3,500 - - - - - -
3,600-4,000 - - - - 1 1
4,100-4,500 - - - - - -
4,600-5,000 - - - 1 1 2
Over 5,000 - - - - - -
None 2 - 1 - 4 7
Total 21 1 2 2 13 39

Table 14 shows the monthly income derived from the vegetable

farmers. Most of the respondents had a higher income came from

the different vegetable planted like bitter gourd, String bean,

Eggplant, Squash and Lady Finger. In Bitter gourd the majority of

them had income of 5,001 to 10,000 with the average of 30.77% the

range of 12 respondents, in string beans the majority income of

them had 4001 to 5000 with the average of 20.51% the range of 8

respondents, in eggplant the majority income of them had 1000 to

10000 with the average of 58.97% the range of 23 respondents, in

squash the majority income of them had 1000 to 5000 with the

average of 71.79% the range of 28 respondents and also lady

finger they had income of 1100 to 1500 with the average of 25.64%

the range of 10 respondents.

Table 15. Existing Market

Pili Canaman Bombon Calabanga Ocampo

Pili Market of Bombon Calabanga Market of

Market Canaman Market Market Ocampo

SECONDARY SOURCE OF INCOME

Table 16. Occupation of the sample respondents in Selected Area

in District II of Camarines Sur.

Other source Pili Canaman Bombon Calabanga Ocampo Total

Sari-Sari Store - - - - 1 1
Pensumill 1 - - - - 1
Rice milling - - - 1 - 1
Labor 4 - - - - 4
Carpenter 1 - - - - 1
Job order 1 - - - - 1
Tricycle driver 1 - - - - 1
Vendors 1 - - - - 1
None 12 1 2 1 12 28
Total 21 1 2 2 13 39

Table 16 shows that aside from being a vegetable farmer, 10%

of the respondents get income from being a labor. In 39

respondents, 28.20% have other sources of income coming from non-

farm income that are not related to vegetable farming and 71.79%

depends on the income they get vegetable farms.

Table 17. Monthly income from non-farm sources of sample

respondents in Selected Area in 3rd District of
Camarines Sur, 2017.

Non-farm income Pili Canaman Bombon Calabanga Ocampo Total

 1,000-5,000 3 - - - - 3

5,001-10,000 6 - - - - 6

10,001-15,000 - - - 1 1 2

Over 15,000 - - - - - -

None 12 1 2 1 12 28
Total 21 1 2 2 13 39

Table 17 shows the estimated monthly income derived from

non-farm. It was found out 15.38% of the respondents got income

of 5,001-10,000 but most of the respondents only depends their

income from on farm.

Table 18. Source of Capital of Sample respondents, in Selected

Area in 3rd District of Camarines Sur, 2017.

Source of

Capital Pili Canaman Bombon Calabanga Ocampo Total

Owned 19 1 2 1 11 34
Banks 3 - - - - 2

Microcredit 4 - - 1 2 7

/finance
*with multiple answer*

Table 18 shows that 87.18% of the respondents started their

business using their own money. According to the respondents,

some of them are not aware on where to borrow money for staring

their business and some do not borrow money from the bank because

they do not want to have debt.

ECONOMICS

Monthly Consumption and Expenditure

In Pili, it showed that more of the respondents spent greater

portion of their income to food, the second priority of the

income consumption and expenditure of the sample respondents are

lending. In Pili, 40.4% spent their income for food, 21.43% for

education, 17.82% for lending, 8.04% for medicine, 5.42% for

electricity and 3.61% for water.

In Canaman, 61.02% spent their income for food, 23.62% for

lending, 7.87% for electricity, 5.91% for medicine, 1.57% for

water and no education fee at all.

In Bombon, 78.69% spent their income for food, 12% for

education, 7% for electricity, 2% for medicine and no lending

same as no water fee at all.

In Calabanga, 36.42% spent their income for food, 20.14%

for medicine same as lending, 16.18% for education, 6.71% for

electricity and 0.40% for water.

In Ocampo, 54.12% spent their income for food, 23.16 for

lending, and 9.14% for education, 4.96% for medicine, 4.91% for

electricity and 3.71% for water.

The total average consumption and expenditure of the

sample respondents showed that most of them spent their income

for food, the second priority is lending followed by education,

medicine, electricity and water.

Table 19. Monthly Consumption and Expenditure of sample

respondent in Selected Area in 3rd District of Camarines
Sur, 2017.

Consumption
 and Pili Canaman Bombon Calabanga Ocampo

Expenditure
Food 3,176 3,100 9,750 5,425 4,908
Education 1,684 - 1,500 2,410 829
Electricity 426 400 850 1000 445
Water 284 80 - 59 336
Medicine 632 300 290 3,000 450
Lending 1,400 1,200 - 3,000 2,100
Total 7,858 5,080 12,390 14,894 9,068
Total Average of five municipalities in District III of Camarines

Sur

Food 5,272
Education 1,606
Electricity 624
Water 190
Medicine 934
Lending 1925
Total 10,551

Pie Chart

In Pili, it showed that more of the respondents spent

greater portion of their income to food, the second priority of

the income consumption and expenditure of the sample respondents

are lending. In Pili, 40.4% spent their income for food, 21.43%

for education, 17.82% for lending, 8.04% for medicine, 5.42% for

electricity and

3.61% for
19%
water.
8% 42%
4%
6%
21%

Food Education Electricity Water Medicine Lending

 Figure 4. Pie chart of the Monthly Consumption and
Expenditure of Pili Respondents

In Canaman, 61.02% spent their income for food, 23.62% for

lending, 7.87% for electricity, 5.91% for medicine, 1.57% for

water and no education fee at all.

Lending
24%

Medicine
6%

Water Food
2% 61%

Electrcity
8%
Figure 5. Pie chart of the Monthly Consumption and Expenditure of
Canaman Respondents

In Bombon, 78.69% spent their income for food, 12% for education,

7% for electricity, and 2% for medicine and no lending same as no

water fee at all.

Electricity Medicine
7% 2%
Education
12%

Food
79%
 Figure 6. Pie chart of the Monthly Consumption and Expenditure
of Bombon Respondents

In Calabanga, 36.42% spent their income for food, 20.14%

for medicine same as lending, 16.18% for education, 6.71% for

electricity and 0.40% for water.

Lending
20%

Food
36%

Medicine
20%

Water
Electricity
0% Education
7% 16%
 Figure 7. Pie chart of the Monthly Consumption and Expenditure
of Calabanga Respondents

In Ocampo, 54.12% spent their income for food, 23.16 for

lending, and 9.14% for education, 4.96% for medicine, 4.91% for

electricity and 3.71% for water

Medicine
Water 6%
Electricity 5%
6%

Education
12%

Food
70%
 Figure 8. Pie chart of the Monthly Consumption and Expenditure
of Ocampo Respondents

Properties

Table 20. Ownership of the house of the sample respondents in

selected area of 3rd District in Camarines sur,
2017.

Ownership

of Pili Canaman Bombon Calabanga Ocampo Total

the House
Owned 19 1 2 2 13 37

Staying

with 2 - - - - 2

relatives

Total 21 1 2 2 13 39
 Table 20 shows for the ownership of the house, it was

observed that majority 100% by owned house.

Table 21. Appliances owned by the sample respondents in selected

area in 3rd District in Camarines Sur, 2017.

Appliances pili canaman bombon calabanga ocampo Total

Radio 17 1 1 2 11 32
Television 18 1 2 2 6 29
Refrigerator 10 1 2 1 3 17
Gas stove 2 1 1 1 1 6
Wood/coal stove 10 1 1 2 12 26
Rice cooker 5 1 1 2 2 11
Flat iron 8 - 2 2 3 15
Oven toaster 1 - - - 1 2
Electric fan 13 1 2 2 6 24
Washing machine 2 - 2 - - 4
Cell phone 19 - 2 2 10 33
DVD/VCD 12 - 1 2 8 23
CD player 11 - 1 2 7 21
Computer - - - - - 0
Laptop 1 - - - 1 2
Tablet - - 1 1 1 3
Portable - - - - 2 2
Speaker 1 - - - - 1
 Table 21 shows that the appliances they have, based from my

survey it was observed that there were 87.18% of the respondents

are have Cell phone, 82.05% are have radio, 74.36% are have

television, 66.67% are have wood/cool stove,61.54% are have

electric fan, 58.97% are have DVD/VCD, 53.85% are have CD player,

48.72% are have refrigerator, 25.64% are have rice cooker, 15.38%

are have gas stove, 10.26% are have washing machine, 7.69% are

have tablet 5.13% are portable and laptop and 2.56% are have

speaker.

Table 22. List of farm animals raise of the respondents in

Selected Area in 3rd District Camarines Sur, 2017.

Farm
Pili Canaman Bombon Calabanga Ocampo Total
animal
Cattle 3 - 1 1 4 9
Pig 9 1 - 2 2 14
Carabao 13 - - - 8 21
Chicken 20 1 2 2 12 37
Duck 6 1 1 1 - 9
Goat 4 - - - 3 7
*with multiple answer*

Table 22 shows that almost all of the vegetable farmers

raised different kinds of animals especially carabao. According

to the respondents, they raised animals for their own consumption

and some farmers raised animals for their additional income.

Table 23. Shows the functional means of transportation that the
presently have of the Vegetable Growers in five (5)
municipalities in District III, Camarines Sur, 2017.

Item Pili Canaman Bombon Calabanga Ocampo Total

Bicycle - 1 - 1 - 2

Tricycle 1 - - - 2 3

Car - - - - - 0

Motorcycle 5 - 2 1 4 12

None 15 - - 1 10 26
Total 21 1 2 2 13 39

Table 23 show that most of the sample respondents used

motorcycle as a means of transportation. Most of them are

commuters. One factor that affects their means of transportation

is their road situation in their municipality and to market their

vegetables.
Table 24. Present functional farm equipment/machinery of sample
respondents in Selected Area in 3rd District of
Camarines Sur, 2017.
Farm Equipment Pili Canaman Bombon Calabanga Ocampo Total
Plow 16 - 1 1 5 23
Bolo 21 1 2 2 13 39
Hoe 21 1 2 2 13 39
Tractor 1 - - - - 1
Rake 9 1 1 - 6 17
Sprayer 1 1 1 - 1 4
Shovel 1 1 1 2 1 6
Plastic Mold - - 1 - - 1
Pickaxe - - - - - -

*with multiple answer*

This table show most of the respondents had Hoe, Bolo, Plow

and Rake. In pili some of them using in their farm bolo and hoe

same as in the other area.

Skills/Training Attended

Table 25. Present skills related in farming/ agriculture of

sample respondents in five municipalities in District III
Camarines Sur, 2017.

Skills

related in
Pili Canaman Bombon Calabanga Ocampo Total
farming/agric

ulture
Harvesting 18 1 2 1 10 32

Intercropping 1 - - - - 1

Weeding 18 - - 2 11 31

Planting 15 - 1 2 11 29

Land 9 1 - 1 4 15

preparation

Pest control 3 - 2 - 4 9

Plowing 5 - 1 1 3 10

Fertilization 5 1 - 1 3 10

Care of 8 1 2 1 7 19

plants
*with multiple answer*

Table 25 shows that most of the sample respondents had a

different kinds of skills in farm especially planting and
weeding, harvesting, etc. Ishows that they do not give attention
on improving or adopting skills may help them to showcase their
skills and have an extra income in times.

Table 26. Other Skills aside from farming of sample respondents

in five municipalities in District III Camarines Sur,
2017.

Other
skills
Pili Canaman Bombon Calabanga Ocampo Total
aside
farming
Masonry 2 - - - - 2
Carpentry 1 - - - - 1
Cooking 1 1 - - - 2
Vendor 3 - - - - 3
None 14 - 2 2 13 31

Table 26 shows the list of other skills aside from farming.

The majority of the respondents do not have other skills aside in

farming and 7.69 percent have other skill on vendor because some

of the respondents that we interviewed are wife of the farmers.

Table 27. Skills development training attended (seminar,workshop)
of sample respondents in Selected five municipalities
in District III of Camarines Sur, 2017.

Seminars Pili Canaman Bombon Calabanga Ocampo Total

attented
CBO-
management 12 1 - 2 9 24
and
organization
Microcredit 2 - - - - 2
management
Nursery 1 1 - - 1 3
management
Intercropping 2 1 - - 1 4
Livestock 2 1 - - 1 4
raising
Palayan sa DA 1 - - - - 1

None 6 - 2 - 3 11

*With multiple answer*

Skills training attended

Table 27 shows that the majority of the total respondents had

attended a training seminar of CBO Management and organization so

they have more knowledge to adopt from seminar for their farm.

And livestock raising so they have to raise animals in their

farms. These farm animals may also help in improving yields of

the vegetables and others. Manures of the livestock farm animal

serves as organic fertilizers in their crops. It shows that they

have lack of trainings about production, processing and marketing

of vegetables.
Table 28. Skills development needed in the community of sample
respondents in selected five municipalities in
District III of Camarines Sur, 2017.

Skills
development
Pili Canaman Bombon Calabanga Ocampo Total
needed in
community
Livelihood 6 1 1 2 6 16
training
Pest 1 - 1 1 - 3
management
Bio organic 8 - 1 1 6 16
Fertilizer 1 - 1 1 2 5
production
None 7 - - - - 7
*with multiple answer*

Table 28 shows that they needed trainings on livelihood.

According to them they have income, that is why they needed the

said of training in order to make other products out of vegetable

and to have an additional source of income to increase their

income.
SOCIO CULTURAL Practices

Table 29. Membership to Cooperative/ association in last 2 years

of sample respondents, in Selected Area in 3 rd
District of Camarines Sur, 2017.

Name of
Cooperative/ Pili Canaman Bombon Calabanga Ocampo Total
Association
Sustainable 1 - - - - 1
livelihood
program
Agri. 1 - - - - 1
organization
4p’s 3 - - - 1 4
Ip’s 2 - - - - 2
GMPC - - - - 1 1
Palayan sa DA 2 - - - - 2
Vegetable grower
association - 1 - - - 1
Belen,bonot
manguiring -
village level - - 2 - 2
association
None 12 - 2 - 11 26
Total 21 1 2 2 13 39

Table 29 shows the majority of the total respondents are not

member of other cooperatives/association particularly in Pili

where in 31% are not member of other cooperatives, 28% in Ocampo

and 5% in Bombon are not member of other cooperatives.

HEALTH AND SANITATION

Table 30. Source of water supply of sample respondents in

selected area of 3rd District in Camarines Sur, 2017.

Source of

water
Pili Canaman Bombon Calabanga Ocampo Total
Private well - - - - - -
Piped pump 1 - - - 5 6
Public
artesian Well 17 - - 1 4 22
Bottled water - 1 - - - 1
Pump 2 - 2 1 - 5
Deep well 1 - - - 4 5

Total 21 1 2 2 13 39

Table 30 shows for the sources of drinking water most of the

respondents 56.41% are using public artesian well,15.38% are

using piped pumped, 12.82% are using pump, 12.82% are using deep

well and 2.56% of them are using bottled water.

Table 31. Types of toilet facilities of sample respondents in

selected area in 3rd District of Camarines Sur,

2017.

Types of toilet Pili Canaman bombon calabanga ocampo Total

facility
Open-pit 3 - - - - 3

Flushed/water 18 1 2 2 9 32

None - - - - 4 4

Total 21 1 2 2 13 39

It was also observe that the majority of the respondents

were using flushed/water toilet in their houses, the other

respondents were using open-pit and other no toilet facility.

Problems Encountered of the sample respondents in selected five

municipalities in District III of Camarines Sur

There were some problems encountered by the sample

respondents in terms of the Problems, According to sample

respondents the major problems their encountered the Pests, and

also the Calamities. Some of them encountered the fungus, weeds,

loss, and lack of budget and lower price of the product.

Table 32. Problems Encountered of the sample respondents, in

selected five municipalities in District III of
Camarines Sur, 2017.

Problems Pili Canaman Bombon Calabanga Ocampo Total

Loss of - - - - 1 1

income

Pests 21 1 2 2 13 39

Calamities 21 1 2 1 12 3

Fungus - - - 1 - 1

Weeds - - 1 - - 1

Lower - - - - 1 1

price 1 - - - - 1

Budget
 Tiway (2008), reported that the vegetable industry in Bauko,

Mountain Province is affected by some problems such as non-

availability of high yielding varieties; poor quality seeds

problems on the pest, disease management especially rainy season

and problems on soil acidity. He further stated that is affected

by the limited transfer of technology from the

experimental/research to the farmers, limited knowledge on pest

harvest handling, and poor marketing systems to limited credit

facilities.
 CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

SUMMARY

The main objectives of the study was to determine the socio-

economic condition of vegetable growers in Selected Areas in

District III of Camarines Sur. Specifically, the objectives were

as follows: 1) to determine the socio-economic profiles of the

respondents. 2) To determine the livelihood activities of the

respondents engaged in vegetable production. 3) To determine the

consumption and expenditure patterns of the respondents. 4) To

identify the current needs and the problems encountered and

coping mechanism of the respondents.

To attain the said objectives of the primary and secondary

data were used; primary data were taken through personal

interviews with the vegetable farmers. Secondary data information

came from Municipal of Agricultural Office (MAO), Provincial

Agricultural Office (PAO) and Department of Agriculture (DA)

Complete enumeration was used and the data and information

which collected from the respondents will consolidated, tabulated

and analyzed using frequency counts, average and percentage.

The study was undertaken from November 2017 to January 2018

at Pili, Canaman, Bombon, Calabanga and Ocampo Camarines Sur.

 There were 39 respondents from five municipalities in 3rd

District. Majority of them are female and married. During the

interview it was the wife who attended while actually the

vegetable farmers are their husband. The sample respondents

support a household of 6-7 members, had finished elementary

education.

With regards of farm information, the sample respondents own

a total farm area 0.6- 1.0 ha and some of the respondents had

1.0-1.5 ha of farm area devoted to vegetable production.

With regards to the source of income 100% engaged in

vegetable farming. With regards to non-farm income 15.38% got

5,002-10,000.

As to their housing facilities, 59% owns a house which is

mostly concrete and nifa roof, wood walls. Majority of them has

using electricity for lighting facilities, their water source

were from public artesian well so they spend money for paying

their water supply and their source of cooking were firewood.

For the services of appliances, most of the respondents from

Pili, Canaman, Bombon, Calabanga and Ocampo owned cellphone,

television Wood/cool stove, radio and electric fan. With regards

to the consumption and expenditure, all of the respondents spend

their income for food, the second is education followed by

Lending, medicine, electricity and water.

 With regards to the problems encountered as revealed by

farmers, most of the respondents cited that the pest attack,

weather condition/calamities and one of them said that one of the

problem is being loss of income, lack of budget, fungus, weeds

and lower price.

 CONCLUSION

Based on my observation vegetable farmers is one of the

farmer that had a higher income from their farm. Most of the

vegetable growers have a big family sized which did not improve

their economic position of the farmers. And due to their factors;

they have low volume of produced products so their level of

income is affected.

Most of the farmers had poor educational attainment which

they don’t have enough knowledge to handle a business well.

Farmers attended trainings and seminars which they also

needed to broader knowledge. But they did not practiced what they

adopt in said of trainings and seminars due to the factors that

some of the associations and cooperatives in their community did

not continue the said projects.

As to their marketing practices, their place were far from

the public market with poor road condition so may just sold their

products near the vicinity.

RECOMMENDATION

Based on the findings and results of the study, the

following recommendations were as follows.

 There should be a good management and organized the

production and marketing.

 Farmers must applied their knowledge and adopt high

technologies.

 There should be different crops grown in their farm are

to increase their income.

 They should be applied fertilizer every vegetable plant

in order to produce more yield.

 They should attend trainings and seminars regarding the

vegetable farming.

 The regular program of the municipal agriculture office

can help to consolidate technical and financial support

and to reach out significant numbers of farmers’

beneficiaries.
 LITERATURE CITED
CSO, 2013. CENTRAL STATISTICAL OFFICE (CSO) of Poland and
national Research Institute of Agricultural and Food
Economics.
TIWAY, M.B.2003. Farm management and practices of vegetable
producers in Bauko, Mountain, Province.BS. Thesis.
Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet.P.4
CIDA, N.C. 2004.Vegetable Production Under Simple Structures
in Southern Europe Apartado 2027. Isoso Granada
Spain.P.12.
COX, J. E. JACKSON. 2007. Crop Production in Management New York
United Armed Forces. Institute.Pp. 15-17. 
EUROPEAN UNION, 2015.https://ec.europa. eu / health // sites
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