IB Biology Topic 11 – Animal Physiology HL Revision Sheet

Cells, pathogens, antigens and antibodies: Monoclonal antibodies are made by the following steps. Highlight all the “antigens” and “antibodies”

 Pathogens are _________________________________________________________  Induce an immune response in an animal’s immune system using the
 The surface of each pathogen has unique molecules called _____________________ desired antigen
 Antibodies are _________________________________________________________  Harvest activated ____________________ cells from the animal’s spleen
 Steps in antibody formation in the body. (highlight one word in each step)  Fuse tumour cells (melanoma) and these harvested B-cells,
o antigen presentation by macrophages  Grow these "h _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _" cells allowing the production of antibodies.
o activation of helper T-cells leading to  Extact the antibodies to use as monoclonal antibodies.
o activation of B-lymphocytes which divide  One example of treatment. - _________________________________
o to form clones of antibody-secreting plasma cells and memory cells.

Re-order the bullet points to explain how vaccinations give immunity Label 1°& 2° immune response & cloned cells Compare & contrast the human elbow
and the ‘knee’ of a grasshopper.
Vaccines contain a harmless form of a pathogen (which is often injected into the body in a vaccination) _____________________________________
 The helper T-cells then activate B-lymphocytes to produce antibodies. _____________________________________
 The B-lymphocytes clone themselves and form plasma cells which make antibodies and memory cells. _____________________________________
 The memory cells in the immune system give us immunity to the pathogens we have already been infected by.
 The production of antibodies first involves macrophages engulfing the pathogen _____________________________________
 Macrophages present the antigens to helper T-cell which activates them. _____________________________________

If the body is infected with the pathogen, memory cells enable it to produce antibodies more rapidly. ____________________________________
a

List the events which take place during a A sarcomere – sliding filament theory
Osmosis is _____________________________________________________________________________________________ muscle contraction
_____________________________________
Osmoconformers regulate water by _________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________
Osmoregulators control water balance using structures such as ______________________ or _______________________ ______________________________________
Nitrogen can be excreted from animals as the following chemicals __________________ or _______________ or __________ ______________________________________

A kidney nephron is ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________

Annotate the functions of a nephon Compare oogenesis and spermatogenesis  State a disadvantage of external fertilization Describe the hormones which cause positive
feedback at birth
Oogenesis Spermatogenesis _____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
 Describe an advantage of internal fertilization has over external
fertilization.
_____________________________________________________________
___________________________
____________________________________________________________
___________________________

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